Ukunqoba Iminyaka Eyishumi Yokwahlukana phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan: Ukwakha Ukuthula Ngaphesheya Komugqa WeRadcliffe

nguDimpal Pathak, World BEYOND War Ngaphakathi, ngoJulayi 11, 2021

Ngenkathi iwashi lishaya phakathi kwamabili ngo-Agasti 15, 1947, ukumemeza kokujabula kwenkululeko ekubusweni kwamakholoni kwanqanyulwa ukukhala kwezigidi zabantu ezaziphithizela zingena ezweni eligcwele izidumbu zaseNdiya nasePakistan. Lolu wusuku oluphawule ukuphela kokubusa kwaseBrithani kwalesi sifunda, kodwa futhi luphawule nokwehlukaniswa kweNdiya yaba izifundazwe ezimbili ezihlukene - iNdiya nePakistan. Isimo esiphikisanayo salesi sikhathi, senkululeko nesehlukaniso, silokhu siqhubeka nokuhlaba umxhwele izazi-mlando nokuhlukumeza abantu ezinhlangothini zombili zomngcele kuze kube manje.

Ukukhululeka kwesifunda ekubuseni kweBrithani kwaphawulwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwaso ngokwezinkolo, kwazala amaNdiya angamaHindu amaningi kanye namaPheresiya amaningi njengamazwe amabili azimele. "Ngesikhathi behlukana, kungenzeka ukuthi awekho amazwe amabili eMhlabeni ngokufana neNdiya nePakistan," kusho uNisid Hajari, umbhali we AmaFury Waphakathi kwamabili: Ifa Eliyingozi Lokwahlukaniswa kweNdiya. “Abaholi ezinhlangothini zombili bebefuna ukuthi amazwe abe yizimbumba njengaseMelika naseCanada. Umnotho wabo wawungene kakhulu, amasiko abo ayefana kakhulu. ” Ngaphambi kokwehlukana, kwenzeka izinguquko eziningi ezadala ukwahlukana kweNdiya. I-Indian National Congress (INC) ihole ngokuyinhloko umzabalazo wenkululeko waseNdiya kanye nabantu abadumile abanjengoMK Gandhi noJawaharlal Nehru ngokusekelwe emcabangweni wokungakholwa nokuzwana phakathi kwazo zonke izinkolo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaHindu namaSulumane. Kepha ngeshwa, ukwesaba ukuhlala ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaHindu, okwakudlalwa ngabakholoniyali nabaholi ukuqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zabo zepolitiki, kwaholela ekutheni kudalwe iPakistan. 

Ubudlelwano phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan bekulokhu kungaguquguquki, kungqubuzana, kungathembani, futhi kuyinkinga enkulu yezombusazwe kumongo womhlaba jikelele naseNingizimu Asia ikakhulukazi. Kusukela ku-Independence ngo-1947, i-India ne-Pakistan bekulokhu kunezimpi ezine, kubalwa impi eyodwa engacaciswanga, nokulwa okuningi kwemingcele nokulwa kwamasosha. Akungabazeki ukuthi kunezizathu eziningi ezibangela ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki okunje, kepha udaba lwaseKashmir lusalokhu luyisisekelo esiyinkinga ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zizwe zombili. Zombili lezi zizwe ziye zaphikisana ngokuqinile neKashmir kusukela ngosuku ezahlukana ngalo kususelwa kubantu abangamaHindu nabamaSulumane. Iqembu lamaSulumane elikhulu kunawo wonke, eliseKashmir, lisendaweni yamaNdiya. Kepha uhulumeni wasePakistan kudala wafuna ukuthi iKashmir ngeyakhe. Izimpi phakathi kweHindustan (India) nePakistan ngo-1947-48 nango-1965 zehluleka ukulungisa lolu daba. Yize i-India yanqoba ibhekene nePakistan ngo-1971 udaba lweKashmir luhlala lungathintwa. Ukulawulwa kweqhwa leSiachen, ukutholwa kwezikhali, kanye nohlelo lwenuzi nakho kube nomthelela ekuxabaneni phakathi kwala mazwe womabili. 

