Uhlaka lweNqubo Ehlukile Yokuphepha Yomhlaba Wonke

Alikho isu elilodwa eliyoqeda impi. Amasu kufanele ahlelwe futhi ahlanganiswe ndawonye ukuze asebenze. Kulokhu okulandelayo, into ngayinye ishiwo ngokufushane ngangokunokwenzeka. Zibhalwe zonke izincwadi mayelana nenye yazo, ezimbalwa zazo ezibalwe esigabeni sezinsizakusebenza. Njengoba kuzobonakala, ukukhetha ifayela le- world beyond war kuzodinga ukuthi sihlukanise uhlelo olukhona lweMpi futhi sakhe izikhungo ze-Alternative Global Security System kanye / noma ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa lezo zikhungo lapho sezivele zikhona embungwini. Qaphela ukuthi World Beyond War ayiphakamisi uhulumeni womhlaba ozimele kepha kunalokho iwebhu yezinhlaka ezilawulayo ezingene ngokuzithandela kanye nokushintsha kwezinkambiso zamasiko kude nodlame nokubuswa.

Ukuphepha Okuvamile

Ukulawulwa kwengxabano njengoba kwenziwa ekhefini yempi yempi kuyazehlula. Kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "inkinga yezokuphepha," uthi bakholelwa ukuthi bangazenza bavikeleke ngokwengeziwe ngokwenza izitha zabo zingavikeleki, okuholela ezinkuthweni eziqhubekayo zezinhlanga ezifike ekugcineni kwezikhali ezivamile, zenuzi, zebhayoloji nezikhali zamakhemikhali zokubhubhisa kabi. Ukubeka ukuphepha kwesitha sakho engozini akuholelanga ekuvikeleni kepha esimweni sokusolwa okuhlomile, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lapho izimpi seziqalile, ziye zaba nobudlova obonakalayo. Ezokuphepha ezijwayelekile ziyavuma ukuthi isizwe esisodwa singavikeleka kuphela lapho zonke izizwe zikhona. Uhlobo lokuphepha lukazwelonke luholela kuphela ekungavikelekeni nhlangothi zombili, ikakhulukazi esikhathini lapho amazwe ezwe enokhahlo. Umqondo wasekuqaleni wobukhosi bezwe bekuwukudweba umugqa uzungeze indawo yezwe futhi ulawule konke okuzama ukuwela umugqa. Emhlabebeni wanamuhla wokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe lowo mqondo usephelelwe. Izizwe azikwazi ukuveza imibono, abokufika, amabutho ezomnotho, izidalwa zezifo, imininingwane, imicibisholo ebhekise phambili, noma ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber kwingqalasizinda engabekeki njengezinhlelo zebhange, izikhungo zamandla, ukushintshaniswa kwesitoko. Asikho isizwe esingahamba sodwa. Ezokuphepha kumele zibe semhlabeni jikelele uma zizokuba khona nhlobo.

Ukulondeka Kwempi

Izingxabano ezijwayelekile zezwe lesimanje azinakuxazululwa ngokuqhuma kwezibhamu. Azidingi ukuphindwaphindwa kwamathuluzi namasu ezempi kodwa nokuzibophezela okukude ekuzimiseleni amandla.
UTom Hastings (Umlobi kanye noProfesa weSinqumo Sokuxazululwa)

Ukushiya Kwisimo Sokuvikela Esingekho Okuvusa Amandla

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokudicilela phansi ezokuphepha kungaba ukuvikela okungeyona into evusa inkanuko, okuwukuphinda siphinde sisebenzise ukuqeqeshwa kabusha, ukuthathwa kwempahla, imfundiso kanye nezikhali ukuze impi yezwe ibonwe ngumakhelwane bayo ukuthi ayifaneleki icala kodwa icace kahle ukuthi ingakwazi ukuzivikela ngendlela efanelekile yemingcele yayo. Kuyindlela yokuzivikela ekhipha inkani kwamanye amazwe.

Ngabe uhlelo lwezikhali lungasetshenziswa ngempumelelo emazweni aphesheya, noma lungasetshenziswa kuphela ekhaya? Uma singasetshenziswa phesheya, kuyacasula, ikakhulukazi uma lokho 'emazweni aphesheya' kufaka phakathi amazwe eningqubuzana nawo. It uma isetshenziswa kuphela ekhaya ke uhlelo luzivikela, lisebenza kuphela lapho kuhlaselwa sekwenzekile.1
(UJohan Galtung, Umcwaningi Wokuthula kanye Nengxabano)

Ukuzivikela okungahambisani nokukhuthaza kusho ukuthini ukuvikelwa kwempi ngokuzivikela ngempela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda izikhali ezide kakhulu ezifana ne-Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, izindiza zokuhlasela ezide, izindiza ezinomthwalo wemikhumbi nemikhumbi emikhulu, ama-drones ahlomile, izikebhe zemikhumbi yamanzi, izikebhe zasogwini, kanye namabutho amathangi angamanye amazwe. Esikhathini Sokuvuthwa Kwemvelo Elinye Lokuvuthwa Kwemvelo, ukuhlaselwa okuvikelekile okungekho okugqugquzelayo kuzokuqeda kancane kancane njengoba kungadingekile.

Enye indlela yokuzivikela ezobaluleka kuyisimiso sokuzivikela ekuhlaseleni okuzayo okubandakanya ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber ku-grid yamandla, izitshalo zamandla, ukuxhumana, ukuthengiselana ngezezimali nokuzivikela ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obubili obufana nanjengo-nanotechnology kanye ne-robotics. Ukunciphisa ikhono le-cyber ye-Interpol kungaba yinto yokuqala yokuzivikela kulokhu kanye nesinye isici se-Alternative Global Security System.2

Futhi, ukuvikela okungavukeli ngeke kuvume izwe elinendiza ende nemikhumbi eyenzelwe kuphela ukusiza abantu. Ukuguqukela ekuvikelweni okungavukeli kwenza buthaka uhlelo lweMpi ngenkathi kwenza ukwakhiwa kwamabutho asiza enhlekeleleni aqinisa uhlelo lokuthula.

Dala uMbutho Wezokuvikela Osekelwe Emphakathini Ongaphelele

UGene Sharp uqeda umlando ukuthola nokuqopha izindlela ezingamakhulu ezisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukubhuntshisa ukucindezelwa. Ukuvikela okusekwe kwezenhlalo (i-CBD)

kubonisa ukuvikelwa ngabomphakathi (njengokuhluke kwabasebenzi basezempi) besebenzisa izindlela ezingezona zomphakathi zomzabalazo (njengokungafani nezindlela zamasosha nezindlela zokulawulwa kwempi). Lena inqubomgomo ehlose ukuvimbela nokunciphisa ukuhlasela kwamasosha angaphandle, imisebenzi, nokusetshenziselwa kwangaphakathi. "3 Lokhu kuvikela “kuhloselwe ukuthi kuhlaselwe inani labantu kanye nezikhungo zalo ngesisekelo sokulungiselela, ukuhlela, nokuqeqeshwa.

Kuyinto "inqubomgomo [lapho] wonke umphakathi kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi ziba yimpi. Isikhali sabo sinezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphikiswa kwengqondo, ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe kanye nezombusazwe kanye nokuhlasela okuphikisayo. Le nqubomgomo ihlose ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa nokuvikela ngokumelene nabo ngamalungiselelo okwenza umphakathi ungabonakali yiziqhwaga nezihlukumezi. Abantu abaqeqeshwe kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi bazobe bekulungele ukuphika abahlaseli izinhloso zabo nokuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwezombusazwe okungenakwenzeka. Lezi zinjongo zizofezwa ngokusebenzisa ukungasebenzi okukhulu nokukhetha nokungahloniphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunokwenzeka, izwe elivikelayo lizohlose ukudala izinkinga eziphezulu zomhlaba abahlaseli kanye nokuguqula ukuthembeka kwamabutho abo kanye nabasebenzi.
Gene Sharp (Umbhali, uMsunguli we-Albert Einstein Institution)

Inselele ebhekene nayo yonke imiphakathi kusukela ekuqalisweni kwempi, okungukuthi, ukuhambisa noma ukuba umfanekiso wesibuko womhlukumezi ohlaselayo, ixazululwa ukuzivikela okusekelwe emphakathini. Ukuba njengomfana noma ngaphezulu kwempi kunomuntu ohlukumezayo kwakusekelwe ekuqinisweni ukuthi ukumvimba kudinga ukuphoqeleka. Ukuzivikela okusekelwe emphakathini kubonisa amandla amakhulu aqinekayo angadingi isenzo sempi.

Ekuzivikeleni okwenzelwe ezomphakathi, konke ukubambisana kukhishwa emandleni ahlaselayo. Akukho okusebenzayo. Izibani azivezi, noma ukushisa, imfucuza ayithathwa, uhlelo lokuhamba alusebenzi, izinkantolo ziyeka ukusebenza, abantu abalaleli imiyalo. Lokhu kwenzeka e- “Kapp Putsch” eBerlin e1920 lapho owayezothatha ubushiqela nebutho lakhe elizimele bezama ukuthatha izintambo. Uhulumeni wangaphambilini wabaleka, kepha izakhamizi zaseBerlin zenza ukubusa kwaba nzima kangangokuba, ngisho nangamandla amakhulu ezempi, abathumbi bawa ngamasonto. Wonke amandla awaveli emgqonyeni wesibhamu.

Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlaselwa ngokumelene nempahla kahulumeni kungabonakala kulungile. Lapho iFrance yaseFrance ihlala eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, abasebenzi baseJalimane bavimbela izinjini futhi baqeda amathrekhi ukuze bavimbele amaFrance ukuba ahambe amabutho azungeze ukuze abhekane nemibono emikhulu. Uma isosha laseFrance lingena tram, umshayeli wenqaba ukuthutha.

Okubili okusemqoka okusekela ukuvikela okusekelwe emphakathini; okokuqala, ukuthi wonke amandla avela ngaphansi-wonke uhulumeni ngokuvuma kwemibuso futhi leyo mvume ingakwazi ukuhoxiswa ngaso sonke isikhathi, okwenza ukuwa kwe-elite ebusayo. Okwesibili, uma isizwe sibonakala singenakunqotshwa, ngenxa yombutho wokuzivikela osuselwa emphakathini, asikho isizathu sokuzama ukuwunqoba. Isizwe esivikelwe ngamandla empi singanqotshwa empini ngamandla amakhulu empi. Kunezibonelo eziningi ezingekho. Kukhona izibonelo zabantu ezikhuphuka futhi benqobe uhulumeni onobudlova obushushisayo ngokusebenzisa umzabalazo ongapheli, kusukela ekukhululweni komandla ohlala eNdiya abantu bakaGandhi amandla okunyakaza, nokuqhubeka nokuqothulwa kohulumeni waseMarcos ePhilippines, ubukhosi obushiqela abaseSoviet Eastern Europe, kanye ne-Arab Spring, ukubiza kuphela izibonelo ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo.

Ekuvikeleni okusekelwe emphakathini bonke abadala abakwaziyo baqeqeshwa ngezindlela zokumelana.4 I-Reserve Corps emile yezigidi ihlelekile, yenza izwe liqine kakhulu ekuzimeleni kwalo kangangokuba akekho ongacabanga ukuzama ukulihlula. Uhlelo lwe-CBD lwenziwa kabanzi futhi lubonakala ngokuphelele kubaphikisi. Uhlelo lwe-CBD lungebiza ingxenye encane yemali esetshenzisiwe manje ukuxhasa uhlelo lokuvikela ezempi. I-CBD inganikeza ukuzivikela okusebenzayo ku-War System, ngenkathi iyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokuthula oluqinile. Ngokuqinisekile umuntu angasho ukuthi ukuvikela okungahambisani nobubi kufanele kudlule ekubukeni kwesizwe njengezindlela zokuvikela ezenhlalo, ngoba izwe lelo lizwe uqobo liyithuluzi lokucindezela ebukhoneni babantu noma ngokwamasiko.5

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ukuhlakanipha okufakazelwe ngokwesayensi kubambe ukuthi ukungavimbelani kwezepolitiki komphakathi kungenzeka ukuthi kuphumelele kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nokunyakaza okusetshenziswa kodlame. Ulwazi lwesimanje emcabangweni kanye nokusebenza yilokho okwenza isishoshovu sokunyakaza okungasizakali isikhathi eside nesazi uGeorge Lakey banethemba ngendima eqinile ye-CBD. Uthi: "Uma ukunyakaza kokuthula kweJapan, i-Israel kanye ne-United States kukhetha ukwakha amasu okusebenza kwengxenye yeminyaka bese benza enye into enzima ngempi, ngokuqinisekile bazokwakha ngokulungiselela nokuqeqesha futhi bathole ukunakwa kwabaphephayo imiphakathi. "6

Isigaba Sokuqala Amasosha Ezempi Angaphandle

Ku-2009 ukuqashiswa kwe-US esiteshini se-air e-Ecuador kwahlelwa ukuphela futhi umongameli we-Ecuador wenza isiphakamiso e-US

Sizovuselela isisekelo esimweni esisodwa: ukuze basinike isisekelo eMiami.

Abantu baseBrithani babeyokuthola kungacabangeki uma uhulumeni wabo evumela iSaudi Arabia ukuba yakhe isikhungo esikhulu samasosha eBritish Isles. Ngokufanayo, i-United States ibingasibekezeleli isizinda somoya sase-Iranian eWyoming. Lezi zikhungo zakwamanye amazwe zizobonwa njengosongo ekuphepheni kwabo, ekuphephelweni kwabo nasebukhosini babo. Izisekelo zamasosha angaphandle zibalulekile ukulawula abantu nezinsizakusebenza. Yizindawo lapho amandla abusayo angahlasela khona ngaphakathi kwelizwe “lokubamba” noma alwe nezizwe ezisemngceleni walo, noma ezinganqanda ukuhlaselwa. Zibuye zibize ngokwesabekayo izwe elihlala kulo. I-United States iyisibonelo sokuqala, inamakhulu ezisekelo emazweni we-135 emhlabeni jikelele. Inani langempela libonakala lingaziwa; ngisho nezinombolo zoMnyango Wezokuvikela ziyahlukahluka emahhovisi. Isazi se-anthropologist uDavid Vine, ocwaningwe kakhulu ngobukhona bezizinda zamasosha ase-US emhlabeni wonke, ulinganisela ukuthi kunezindawo ze-800 eziteshela amasosha emhlabeni jikelele. Ubhala phansi ucwaningo lwakhe encwadini ye-2015 BAsizwe. Amasosha ase-US asekela phesheya ukulimaza kanjani iMelika nomhlaba. Izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe zidala ukucasukela okubonwa endaweni njengokubuswa kombuso.7 Ukuqeda izisekelo zempi zasemazweni angaphandle kuyissika ye-Alternative Global Security System futhi iyahambisana nokuzivikela okungekho okugqugquzelayo.

Ukubuyela ekuvikelweni okuyiqiniso kwemingcele yesizwe kuyingxenye esemqoka yokwakha ubumbano kwezokuphepha, ngaleyo ndlela kwenza buthaka ikhono le-War System ukudala ukungavikeleki komhlaba wonke. Enye indlela, ezinye izisekelo zingaguqulwa zisetshenziswe ezomphakathi ku- "Global Aid Plan" njengezikhungo zosizo zezwe (bheka ngezansi). Abanye bangaguqulwa babe ngamalungiselelo epaneli yelanga nezinye izinhlelo zamandla azinzileyo.

Ukungahleleki

Ukwehliswa kwezikhali kuyisinyathelo esisobala esiholela kufayela le- world beyond war. Inkinga yempi ngesilinganiso esikhulu inkinga yamazwe acebile agcwala amazwe ampofu ngezikhali, iningi lawo ngenzuzo, amanye mahhala. Izifunda zomhlaba esicabanga ukuthi zithambekele ezimpini, kufaka phakathi i-Afrika kanye ne-Western Asia eningi, azenzi ezabo izikhali. Bayabangenisa bevela emazweni akude, acebile. Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali ezincane okuncane, ikakhulukazi, kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, kathathu kusukela ngo-2001.

I-United States ingumthengisi wezikhali ohamba phambili emhlabeni. Iningi lokuthengiswa kwezikhali kwamanye amazwe livela kwamanye amalungu amane angapheli eMkhandlu Wezokuphepha weNhlangano Yezizwe kanye neJalimane. Ukube la mazwe ayisithupha ayeka ukuphatha izikhali, ukuhlukunyezwa komhlaba kungaba yindlela ende ebheke empumelelweni.

Udlame lwamazwe ampofu luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela impi (kanye nokuthengisa izingalo) emazweni acebile. Izimpi eziningi zinezikhali ezenziwe yi-US kuzinhlangothi zombili. Abanye bane-prochniz ehlomile yase-US futhi bahlomile ngazo zombili izinhlangothi, njengoba bekulokhu kwenzeka kamuva nje eSyria lapho amabutho ahlomile nguMnyango Wezokuvikela elwa namabutho ahlomile yi-CIA. Impendulo ejwayelekile akuyona eyezikhali, kepha izikhali ezingaphezulu, izipho ezengeziwe zokuthengisa nokuthengisa kuma-proxies, nokuthengwa okuningi kwezingalo emazweni acebile.

I-United States ayisiye nje umthengisi omkhulu wezingalo, kodwa futhi ngumthengi omkhulu wezingalo. Ukube i-United States ibinganciphisa emuva impi yayo, isuse amasistimu ahlukahlukene ezikhali angenayo injongo yokuzivikela, ngokwesibonelo, umjaho wezingalo ezingemumva ungahle uqalwe.

Imizamo yokuqeda impi ikhubazekile ngokuba khona okuqhubekayo nokukhula kwezentengiselwano, kepha ukubuyisela emuva kanye nokuqeda ukuhweba ngezikhali kuyindlela engenzeka yokuqeda impi. Ngamasu, le ndlela inezinzuzo ezithile ezingenzeka. Isibonelo, ukuthengisa izikhali zase-US eziphikisayo kuya eSaudi Arabia noma izipho eziya eGibhithe noma kwa-Israyeli akudingi ukuthi kube nokuxabana nokushisekela izwe laseMelika ngendlela izimpi zase-US ezenza ngayo. Esikhundleni salokho singabhekana nokuhweba kwezikhali njengosongo lwezempilo lomhlaba wonke olukhona.

I-Disarmament izodinga ukuncishiswa kulokho okuthiwa izikhali ezivamile kanye nezinhlobo zezikhali zenuzi. Sizodinga ukuqeda ukwenza inzuzo ngokuhweba ngezikhali. Sizodinga ukubuyisa ukuphishekela okunolaka kokubusa komhlaba okuholela kwezinye izizwe ukuthola izikhali zenuzi njengezinto ezivimbayo. Kepha futhi sizodinga ukuthi sithathe izikhali ngezinyathelo ngezinyathelo, sisuse izinhlelo ezithile, ezinjenge-drones ezihlomile, izikhali zenuzi, amakhemikhali nezikhali zemvelo kanye nezikhali ezisendaweni yangaphandle.

Izikhali Ezivamile

Izwe ligcwele izikhali, konke okuvela ezikhalimeni ezizenzekelayo ukulwa namathangi kanye nezikhali ezinzima. Isikhukhula sezingalo sigxilisa kokubili ukwanda kobudlova ezimpini nasengozini yobugebengu nobuphekula. Lusiza ohulumeni abenzile ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu, benza ukungahlali komhlaba wonke, futhi baqhubekisela phambili inkolelo yokuthi ukuthula kungatholakala ngezibhamu.

Ihhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene Lemizi Yezokulwa Nezikhali (UNODA) liqondiswa umbono wokugqugquzela izidakamizwa zezwe jikelele futhi uqondise imizamo yokubhekana nezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu kanye nezingalo ezivamile kanye nokuhweba kwezingalo.8 Ihhovisi likhuthaza ukulwa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokungafani, ukuqiniswa kwezikhali zokulwa nezidakamizwa ngokuphathelene nezinye izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu, nezikhali zamakhemikhali nezidakamizwa, nokuzikhandla kwesibhamu endaweni yezikhali ezivamile, ikakhulukazi izikhali zasemhlabathini kanye nezikhali ezincane, eziyizikhali okuzikhethela ezinkambulweni zanamuhla.

Ukuphulukisa ukuhweba kwezikhali

Abakhiqizi be-Arms banezinkontileka zikahulumeni ezisebenzayo futhi baxhaswe ngabo futhi babuye bathengise emakethe evulekile. I-US nabanye bathengise izigidigidi izingalo ku-Middle East enobudlova. Kwesinye isikhathi izingalo zithengiswa zombili izinhlangothi ekungqubuzaneni, njengase-Iraq nase-Iran nempi phakathi kwazo eye yabulala phakathi kwe-600,000 ne-1,250,000 ngokususelwa kwizilinganiso zokufunda.9 Kwesinye isikhathi izikhali zigcina zisetshenziselwa umthengisi noma umfelandawonye wazo, njengasesimeni sezikhali i-US eyayihlinzeka ngeMujahedeen eyagcina isezandleni ze-al Qaeda, futhi izingalo i-US zithengisa noma zanikela e-Iraq okwaphelela kuyo izandla ze-ISIS ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwayo kwe-2014 kwe-Iraq.

Ukuhweba ngamazwe ngezikhali ezibulalayo kuyinkulu, ngaphezu kwe $ 70 billion ngonyaka. Abathengi abakhulu bezingalo emhlabeni wonke amandla awalwe eMpini Yezwe II; ukuze: US, Russia, Germany, France, ne-United Kingdom.

I-UN yamukele i-Arms Trade Therapy (ATT) ngo-Ephreli 2, 2013. Akupheli ukuhweba kwezikhali zomhlaba wonke. Isivumelwano “ithuluzi elisungula izindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba ezijwayelekile zokungenisa, ukuthekelisa nokudlulisa izingalo ezijwayelekile.” Iqale ukusebenza ngoDisemba 2014. Okusemqoka, ithi abathunyelwa ngaphandle bazoziqapha ukuthi bagweme ukuthengisa izingalo “kubashokobezi noma kwizifundazwe ezinobudlova.” I-US, engazange ivume isivumelwano, noma kunjalo yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi yayine-veto phezu kombhalo ngokufuna ukuthi kuvumelane ngokubusa izinqumo. I-US yafuna ukuthi lesi sivumelwano sishiya izikhala ezinkulu ukuze lesi sivumelwano singangaphazamisi amandla ethu ukungenisa, ukuthekelisa, noma ukudlulisa izingalo ukuze sisekele izinqubomgomo zezokuphepha zezwe kanye nezinqubomgomo zenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe. imisebenzi yezentengiso esemthethweni ”[futhi]“ ukuhweba okusemthethweni okusemthethweni kungenzelwa kufanele kungavinjelwa ngokungafanele. ”Ngaphezu kwalokho,“ Asikho isidingo sokubika noma ukumaka nokulandela umkhondo wezinhlamvu noma iziqhumane [futhi] ngeke kube nesibopho sezwe lonke. umzimba wokuphoqelela i-ATT. ”10

Uhlelo Olwedlula Lokuvikeleka ldinga isigaba esikhulu sokuhlaselwa kwezikhali ukuze zonke izizwe zizizwe ziphephile ekuhlaseleni. I-UN ichaza izikhali ezijwayelekile neziphelele “… njengukuqedwa kwayo yonke i-WMD, kuhlanganiswe“ nokuncishiswa okulinganiselayo kwamasosha ahlomile nezikhali ezijwayelekile, kususelwa kunqubo yokuphepha engashabalali yamaqembu ngenhloso yokuqhakambisa noma ukuqinisa uzinzo ezansi Izinga lezempi, licabanga ngesidingo sawo wonke amazwe ukuvikela ukuphepha kwawo ”(UN General Assembly, Final Document of the Special Special Session on Disarmament, para. 22.) Le ncazelo yokuhlaselwa kwezikhali ibukeka inezimbobo ezinkulu ezanele ukushayela ithangi ngokusebenzisa. Isivumelwano esinolaka ngokwedlulele esinamazinga wokunciphisa izinsuku siyadingeka, kanye nendlela yokuphoqelela.

Isivumelwano asibonakali senza okungaphezu kwalokho kudinga amaZwe aPhathi ukuba enze i-ejensi ukuthi iqondise izimpahla ezingaphandle kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokunquma ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi izikhali zizosetshenziswa kabi yini njengemisebenzi efana nokuqothulwa kobugebengu noma ukuguqulwa kwesibindi kanye nokubika ngonyaka ngokuhweba kwabo. Akubonakali ukwenza lo msebenzi ngoba ushiya ukulawula kokuhweba kulabo abafuna ukuthekelisa nokungenisa. Kuvinjelwe ukuvinjelwa okukhulu kakhulu nokuphoqeleka kokuthunyelwa kwezingalo. Ukuhweba kwezingalo kudingeke ukuba kwengezwe ohlwini lwe-International Criminal Court "lwamacala okulwa nomuntu" futhi luphoqelelwe uma kwenziwa ngabakhiqizi bezingalo ngabanye nabadayisi kanye noMkhandlu wezokuPhepha ngokugunyazwa kwawo ukubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa "kokuthula nokuvikeleka emhlabeni wonke" icala lezizwe ezibusayo njengezithunywa zokuthengisa.11

Ukuqeda Ukusetshenziswa Kwama-Drones Amandla

Ama-Drones ayindiza engenamshayeli (kanye nemikhumbi engaphansi komhlaba namanye amarobhothi) aqonda kude ukusuka kude kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane. Kuze kube manje, umthengisi oyinhloko we-drones wezempi bekuyi-United States. Ama-“Predator” kanye ne- “Reaper” drones aphatha ama-wart aphuma phezulu aqhuma kakhulu angabhekiswa kubantu. Baqondiswa “abashayeli bezindiza” abahleli eziteshini zamakhompiyutha eNevada nakwezinye izindawo. Lawa ma-drones asetshenziswa njalo ekubulaweni okubizwa ngokuthi kuhloselwe ukubulala abantu ePakistan, Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq naseSyria. Isizathu salokhu kuhlaselwa, okuye kwabulala amakhulu ezakhamizi, imfundiso engenakuphikiswa kakhulu yokuthi “ukuzivikela okulindelekile.” UMongameli wase-US unqume ukuthi, ngosizo lwephaneli elikhethekile, angayalela ukuthi noma ngubani ocabanga ukuthi afe Ukusongela kwamaphekula e-US, ngisho nezakhamizi zase-US uMthethosisekelo ezifuna inqubo efanele yomthetho, azinakwa kalula kuleli cala. Eqinisweni, uMthethosisekelo wase-US udinga ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo awo wonke umuntu, hhayi ukwenza umehluko kwizakhamizi zase-US esifundiswa zona. Futhi phakathi kwababhekisiwe kukhona abantu abangakaze bakhonjwe kodwa abathathwa njengabasolwa ngokuziphatha kwabo, okufana nokuphawula ngokwebala ngamaphoyisa asekhaya.

Izinkinga zokuhlaselwa i-drone zisemthethweni, zokuziphatha, futhi zisebenza. Okokuqala, kungukwephula okucacile kwayo yonke imithetho yezwe yokulwa nokubulawa kanye nemithetho yaseMelika ngaphansi kwemiyalo ephakeme ekhishwe ngokubulawa kukahulumeni wase-US kuze kube se1976 nguMongameli uGerald Ford waphinde wabuyiselwa nguMongameli Ronald Reagan. Kusetshenziswe ngokumelene nezakhamizi zase-US - noma omunye umuntu - lokhu kubulawa kwephula amalungelo enqubo efanelekile ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo wase-US. Futhi ngenkathi umthetho wamanje wamazwe omhlaba ngaphansi kwe-Article 51 ye-UN Charter uvikela ngokomthetho ukuzivikela uma kukhona ukuhlasela okuhlome ngamakhala, nokho ama-drones abukeka ephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba kanye neNgqungquthela YaseGeneva.12 Ngenkathi ama-drones engahle abhekwe njengasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni endaweni yokulwa empini eye yamenyezelwa, i-US ayizange imemezele impi kuwo wonke amazwe lapho ibulala khona ngama-drones, futhi futhi ayikho enye yezimpi zayo zamanje ezingokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-UN Charter noma i-Kellogg-Briand I-Pact, futhi akucaci ukuthi yini eyenza izimpi ezithile "zimenyezelwe" njengoba i-US Congress ingazange imemezele impi kusukela nge1941.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuzivikela okulindelekile, ethi izwe lingasebenzisa amandla ngokusemthethweni lapho licabanga ukuthi lingase lihlaselwe, liyabuzwa ochwepheshe abaningi bezomthetho bamazwe omhlaba. Inkinga ngokuchazwa okunjalo komthetho wamazwe aphesheya kungukufezeka kwaso — isizwe sazi kanjani ngokuqinisekile ukuthi okushiwo omunye umenzi wombuso noma okungekho kuhulumeni kungaholela ekuhlaseleni okuhlomile? Eqinisweni, noma ngubani ongumhlaseli angafihla ngemuva kwale mfundiso ukuze athethelele ulaka lwayo. Okungenani, kungenzeka (futhi njengamanje) isetshenziswe ngokungakhethi ngaphandle kokuqashwa yiCongress noma iNhlangano Yezizwe.