Yize womabili la mazwe egcine ukuyeka ukulwa kalula kusuka ngo-2003, avamise ukushintshana ngomlilo ngaphesheya komngcele ophikisanayo, owaziwa njenge Umugqa Wokulawula. Ngo-2015, bobabili ohulumeni baphinde bakuqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukusebenzisa iSivumelwano SaseNehru-Noon sango-1958 sokusungula izimo ezinokuthula emingceleni ye-Indo-Pakistan. Lesi sivumelwano siphathelene nokushintshaniswa kwezindawo ezisempumalanga nokuxazululwa kwezingxabano zaseHussainiwala naseSuleiman entshonalanga. Lezi yizindaba ezinhle impela kulabo abahlala kulezi zindawo, njengoba kuzokwandisa ukufinyelela kuzinsiza eziyisisekelo ezifana nemfundo namanzi ahlanzekile. Ekugcineni izovikela umngcele futhi isize ekunqandeni ukushushumbiswa kwemingcele okusakazeke kabanzi. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, abahlali bendawo ehlanganisiwe bangaqhubeka nokuhlala endaweni yabo yamanje noma bathuthele ezweni abalithandayo. Uma behlala, bazoba ngabezwe lombuso lapho izindawo zidluliselwe khona. Izinguquko zakamuva zobuholi ziphinde zandisa ukungezwani futhi zenze izinhlangano zamanye amazwe ukuthi zingenelele ezingxabanweni eziphakathi kweNdiya nePakistan ngeKashmir. Kepha, njengakamuva, zombili izinhlangothi zikhombisa intshisekelo yokuqala izingxoxo zamazwe amabili futhi. 

Ubudlelwano bezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe, emashumini amahlanu eminyaka edlule, buwubonile umlando ohlohliwe, okukhombisa ubukhulu obuguqukayo bokungezwani kwezombusazwe kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe womabili. I-India nePakistan basebenzise indlela yokusebenza ekwakheni ukubambisana; iningi lezivumelwano zabo zamazwe womabili zihlobene nezindaba ezingezona ezokuphepha ezifana nezohwebo, ezokuxhumana ngocingo, ezokuthutha nobuchwepheshe. La mazwe womabili adale uchungechunge lwezivumelwano zokubhekana nobudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe omabili, kufaka phakathi nesivumelwano esiyingqophamlando seSimla sango-1972. Amazwe womabili futhi asayine izivumelwano zokuqalisa kabusha kwezohwebo, ukusetha kabusha izidingo ze-visa, aqala kabusha ukushintshana ngocingo kanye neposi. Ngenkathi i-India nePakistan bezama ukubuyisa ubudlelwano bezombusazwe kanye nokusebenza ngemuva kwempi yesibili phakathi kwabo, bakha izivumelwano eziningana ezazakhiwe. Ngenkathi inethiwekhi yezivumelwano ingabunciphisanga noma iqeda udlame oluphakathi kwemingcele phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan, ikhombisa amandla ezifundazwe zokuthola izikhwama zokubambisana ezingagcina zingene kwezinye izindawo ezinodaba, ngaleyo ndlela zithuthukise ukubambisana. Isibonelo nje, ngenkathi kuqhubeka ukungqubuzana kwemingcele, oonozakuzaku baseNdiya nabasePakistan babambe izingxoxo ngokuhlanganyela ukunikeza abahambeli bamaNdiya ithuba lokungena ethempelini laseKartarpur Sikh elisePakistan, futhi ngenhlanhla, umhubhe waseKartarpur wavulwa nguNdunankulu wasePakistan u-Imran Khan ngoNovemba I-2019 yabahambi baseNdiya baseSikh.

Abaphenyi, abagxeki, kanye namathangi amaningi okucabanga bakholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi isikhathi sisethubeni elihle lokuthi amazwe amabili angomakhelwane eSouth Asia anqobe imithwalo yawo edlule futhi aqhubekele phambili ngamathemba amasha nezifiso zokwakha ubudlelwano obunamandla kwezomnotho kanye nokwakha umoya we imakethe ejwayelekile. Ozohlomula kakhulu ngokuhweba phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan kuzoba ngumthengi, ngenxa yokwehla kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nomnotho wezinga. Lezi zinzuzo zezomnotho zizothinta kahle izinkomba zenhlalo ezifana nemfundo, ezempilo kanye nokudla.