Okwesibili, ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone kubonakala kungcolile ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ze "imfundiso nje yempi" echaza ukuthi abangewona ampi akufanele bahlaselwe empini. Ukuhlasela okuningi kwe-drone akuhlosiwe kubantu abaziwayo ababizwa ngokuthi uhulumeni njengamaphekula, kodwa ngokumelana nemibuthano lapho abantu abathintekayo bekhona khona. Izakhamizi eziningi ziye zabulawa kulokhu kuhlaselwa futhi kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ngezikhathi ezithile, lapho abahlangene beqoqene esakhiweni ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kokuqala, isiteleka sesibili sesiyalwe ukuba sibulale abahlengikazi. Abaningi abafile bebeyizingane.13

Okwesibili, ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone kuyaphikisana. Ngenkathi ifuna ukubulala izitha ze-US (ngezinye izikhathi ezithandabuzayo), zenza intukuthelo ejulile ye-US futhi isetshenziselwa kalula ukuqoqa amaphekula amasha.

Kuwo wonke umuntu ongenacala owabulala, udala izitha ezintsha eziyishumi.
UGeneral uStanley McChrystal (owayengu-Commander wangaphambili, US kanye neNATO Forces e-Afghanistan)

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuphikisana ngokuthi ukuhlasela kwakhe kwe-drone kusemthethweni ngisho nalapho impi ingakaze yashiwo, i-US inikeza ukulungiswa kwamanye amazwe noma amaqembu ukuba afune ukufaneleka ngokomthetho uma kungenzeka afune ukusebenzisa ama-drones ukuhlasela ukuhlasela kwe-US Drone ukwenza isizwe esisisebenzisa kuncane kunezokuphepha ngaphezulu.

Uma ulahla ibhomu kusuka ku-drone ... uzodala umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba uzodala,
USt Lt. General Michael Flynn (ret.)

Izizwe ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa manje zine-drones, futhi amazwe angaphezu kwe-50 azithuthukisa.14 Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe kanye namandla okukhiqiza kusikisela ukuthi cishe zonke izizwe zizokwazi ukuba nama-drones ahlomile kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi. Abanye abameli be-War System bathi ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni yi-drone kuzoba ukwakha ama-drones ahlasela ama-drones, okukhombisa indlela ukucabanga kwe-War System okuvame ukuholela ngayo emijahweni yezikhali nokuzinza okukhulu ngenkathi kunwetshwa ukubhujiswa lapho kuqubuka impi ethile. Ukwenqabela okungekho emthethweni ama-drones amasosha okwenziwa yinoma yiziphi izizwe nawo wonke amaqembu kungaba yisinyathelo esikhulu phambili ekwandiseni ezokuphepha.

I-Drones ayibizwa ngokuthi i-Predators ne-Reapers ize. Babulala imishini. Njengoba kungekho jaji noma ijaji, ziqeda izimpilo ngesikhathi esisodwa, izimpilo zalabo abathandwa ngumuntu, endaweni ethile, ukuba abe amaphekula, kanye nalabo abaphuthumayo-noma abanjwe ngengozi emakhanda abo.
U-Medea Benjamin (Isishoshovu, Umbhali, Umsunguli we-CODEPINK)

Isigaba Sokuphuma Kwamasosha Okubhujiswa Kwabantu

Izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu ziyimpendulo enamandla kakhulu kwi-War System, iqinisa ukusabalalisa kwayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izimpi ezenzekayo zinamandla okubhujiswa komhlaba. Izikhali zenuzi, amakhemikhali kanye nezilwane ezibonakalayo zikwazi ukubulala nokulimala abantu abaningi, ukubhubhisa imizi yonke ngisho nezifunda zonke ezinokubhujiswa okungaqondakali.

Izikhali zeNuclear

Njengamanje kunezivumelwano ezivimbela izikhali zemvelo nezamakhemikhali kepha akukho sivumelwano esenqabela izikhali zenuzi. Isivumelwano i-1970 Non-Proliferation Therapy (NPT) sinikela ngokuthi izikhali ezinhlanu ezaziwayo ezaziwa ngokuthi i-US, i-Russia, i-UK, i-France kanye ne-China - kumele zenze imizamo emihle yokupheliswa kwezikhali zenuzi, ngenkathi bonke abanye abasayine be-NPT bethembisa ukungatholi i-nyukiliya. izikhali. Amazwe amathathu kuphela enqabile ukujoyina i-NPT - i-India, Pakistan, ne-Israyeli - futhi athola amasosha enuzi. INorth Korea, ithembele ekuthengweni kwe-NPT kobuchwepheshe benyukliya “obunokuthula,” yaphuma esivumelwaneni isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bayo “obunokuthula” ukwakha izinto ezonakele zamandla enuzi ukwenza amabhomu enuzi.15 Ngempela, yonke isitshalo samandla enyukliya ingumshini ongase ube yi-bomb.

Impi eyayilwa ngisho nenani elithi "elinganiselwe" lezikhali zenuzi lizobulala izigidi, lenze ubusika benyukliya futhi lwenze ukuntuleka kokudla emhlabeni wonke okuyoholela ekulameni kwezigidi. Uhlelo lonke lwamasu enyukliya lusekelwe esizindeni samanga, ngoba amakhompiyutha ekhompyutheni abonisa ukuthi kuphela amaphesenti amancane empi aphikisiwe angabangela ukuvinjelwa emhlabeni wonke kwezolimo iminyaka eyishumi-empeleni, isigwebo sokufa sezinhlobo zabantu. Futhi isimo samanje sibheke ekungeneni okukhulu nakakhulu kokunye ukuhluleka kokusebenza kwemishini noma ukuxhumana okuzoholela ezakhiweni zenuzi.

Ukukhululwa okukhulu kungacima konke ukuphila emhlabeni. Lezi zikhali zisongela ukuphepha kwabantu bonke ezindaweni zonke.16 Nakuba izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zokulawulwa kwezikhali zenuzi phakathi kwe-US kanye ne-former Soviet Union zanciphisa inani lezinhlanzi zezikhali zenuzi (56,000 ngesikhathi esisodwa), kusekhona i-16,300 emhlabeni, kuphela i-1000 engekho e-US noma eRussia.17 Okubi kakhulu, izivumelwano ezivunyelwe "zesimanjemanje," isisekelo sokwenza isizukulwane esisha sezikhali kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa, ezenziwa yizo zonke izifundazwe zenyukliya. Isilo senuzi asisekho; ayizukuya nakancane ngemuva komhume — ingaphandle futhi ibiza izigidigidi zamaRandi ezingasetshenziswa kangcono kwenye indawo. Njengoba i-Test Comprehensive Test Ban Testy yasayinwa ku-1998, i-US iye yakhuphuka izivivinyo zayo zobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu bezikhali zenuzi, ezihambisana nokuhlolwa okubucayi, izinyawo ze-1,000 ezansi kwephansi kwelehlane esizeni sokuhlola iNevada emhlabeni waseWestern Shoshone . I-US yenze ukuhlolwa okunje kwe-28 kuze kube manje, iqhuma i-plutonium ngamakhemikhali, ngaphandle kokubanga ukusabela kwe-ketane, yingakho "kungagxili kakhulu".18 Ngempela, ukuphathwa kuka-Obama okwamanje kusetshenziselwa izindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo ngezimpahla ezintsha zokuqhuma amabhomu kanye nezinhlelo zokudiliva-imikhosi, izindiza ezindiza ngaphansi komhlaba-kanye nezikhali zenuzi ezintsha.19

Ukucabanga kweMpi ejwayelekile kuphakamisa ukuthi izikhali zenuzi zivimba impi-imfundiso ebizwa ngokuthi yi- “Mutual Assured Destruction” (“MAD”). Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi azange isetshenziswe kusukela ku-1945, akunangqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi iMAD bekuyisizathu. Njengoba uDaniel Ellsberg eseshilo, wonke umongameli wase-US selokhu iTruman isebenzise izikhali zenuzi njengosongo kwezinye izizwe ukubenza bavumele i-US ukuthi ihambe ngendlela yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso enjalo isekelwe ekukholweni okuxegayo enengqondo yabaholi bezepolitiki abasesimweni esibucayi, isikhathi esizayo. UMED akaqinisekisi ukuphepha ngokukhishwa ngengozi kwalezi zikhali ezinkulu noma isiteleka sezwe esicabanga ngephutha ukuthi sihlaselwe noma isiteleka sokuqala. Eqinisweni, izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlelo zokulethwa kwempi yenuzi ziklanyelwe futhi zakhelwe inhloso yakamuva — i-Cruise Missile (eyeqa ngaphansi kwerada) nePershing Missile, ukuhlasela okusheshayo, imicibisholo ebheke phambili. Izingxoxo ezibucayi zenzeka ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi mayelana nokufisa kwe- "Grand, Decapering Okokuqala Strike" lapho i-US izoqala khona ukuhlasela kweSoviet Union ukuze ikhubaze amandla ayo okwethula izikhali zenuzi ngokuqothula umyalo nokulawula, ukuqala neKremlin. Abanye abahlaziyi babhale “ngokuwina” impi yenuzi lapho kuzobulawa amashumi ambalwa kuphela, cishe zonke izakhamuzi.20 Izikhali zenuzi ziziphethe kabi futhi zihlambalaza.

Ngisho noma ingasetshenzisiwe ngamabomu, kube khona izigameko eziningi lapho izikhali zenuzi ezithwala izindiza ziye zaphahlazeka phansi, ngenhlanhla nje kuphela ukuhlwitha ezinye i-plutonium emhlabathini, kodwa hhayi ukuhamba.21 E-2007, imicibisholo eyisithupha yase-US ephethe izindondo zempi yenuzi yathunyelwa ngephutha ukusuka eNorth Dakota yaya eLouisiana kanti amabhomu enuzi alahlekile awatholakalanga amahora we-36.22 Kube nemibiko yokudakwa nokusebenza kabi kwabasebenzi abasebenza kuma-silos angaphansi komhlaba obhekele ukwethulwa kwemicibisholo yase-US ekhonjiswe ngesexwayiso sezinwele futhi ekhomba emadolobheni aseRussia.23 I-US neRussia ngayinye inezinkulungwane zemicibisholo yenyukiliya eyenzelwe futhi ilungele ukudutshulwa. I-satellite yesimo sezulu saseNorway ihambile kahle eRussia futhi yacishe yathathelwa ukuhlaselwa okungenayo kuze kwaba ngomzuzu wokugcina lapho kugxekwa inxwaxwa.24

Umlando awusenzeli, siwenza-noma siwuqede.
UThomas Merton (Umlobi wamaKatolika)

I-1970 NPT yayizophelelwa yisikhathi ku-1995, futhi yanyuswa kuze kube phakade ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuhlinzekwa kwezinkomfa zokubuyekezwa ngonyaka emihlanu kanye nemihlangano yokulungiselela phakathi. Ukuze bathole ukuvumelana ngesandiso se-NPT, ohulumeni bathembisa ukubamba ingqungquthela yokuxoxisana ngezikhali zeMass Destruction Free Zone eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kuzo zonke izingqungquthela zokubuyekezwa konyaka ezinhlanu, izithembiso ezintsha zanikezwa, njengokuzibophezela okungenasisekelo ekuqedeni ngokuphelele izikhali zenuzi, nangenxa "yezinyathelo" ezihlukahlukene okudingeka zithathwe ngezwe elingenasikhali, okungekho kulokho okuye kwaba khona ihlonishwe.25 Umhlangano Wezikhali Zezikhali Zenyukiliya, owabhalwa ngumphakathi ososayensi, abameli, nezinye izazi wamukelwa yi-UN26 okunikeze ukuthi, "onke amazwe angavunyelwa ukulandela noma ukubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni, ekuhlolweni, ekhiqizeni, ekugcinweni kwezitoko, ekudluliseleni, ekusetshenzisweni nasengcupheni yokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi." Ihlinzeke ngazo zonke izinyathelo ezizodingeka ukubhubhisa impi nezinto zokugada ezingaphansi kokuphathwa kwamazwe okuqinisekisiwe.27

Ngokudangala komphakathi kanye nezikhali eziningi ezingezona zenuzi, akukho zinyathelo ezihlongozwayo ezingqungqutheleni eziningi zokubukeza ze-NPT ezithathiwe. Ngemuva kwesinyathelo esibalulekile se-International Red Cross sokwazisa ngemiphumela eyinhlekelele yabantu ngezikhali zenuzi, umkhankaso omusha wokuxoxisana ngesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa okulula ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwezindawo zezikhali zenuzi wethulwa e-Oslo e-2013, ngokulandela izingqungquthela eNayarit , EMexico naseVienna e2014.28 Kukhona ukuvulwa kokuvula lezi zingxoxo emva kwengqungquthela yokubukeza i-2015 NPT, kwi-70th Anniversary yokubhujiswa okubi kweHiroshima noNagasaki. Emhlanganweni waseVienna, uhulumeni wase-Austria wamemezela isibambiso sokusebenzela ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi, okuchazwe ngokuthi "ukuthatha izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokugcwalisa igebe elingokomthetho lokuvimbela nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi" kanye "nokubambisana nabo bonke abathintekayo ukuze bafeze lokhu umgomo. "29 Ukwengeza, iVatican yakhuluma kule ngqungquthela futhi ngokokuqala ngqá yamemezela ukuthi ukuvimbela kwezikhali zenuzi kungcolile futhi izikhali kufanele zivinjelwe.30 Isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa ngeke sifake ingcindezi yezikhali zenuzi kuphela, kodwa kohulumeni abaphephela ngaphansi kwesambulela senuzi yase-US, emazweni aseNATO abathembele kuzikhali zenuzi “zokwehlisa” kanye namazwe anjenge-Australia, Japan kanye neSouth Korea.31 Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziteshi zase-US ezimayelana namabhomu enuzi ama-400 eNATO zithi, iBelgium, iNetherlands, i-Italiya, neJalimane kanye neTurkey, abazophinde bacindezelwe ukuthi banikele “ngamalungiselelo abo okwabelana ngenkani” futhi basayine isivumelwano sokuvalwa.3233

Izikhali Zezikhali Neziphilayo

Izikhali zebhayoloji ziqukethe ubuthi bemvelo obulalayo obufana ne-Ebola, typhus, ingxibongo, nokunye okushintshiwe kulebhu ukuthi kube yingozi kakhulu ngakho-ke akunakuphikisana nakho. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo kungaqala ubhubhane lomhlaba olungalawulwa. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukunamathela ezivumelwaneni ezivele zisebenza njengengxenye yoHlelo Lokuphepha Olungejwayelekile. I-Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) ne-Toxin Weapons kwathi kwi-Destruction yabo kwavulwa ukusayinwa ku-1972 futhi kwaqala ukusebenza kwa-1975 ngaphansi kwe-United Nations. Ivimbela amasiginesha we-170 ukuthi angabinazo noma azithuthukise noma aziqongele lezi zikhali. Kodwa-ke, ayinayo indlela yokuqinisekisa futhi idinga ukuqiniswa umbuso wokuhlola inselelo onamandla (okusho, noma yimuphi uMbuso ungaphonsela inselelo kwelinye elivumile ngaphambi kokuhlolwa.)

I-Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Shippiling and Use of Chemical Izikhali futhi Ekubhujisweni Kwabo iyakwenqabela ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqizwa, ukutholwa, ukugcinwa esitokisini, ukugcinwa, ukuhanjiswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Abasayina Izwe laseMelika bavumile ukuqothula noma yiziphi izingqimba zezikhali zamakhemikhali ezingabamba kanye nanoma yiziphi izikhungo abazikhiqize, kanye nanoma yiziphi izikhali zamakhemikhali abazishiyile endaweni yabanye beMelika phambilini nokwakha umbuso wokuqinisekisa inselelo ngamakhemikhali anobuthi futhi ababandulelayo… ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi amakhemikhali anjalo asetshenziswa kuphela ngezinhloso ezingavunyelwe. Umhlangano uqale ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 29, 1997. Ngenkathi izingqimba zomhlaba zezikhali zamakhemikhali zincishiswe ngokumangazayo, ukubhujiswa okuphelele kuseyinjongo ekude.34 Isivumelwano senziwa ngempumelelo e-2014, ngenkathi iSyria ijikisa amasheya ayo ezikhali zamakhemikhali. Isinqumo sokulandela lowo mphumela senziwe nguMongameli wase-US uBarack Obama ngemuva nje kokuthi ehlehlise isinqumo sakhe sokuvula umkhankaso omkhulu wamabhomu ngaphezulu kweSyria, lesi sinyathelo sokungavikeleki sokuphatha izikhali esisebenza njengento ethathe indawo yomphakathi endaweni yezempi esivinjelwe kakhulu yingcindezi yomphakathi.

I-Outlaw Weapons Esikhathini Esingaphandle

Amazwe amaningana asungule amacebo ngisho ne-hardware yempi endaweni yangaphandle kufaka phakathi umhlaba kuya endaweni kanye nendawo kuya kuzikhali zesikhala ukuhlasela iziphuphutheki, kanye nendawo izikhali zomhlaba (kufaka phakathi izikhali ze-laser) ukuhlasela ukufakwa komhlaba kusuka emkhathini. Ubungozi bokubeka izikhali endaweni yangaphandle busobala, ikakhulukazi endabeni yezikhali zenuzi noma ezithuthukisiwe zobuchwepheshe. Izizwe ze-130 manje zinezinhlelo zesikhala futhi kukhona ama-satellite e-3000 asebenzayo endaweni. Izingozi zihlanganisa ukuhlehlisa imihlangano yezikhali ekhona nokuqala umjaho omusha wezingalo. Ukube impi enjalo esekwe esikhaleni ibingaba khona imiphumela ibizothusa izakhamizi zomhlaba futhi zibeke engcupheni ubungozi be-Kessler Syndrome, isimo lapho ubungqimba bezinto ezisebusweni bomhlaba obuphakeme buphakeme ngokwanele ukuthi ukuhlasela abanye kuzoqala ukuphahlazeka kokushayisana okwakha imfucumfucu eyanele yesikhala ukunikeza indawo ukuhlola noma ukusetshenziswa kwama-satellites kuyabonakala amashumi eminyaka, mhlawumbe izizukulwane.

Ekholwa ukuthi ibihola kulolu hlobo lwezikhali i-R & D, “Umsizi kaNobhala we-United States Air Force for Space, uKeith R. Hall, uthe, 'Mayelana nokubusa emkhathini, sinakho, siyakuthanda futhi siyahamba ukuyigcina. '”

Isivumelwano se-1967 Outer Space Treaty saqinisekiswa kabusha e-1999 yizizwe ze-138 ezazigodliwe yi-US ne-Israyeli kuphela. Iyenqabela ama-WMD esikhaleni nasekwakhiweni kwezisekelo zamasosha enyangeni kepha ishiya ithango lezikhali ezivamile, i-laser namandla aphezulu. Ikomidi leZizwe Ezihlangene kwi-Disarmament lisebenze iminyaka eminingi ukuthola isivumelwano esivumelwaneni sokuvinjwa kwalezi zikhali kodwa liye lavinjwa njalo yi-United States. Ikhodi yokuziphatha yokuziphatha ebuthakathaka, engabophisi, ngokuzithandela ihlongoziwe kepha "i-US iphikelela ekuhlinzekweni kule nguqulo yesithathu yeKhodi Yokuziphatha ethi, ngenkathi yenza isithembiso sokuzithandela 'sokugwema noma yisiphi isenzo esiletha, ngqo noma ngokungaqondile, ukulimala, noma ukubhujiswa, kwezinto zesikhala ', kuvumelana nokuyalelwa ngolimi "ngaphandle kwalapho isenzo esinjalo sinesizathu". “Ukuqondiswa” kusekelwe kulungelo lokuzivikela elakhelwe kwi-UN Charter. Ukufaneleka okunjalo kunikeza isivumelwano esivumelanayo nokuzithandela asisho lutho. Isivumelwano esiqine ngokwengeziwe sokuvala zonke izikhali endaweni yangaphandle siyisici esidingekayo soHlelo Lokuphepha Olungejwayelekile.35

Ukuqeda Ukuhlasela Nokusebenza

Ukuhlala kwabantu omunye komunye kusongela kakhulu ezokuphepha nokuthula, okuholela odlameni oluhlelekile oluvame ukukhuthaza abahlaseli ukuthi bandise amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlaselwa kusuka ekuhlaseleni “kwamaphekula” kuya ezimpini zabashokobezi. Izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu yilezi: Ukuhlala kuka-Israyeli i-West Bank kanye nokuhlaselwa kweGaza, nokuhlala kweChina iTibet. Ngisho nokuba khona kwamasosha ase-US okunamandla eJalimane, futhi ikakhulu iJapan, eminye iminyaka eyi-70 ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ayikaze ivuse impendulo enobudlova, kepha iyadala ukucasuka, njengoba kwenza amabutho ase-US emazweni amaningi e-175 lapho asezinze khona manje.