IPakistan kanye neNdiya baneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nesikhombisa kuphela yokuphila njengamazwe ahlukene uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuphila ngokuhlanganyela ngaphambi kokubusa kwaseBrithani. Ubunikazi babo obujwayelekile buzungeza izici zomlando owabiwe, i-geography, ulimi, isiko, amanani, namasiko. Leli fa elabiwa ngamasiko liyithuba lokubopha womabili la mazwe, ukunqoba umlando wawo wakamuva wempi nombango. “Ekuhambeleni kwami ​​ePakistan muva nje, ngazibonela ngawami ukungafani futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, isifiso sokuthula abantu abaningi ababekhuluma ngaso, engicabanga ukuthi yikhwalithi yendawo yonke yenhliziyo yomuntu. Ngihlangane nabantu abaningana kepha angibonanga sitha. Babengabantu abafana nathi. Babekhuluma ulimi olufanayo, begqoka izingubo ezifanayo futhi bebukeka njengathi, ”kusho yena U-Priyanka Pandey, intatheli esencane yaseNdiya.

Noma kanjani, inqubo yokuthula kufanele iqhubeke. Isimo sokungathathi hlangothi kufanele samukelwe ngabamele basePakistan nabamaNdiya. Izinyathelo ezithile zokwakha ukuzethemba kufanele zamukelwe yizinhlangothi zombili. Ubudlelwano ezingeni lamanxusa kanye nokuxhumana nabantu kubantu kufanele kukhuliswe kakhulu. Ukuvumelana nezimo kufanele kubhekwe engxoxweni ukuze kuxazululwe izingqinamba ezinkulu ezivelele phakathi kwamazwe womabili ngekusasa elingcono kude nazo zonke izimpi kanye nemibango. Lezi zinhlangothi zombili kufanele zenze okuningi kakhulu ukubhekana nezikhalazo futhi zibhekane nomlando wekhulu leminyaka, esikhundleni sokulahla isizukulwane esilandelayo eminye iminyaka engu-75 yezingxabano nezimpi ezibandayo. Badinga ukukhuthaza zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana kwamazwe womabili futhi bathuthukise izimpilo zikaKashmiris, abathwale kanzima empini. 

I-inthanethi inikela ngemoto enamandla yokuthuthukisa ezinye izingxoxo nokushintshisana ngolwazi, ngaphezu kwezinga likahulumeni. Izinhlangano zomphakathi sezivele ziyisebenzisile imidiya yedijithali ngezinga elifanele lempumelelo. Indawo yokugcina ulwazi ekhiqizwa ngabasebenzisi online yayo yonke imisebenzi yokuthula phakathi kwezakhamizi zala mazwe womabili izokwengeza amandla ezinhlangano ngazinye ukuze zihlale zazi futhi zihlele imikhankaso yazo ngokubambisana okungcono ukufeza umthelela omkhulu. Ukuhwebelana njalo phakathi kwabantu bala mazwe womabili kungadala ukuqonda okungcono nokuthakazelelwa okuhle. Izinyathelo zakamuva, njengokushintshana kokuvakashelwa phakathi kwamalungu ephalamende wesifundazwe kanye nezifunda, zihamba ngendlela efanele futhi zidinga ukuqiniswa. Isivumelwano sombuso wama-visa okhululiwe naso siyintuthuko enhle. 

Kunokuningi okuhlanganisa iNdiya nePakistan kunokuhlukanisa. Izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nezinyathelo zokwakha ukuzethemba kumele ziqhubeke. “Izinhlangano zokuthula nokubuyisana eNdiya nasePakistan zidinga ukwandiswa nokunikezwa amandla. Basebenza ngokwakha kabusha ukwethembana, futhi bakhuthaze ukuzwana phakathi kwabantu, basize ekuqedeni imigoqo ebangelwe ukwehlukaniswa kweqembu, ”kubhala UDkt Volker Patent, oyiChartered Psychologist nomfundisi eSchool of Psychology eThe Open University. Ngo-Agasti olandelayo kuzobe kugujwa iminyaka engama-75 kwahlukaniswa phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan. Manje yisikhathi sokuba abaholi baseNdiya nabasePakistan babeke eceleni yonke intukuthelo, ukungathembani, nokuhlukana kwamahlelo nezenkolo. Esikhundleni salokho, kufanele sisebenzisane ukuze sinqobe imizabalazo yethu esabelane ngayo njengezilwane nanjengeplanethi, ukubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu, sinciphise izindleko zamasosha, sandise ukuhweba, futhi sakhe ifa ndawonye.