Ngisho noma amandla ahlaselayo kanye nokusebenzisa amandla enamandla amakhulu wamasosha, lokhu kungenela ngokuvamile akusebenzi ngenxa yezici ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, kubiza kakhulu. Okwesibili, bavame ukumelana nalabo abanendawo enkulu kuleyo ngxabano ngoba balwela ukuvikela izwe labo. Okwesithathu, “nokunqoba,” njengase-Iraq, akuvelele futhi kushiya amazwe echithekile futhi edidekile ngokwepolitiki. Okwesine, kube kanye, kunzima ukuphuma, njengoba ukuhlasela kwe-US kwe-Afghanistan kubonakalisa “okuphelile” ngoDisemba, i-2014 emva kweminyaka eyishumi nantathu, yize cishe amabutho ase-10,000 ase-US asala ezweni. Ekugcineni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlasela nokuhlaselwa okuhlaselwe ukubulala izakhamuzi kubulala izakhamizi eziningi kunabavikeli bokulwa futhi kwakha izigidi zababaleki.

Izimpendulo zikhishwe yi-Charter ye-UN, ngaphandle uma ziphindiselela ngokuhlasela kwangaphambili, ilungiselelo elinganele. Ukuba khona kwamabutho kwelinye izwe ngaphakathi kwelinye noma ngaphandle kwesimemo kuchitha ukuphepha emhlabeni jikelele futhi kwenza izingxabano zibe nempi futhi zingavunyelwe ku-Alternative Security System.

Realign Ukusetshenziswa Kwezempi, Ukuguqula Ingqalasizinda Ukukhiqiza Imali Ngezidingo Zomphakathi (Economic Conversion)

Ukukhombisa ukuphepha njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla kuzosusa isidingo sezinhlelo eziningi zezikhali kanye nezisekelo zamasosha, kunikeze ithuba ezinkampanini zikahulumeni nezincike empini ukuba zishintshe lezi zinsiza ekwakheni ingcebo yangempela. Kungaphinde kwehlise umthwalo wentela emphakathini futhi kudale imisebenzi eminingi. E-US, ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-1 asetshenziswa ezempi ngaphezulu kwesibalo esiphindwe kabili isibalo semisebenzi ebangeni elibanzi lamamaki akhokhelwayo azokwakhiwa uma imali efanayo isetshenziswe emkhakheni wezempi.36 Imiphumela yokuhweba kusuka ekushintshiseni imali esetshenziswayo ngokubambisana namadola entela yaseMelika kude nezempi ukuya kwezinye izinhlelo zinkulu.37

Ukusebenzisa imali "yezokuzivikela" kazwelonke kuyisayensi yezinkanyezi. I-United States yedwa ichitha ngaphezu kwamazwe alandelayo we-15 ahlangene empini yayo.38

I-United States isebenzisa u-$ 1.3 dollar ngonyaka ngonyaka we-Pentagon Budget, izikhali zenuzi (kwisabelomali soMnyango wezeMandla), izinsizakalo zezilwane, i-CIA kanye ne-Homeland Security.39 Umhlaba wonke usebenzisa imali engaphezu kwe- $ 2 trillion. Kunzima ukuqonda izinombolo zalobukhulu. Qaphela ukuthi imizuzwana yezigidi ze-1 ilingana nezinsuku ze-12, imizuzwana eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-1 ilingana iminyaka ye-32, namasekhondi we-1 trillion alingana neminyaka ye-32,000. Futhi-ke, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokusebenzisa imali kwezempi emhlabeni alikwazanga ukuvimba ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11, ukumisa ukwanda kwenyukliya, ukuqeda ubuphekula, noma ukucindezela ukumelana nemisebenzi eMiddle East. Akunandaba ukuthi yimalini esetshenziswa empini, ayisebenzi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi nakho kuyinkinga enkulu kwezomnotho wezwe, njengoba kusho isazi somnotho ophayona u-Adam Smith. USmith uthe ukusetshenziswa kwemali yezempi bekungakhiqizi kwezomnotho. Emashumi eminyaka edlule, izazi zomnotho zazivame ukusebenzisa "umthwalo wezempi" cishe ngokufana "nesabelomali samasosha." Njengamanje, izimboni zamasosha e-US zithola imali eningi kuhulumeni kunayo yonke imboni yangasese ehlanganisiwe engayala. Ukudlulisela leli dolobha lokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni wezimakethe zamahhala ngokuqondile ngezibonelelo zokuguqula noma ukwehlisa intela noma ukukhokha isikweletu sikazwelonke (ngezimali zenzalo enkulu yonyaka) kungafaka isikhuthazo esikhulu sokuthuthuka komnotho. Uhlelo Lokuphepha oluhlanganisa izinto ezichazwe ngenhla (kanye nokuchazwa ezigabeni ezilandelayo) lungabiza ingxenye encane yesabelomali samasosha aseMelika futhi luzobhala inqubo yokuguqulwa komnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzokwakha imisebenzi eminingi. Imali eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane yokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni wezempi kudala amathuba emisebenzi ye-11,200 kanti ukutshala imali efanayo kwezobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile kuzoveza i-16,800, ekunakekelweni kwezempilo i-17,200 nakwezemfundo i-26,700.40

Ukuguqulwa komnotho kudinga ushintsho kubuchwepheshe, kwezomnotho kanye nenqubo yezepolitiki yokushintsha kusuka ezempi kuya ezimakethe zabantu. Kuyinqubo yokudlulisela izinsiza zomuntu nezinto ezibonakalayo ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza umkhiqizo owodwa ekwenzeni omunye uhlukile; ngokwesibonelo, ukuguqula kusuka ekwakheni imicibisholo kuya ekwakheni izimoto zesitimela ezilula. Akuyona imfihlakalo: Imboni yangasese ikwenza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuguqula imboni yezempi yenze imikhiqizo yenani lokusebenzisa emphakathini kungangezela emandleni ezomnotho wezwe esikhundleni sokuphambuka kuwo. Izinsizakusebenza njengamanje ekwenzeni izikhali nokugcina izisekelo zamasosha zingabuyiselwa ezindaweni eziningi zokutshala imali yasekhaya kanye nosizo lwangaphandle. Ingqalasizinda ihlala idinga ukulungiswa kanye nokwenza ngcono kufaka phakathi ingqalasizinda yezokuhamba efana nemigwaqo, amabhuloho kanye nenethiwekhi yesitimela, kanye namagridi wamandla, izikole, izinhlelo zamanzi kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle, nokufakwa kwamandla okuvuselelekayo, njll. Cabanga nje uFlint, iMicrosoft kanye nabaningi amanye amadolobha lapho izakhamizi, iningi elimpofu, zibhajwe ngamanzi angcolile. Enye indawo yokutshala imali okusha okuholela ekuvuseleleni kabusha umnotho ogcwele kakhulu ezimbonini zensizakalo ekhokha kancane futhi kuncike kakhulu ekukhokheni izikweletu nokungeniswa kwezimpahla zakwamanye amazwe, umkhuba owengeza ekulayweni kwekhabhoni komkhathi. Ama-airbases, ngokwesibonelo, angaguqulwa abe ngama-mall ezitolo nentuthuko yezindlu noma ama-incubator webhizinisi noma ama-solar-pan arrays.

Izithiyo ezinkulu ekuguqukeni komnotho, ngaphandle kwenkohliso kahulumeni ngemali, ukwesaba ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kanye nesidingo sokunciphisa bobabili abasebenzi kanye nabaphathi. Imisebenzi izodinga ukuthi iqinisekiswe ngumbuso ngenkathi kwenzeka ukuthathwa kabusha, noma ezinye izindlela zesinxephezelo ezikhokhwa kulabo abasebenza embonini yezempi ukuze kugwemeke umthelela omubi emnothweni wokungasebenzi okukhulu ngesikhathi sokushintsha kusuka empini uye empini. isimo sokuthula.

Ukuze uphumelele, ukuguqulwa kudinga ukuba yingxenye yohlelo olukhulu lwezepolitiki lokunciphisa izingalo. Izodinga ukuhlelwa kwamazinga we-meta kazwelonke kanye nosizo lwezezimali kanye nokuhlelelwa kwendawo okuningana njengemiphakathi enezisekelo zenguquko yezombono kanye nezinkampani ukunquma ukuthi i-niche yabo entsha ingaba yini emakethe yamahhala. Lokhu kuzodinga ama-dollar wentela kepha ekugcineni kuzokonga okungaphezulu kakhulu kwemali etshalwe ekuvuseleleni kabusha njengoba izifundazwe ziqeda umkhawulo wezomnotho wokusebenzisa imali yezempi futhi uzibuyiselele ngenzuzo yezomnotho yesikhathi sezimali ukudala izimpahla eziwusizo zabathengi.

Kwenziwe imizamo yokuthi kugunyazwe ukuguqulwa komthetho, njenge-Nuclear Disarmament kanye ne-Economic Conversion Act ye1999, exhumanisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwezikhali zenuzi nokuguqulwa.

Umthethosivivinywa uzodinga i-United States ukuba ikhubaza futhi ichithe izikhali zayo zenuzi futhi ingabeki ukuyibeka ngezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu lapho amazwe angaphandle aphethe izikhali zenuzi enza futhi enze izidingo ezifanayo. Lo mthethosivivinywa uphinde unikeze ukuthi izinsiza ezisetshenziselwa ukusekela uhlelo lwethu lwezikhali zenuzi zisetshenziselwa ukubhekana nezidingo zabantu kanye nezisqalasizinda ezifana nezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ezolimo kanye nemvelo. Ngakho ngizobona ukudluliswa kwezimali ngokuqondile.
(Ukubhalwa kwangoJulayi 30, 1999, Ingqungquthela Yezindaba) HR-2545: "Umthetho Wokuguqula Izikhali Zenyukliya kanye noMthetho Wokuguqula we-1999"

Imithetho yalolu hlobo idinga ukwesekwa ngumphakathi okwengeziwe ukuze kudlule. Impumelelo ingakhula isuka esilinganisweni esincane. Isimo seConsticut sidale ikhomishini ezosebenza ekuguqukeni. Ezinye izifundazwe nezindawo zingalandela ukuholwa nguConnecticut. Okhunye okwenza lokhu kukhule ngombono ongaqondile wokuthi imali yamasosha iyehliswa eWashington. Sidinga ukuthi sikhulise lokho kuqonda okuyiphutha, sikwenze kube ngokoqobo (ngokusobala ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu), noma sikholise ohulumeni basekhaya nabezwe ukuba bathathe isinyathelo.

Ukuqhathaniswa kabusha nokuphendula kwesibindi

Ukulandela ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 kwi-World Trade Center, i-US yahlasela izisekelo zobuphekula e-Afghanistan, iqalisa impi ende, engaphumelelanga. Ukwamukela indlela yokulwa kwezempi akugcini nje ukuhluleka ukuqeda ubuphekula, kuye kwaholela ekukhuliseni kwemiphakathi yomthethosisekelo, ikhomishana yokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokwephulwa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, futhi inikeze isembozo sabakhohlisi kanye nohulumeni basezintando yeningi ukuqhubeka nokuhlukumeza amandla abo, ukufakaza ukuhlukunyezwa egameni elithi "ukulwa nobuphekula."

Usongo lwamaphekula kubantu basemazweni aseNtshonalanga seludlulile ngokweqile futhi kube nokuthathwa ngokweqile kwabezindaba, emphakathini kanye nakwezepolitiki. Abaningi bayasizakala ngokuxhaphaza usongo lobuphekula kulokho manje okungabizwa ngokuthi yinkampani yezokuphepha-yezokuphepha nezimboni. Njengoba uGlenn Greenwald ebhala:

… Izinhlangano ezizimele nezomphakathi ezakha inqubomgomo kahulumeni futhi zishayela inkulumo yezepolitiki zenza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi zokuvumela ukucatshangelwa okuhle kokusongelwa kweTerror.41

Omunye wemiphumela yokuphela kokusabela okuphezulu kokusongela kwamaphekula kuye kwaba ukusabalalisa kwezingqikithi ezinobudlova nezenzondo ezifana ne-ISIS.42 Kulesi simo esithile, kunezindlela eziningi ezakhayo ezingezona ezisebenzayo zokulwa ne-ISIS ezingafanele ukuthi zinephutha ngokungasebenzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: ukuvinjezelwa kwezingalo, ukusekelwa komphakathi waseSyria, ukusekelwa kokungavikeleki kwezepolitiki,43 ukuphishekela ukubambisana okunenjongo nabo bonke abadlali, ukwahlulela kwezomnotho ku-ISIS kanye nabasekeli, ukuvala umngcele ukunqamule ukuthengiswa kawoyela ezindaweni ezilawulwa yi-ISIS futhi kumise ukuhamba kwabagibeli, nosizo lwabantu. Izinyathelo eziqinile ezizohlala isikhathi eside kungaba ukuhoxiswa kwamasosha ase-US esifundeni nokuqeda ukuthengiswa kukawoyela esifundeni ukuze kuqedwe ubuphekula ezimpandeni zawo.44

Ngokuvamile, isu elisebenza ngempumelelo ukwedlula impi kungaba ukuphatha ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula njengamacala obelele abantu esikhundleni sezenzo zempi, nokusebenzisa yonke izinsizakusebenza zamaphoyisa omhlaba ukuletha abenzi bokubi ebulungiswa phambi kweNkantolo Yobulelesi Yamazwe Ngamazwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ibutho elinamandla amakhulu alikwazanga ukuvimba ukuhlaselwa okubi kakhulu kwe-US kusukela ePearl Harbour.

Ibutho lempi elinamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni alenzanga lutho ukuvimbela noma ukumisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-9-11. Cishe wonke amaphekula abanjwe, isisombululo ngasinye sezombusazwe siye sabangelwa yi-intelligence yokuqala nomsebenzi wamaphoyisa, hhayi usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lempi. Amandla aseMpi ayelokhu engenalutho ekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka kwezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu.
Lloyd J. Dumas (Uprofesa Wezomnotho Wezepolitiki)

Insimu ekhethekile yokufunda nokuthula nezifundiswane kanye nabahlengikazi ngokuqhubekayo ihlinzeka izimpendulo zobuphekula eziphakeme kunabo okuthiwa ochwepheshe bomkhakha wobandlululo.

Izimpendulo ezingezondaba zobuphekula

• Izikhali ze-Arms
• Qeda lonke usizo lwezempi
• Ukuxhaswa Komphakathi Womphakathi, Abalingisi be-nonviolent
• Izinqumo
• Sebenza ngemizimba ebumbene (isib. UN, ICC)
• Ukuqedwa
• Usizo kubabaleki (fuduka / sithuthukise amakamu / ababuyisele)
• Ungathembisi ukuthi ungasebenzisi udlame
• Ukuhoxiswa kwezempi
• Abasebenzi bezingxabano ezingaphenduki
• (Okwesikhashana) Izinyathelo Zobulungiswa
• Ukukhulumisana okunenjongo
• Uhlaka lokulungiswa kwengxabano
• Ukubusa okuhle okubandakanya
• Bhekana nodlame olusekela izinkolelo
• Ukwanda kokubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane empilweni yezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki
• Imininingwane enembile ngamaqiniso
• Abahlubuki abahlukanisayo kusuka kusekela lokusekela - bekhuluma endaweni engwevu
• Vimbela impi ezuzisayo
• Ukubandakanyeka okwakha ukuthula; phinda ukhethe kabusha ukukhetha noma / noma thina / kwabo
• Iphoyisa eliphumelelayo
• Ukuphikiswa Kwezepolitiki Okungenzondo
• Ukubuthwa kolwazi kanye nokubika
• Ukuvikela umphakathi
• Ukubuyisana, ukulamula nokuxazululwa kwecala
• Izindlela zamalungelo abantu
• Usizo nokuvikelwa kobuntu
• Kwezomnotho, kwezepolitiki nakwezamasu
• Ukuqapha, ukubhekisisa nokuqinisekisa

Izimpendulo zesikhathi eside ezingaphenduki kobuphekula45

• Misa futhi uguqule konke ukuhweba ngezingalo nokwakha
• Ukuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa yizizwe ezicebile
• Usizo olukhulu emazweni ampofu nabantu
• Ukubuyiselwa kwababaleki noma ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe
• Impumuzo yezikweletu ezizweni ezi mpofu
• Imfundo mayelana nezimpande zobuphekula
• Kwemfundo nokuqeqeshwa mayelana namandla angahambi
• Nyusa ezokuvakasha ezizwela amasiko nemvelo
• Yakha umnotho ozinzile nobulungiswa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokusatshalaliswa, ezolimo

Hlukanisa Izivumelwano ZaseMpi

Imifelandawonye yamasosha efana neNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) isele eMpini Yomshoshaphansi. Ngokuwa kwamazwe amaklayenti aseSoviet eMpumalanga Yurophu, umfelandawonye weWarsaw Pact wanyamalala, kepha iNATO yanweba yaze yayofika emingceleni yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union yephula isithembiso kuNdunankulu wangaphambili uGorbachev, futhi yabangela ukungezwani okukhulu phakathi kweRussia ne INtshonalanga— ukuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi entsha – kukhonjiswe mhlawumbe yi-coup eyasekelwa yi-US e-Ukraine, ukuhlanganiswa kweRussia, noma ukuhlangana kabusha neCrimea - kuya ngokuthi yikuphi ukulandisa okukhona - nempi yombango e-Ukraine. Le mpi entsha ebandayo kalula nje ingaba yimpi yenuzi engabulala amakhulu ezigidi zabantu. I-NATO ukuqinisa okuhle kohlelo lweMpi, kunciphisa kunokudala ukuphepha. I-NATO iphinde yathatha izivivinyo zamasosha ngaphesheya kwemingcele yaseYurophu. Sekuphenduke amandla emizamo yezempi empumalanga yeYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Indima Yabesifazane Ekuthuleni Nakulondekile

Indima yabesifazane ekuthuleni nasekuvikelekeni ayinikezwanga ukunakwa okufanele. Thatha isibonelo izivumelwano, ikakhulukazi izivumelwano zokuthula, ezivame ukuxoxiswana futhi zisayinwe ngokwesimo esilawulwa ngabesilisa, ngabalingisi bakahulumeni nabangeyona eyezwe. Lo mongo uphuthelwa ngokuphelele ngokoqobo phansi. “Ithuluzi Elingcono Kokuthula” le-International Civil Society Action Network lakhiwa njengesiqondisi ezinhlelweni ezihlanganayo zokuthula kanye nezingxoxo.46 Abesifazane, ngokusho kombiko, babelana ngombono wemiphakathi egxile kubulungiswa bezenhlalo nokulingana, bangumthombo obalulekile wesipiliyoni ngokuphila endaweni yempi, futhi baqonde izinto ezingokoqobo (isib. Ukwengeza amandla kanye nokwenza ukuthula). Izinqubo zokuthula ngakho-ke akufanele zigxile kakhulu kwezokuphepha noma kwezepolitiki, kepha izinqubo ezibandakanya umphakathi. Lokhu yikho okubizwa ngokuthi ukubuswa ngentando yeningi ekwenzeni ukuthula.

“Abekho abantu besifazane, akukho ukuthula” - lesi sihloko sichaze iqhaza elibalulekile labesifazane nokulingana ngokobulili esivumelwaneni sokuthula phakathi kukahulumeni waseColombia neqembu lamavukelambuso e-FARC, okukhomba ukuphela kwempi yombango yeminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu ngo-Agasti ka-2016. Isivumelwano asinabesifazane kuphela abanomthelela kokuqukethwe, kepha nasendleleni okwakhiwa ngayo ukuthula. Ukuhanjiswa kobulili kuqinisekisa imigqa ngomugqa ukuthi imibono yabesifazane iyaqinisekiswa, ngisho namalungelo e-LGBT ayabhekwa.47

Kunezibonelo eziningi zezishoshovu zokuthula nezizimisele zabesifazane ezinokuthula ezindaweni zezwe nezenkolo. UDade Joan Chittister ubelizwi lokuhola labesifazane, ukuthula nobulungiswa amashumishumi eminyaka. Umklomelo we-Iranian Nobel Peace Prize, uLaureate Shirin Ebadi, ungummeli ongasho lutho olwa nezikhali zenuzi. Emhlabeni wonke abesifazane bomdabu bayaziwa futhi banamandla njengabameli bezinguquko kwezenhlalo. Isibonelo esingaziwa, kepha nokho esihle kakhulu yi-Young Women Peace Charter okuhloswe ngayo ukwakha ukuzibophezela nokuqonda izinselelo nezithiyo ababhekana nazo abesifazane abasebasha emazweni athintekayo, kanye neminye imiphakathi esezingeni lohlaka lwe-Young Women Peace Academy.48 Abesifazane bafuna ukusabalalisa ubuzwe emhlabeni wonke, baqede izinhlaka zezinzalamizi, futhi bavikele ukuphepha kwabesifazane, abakhi bokuthula kwabesifazane nabalweli bamalungelo abantu. Izinhloso zihambisana nesethi yezincomo ezinamandla ezingaba yisibonelo kwabesifazane ezimeni eziningi.

Abesifazane babamba iqhaza elithile ezingxoxweni zokuthula eGuatemala kuma-1990s, bakha umfelandawonye wokuhlanganisa umsebenzi wokuthula eSomalia, bakha imizamo yokuphikisana nomphakathi ezingxabanweni zase-Israel nasePalestine, noma bahola umbutho wezepolitiki ukuqinisa amandla abesifazane futhi babe nomthelela isivumelwano sokuthula nezinqubo zokuthula eNyakatho Ireland.49 Iphimbo labesifazane liqhubekisela phambili imiqondo ehlukile kuleyo evame ukwethulwa abaholi.50

Ukwamukela igebe elikhona endimeni yabesifazane nokwakha ukuthula, inqubekela phambili yenziwe. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ezingeni lezinqubomgomo, i-UNSCR 1325 (2000) ihlinzeka ngohlaka “lomhlaba wonke lokufaka ubulili kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuthula, kubandakanya ukuthula, ukwakha ukuthula, nokwakha kabusha i-postconflict.”51 Ngasikhathi sinye, kuyacaca ukuthi izinqubomgomo kanye nokuzibophezela kokuphindaphindekayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuguqula ipharigm ebuswa ngabesilisa.

Ekwenzeni i- World Beyond War, indlela ezwela ebulilini ekucabangeni nasekwenzeni kwethu idinga ukwamukelwa. Lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zokufaka ukuvimbela impi ziyadingeka:52

• Ukwenza abesifazane babonakale njengabaphatheli bezinguquko ekuvimbeleni impi nasekwakheni ukuthula
• Ukususa ukubandlululwa kwabesilisa ekuvinjelweni kwempi nasekuqoqweni kwedatha nokuthula ngoxolo
• Ukucabanga kabusha abashayeli bempi nokuthula ukuze bacabangele ubulili
• Ukuhlanganisa nokufaka phakathi ubulili ekwenzeni izinqubomgomo nokwenza

Ukusingatha izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezombango

Izindlela zokusabela nokusungula izikhungo zokulawula izingxabano zomhlaba kanye nezomphakathi sekufakazele ukuthi azanele futhi zivame ukunganele. Siphakamisa uchungechunge lwentuthuko.

Ukushintshela Ku-Pro-Active Posture

Ukuxosha izikhungo zoHlelo Lempi nezinkolelo nezimo ezithi ngaphansi kwalo ngeke kwanele. Uhlelo Olungcono Lokuphepha Lomhlaba Lonke ludinga ukwakhiwa endaweni yalo. Iningi lalesi simiso selivele likhona, selivele lavela eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, noma ngabe lisesimweni se-embryonic noma isidingo esikhulu sokuqiniswa. Eminye yayo ikhona kuphela emibonweni edinga ukwenziwa izikhungo.

Izingxenye ezikhona zohlelo akufanele zibonwe njengemikhiqizo yokugcina yezwe enokuthula, kepha njengezici zezinqubo ezinamandla, ezingaphelele zokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu okuholela ezweni elikhula ngokungabi nabuntu elinokulingana okuningi kuwo wonke umuntu. Ukuma okusebenzayo kuphela okuzosiza ekuqiniseni i-Alternative Global Security System.

Ukuqinisa Izikhungo Zamazwe NamaZwe Ezifundazwe

Izikhungo zamazwe jikelele zokulawula izingxabano ngaphandle kobudlova bezivela isikhathi eside. Umzimba womthetho wamazwe omhlaba osebenza kahle usuqhamuke amakhulu eminyaka futhi udinga ukuthuthukiswa ukuze ube yingxenye esebenzayo yohlelo lokuthula. E-1899 iNkantolo Yezwe Yezobulungiswa (i-ICJ; “iNkantolo Yomhlaba”) yamiswa ukuze yahlulele izingxabano phakathi kwezwe. I-League of Nations ilandelwe e1920. Inhlangano ye-58 enobukhosi baseMelika, le Nhlangano ibisuselwa kunqubomgomo yezokuphepha ngokubumbene, okungukuthi, uma uMbuso wenze ubutha, ezinye izifundazwe zingakhipha unswinyo kwezomnotho ngokumelene nalowo Mbuso noma, njengendlela yokugcina yezwe, ihlinzeke amabutho ezempi yehlule. INhlangano yaxazulula izingxabano ezithile ezincane futhi yaqala imizamo yokwakha ukuthula emhlabeni wonke. Inkinga ukuthi amazwe angamalungu ehlulekile, ngokuyinhloko, ukwenza lokho abethi bazokwenza, futhi ngakho-ke ukubambana ngezihluthu kweJapan, i-Itali neJalimane akuzange kuvinjelwe, okuholele eMpini Yezwe II, impi ebhubhisa kakhulu emlandweni. Kuyaphawuleka nokuthi i-US yenqabile ukujoyina. Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-Allies, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamiswa njengomzamo omusha wokuphepha ngokuhlanganyela. Futhi inhlangano yabezizwe ezizimele, i-UN bekufanele ukuthi ixazulule izingxabano futhi, nalapho bekungeke kwenzeke khona, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha unganquma ukukhipha unswinyo noma unikeze iqembu lamasosha aphikisayo ukubhekana nombuso wezitha.

I-UN iphinde yandise kakhulu imizamo yokuthula eyaqala yiNhlangano. Kodwa-ke, i-UN yavinjwa izingqinamba ezakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi phakathi kwe-US ne-USSR yenza kwaba lula ukubambisana okunenjongo. La makhosi amakhulu ahlukene futhi asungula nezinqubo zendabuko zokulwa amasosha okuhlose ukuhlangana, iNATO kanye neWarsaw Pact.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokubumbana zezifunda nazo zasungulwa. I-European Union igcine i-Europe enokuthula yize kungaboni ngaso linye, i-African Union igcina ukuthula phakathi kweGibhithe ne-Ethiopia, kanti iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene zase-Eshiya kanye ne-Union de Naciones Suramericanas zithuthukisa amandla alo futhi zingaba ngamalungu azo ukuthula.

Ngenkathi izikhungo zomhlaba wonke zokulawula izingxabano zamazwe omhlaba ziyingxenye yohlelo lokuthula, izinkinga zombili iNhlangano kanye ne-UN zavela ngokwengxenye ukwehluleka ukudiliza uhlelo lweMpi. Zamiswa ngaphakathi kwalo futhi ngokwazo zahluleka ukulawula izinhlanga zempi noma izingalo, njll. Abanye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi inkinga ukuthi izinhlangano zezizwe ezizimele ezizibophezele, ekugcineni lapho (futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphambili) bezilwa njenge umxazululi wezingxabano. Kunezindlela eziningi i-UN kanye nezinye izikhungo zamazwe ezingashintshwa ngayo ukuze zisebenze ngempumelelo ekugcineni ukuthula okubandakanya izinguquko zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, Umhlangano Kazwelonke, amabutho okugcina ukuthula nezenzo, imali, ubudlelwano bayo nezinhlangano ezingezona ezikahulumeni kanye nokwengezwa kwemisebenzi emisha.

Ukuguqulwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene

IZizwe Ezihlangene zakhiwe njengempendulo yeMpi Yezwe II ukuvimbela impi ngokuxoxisana, izigwebo nokuphepha okuhlangene. I-Preamble ku-Charter inikeza umsebenzi jikelele:

Ukulondoloza izizukulwane eziphumelelayo kusukela esihlakalweni sempi, okuphindwe kabili esikhathini sethu sokuphila kubangele usizi olungapheli kubantu, nokuqinisa ukholo emalungelweni omuntu ayisisekelo, ngesithunzi nokufaneleka komuntu, ngokulinganayo kwamadoda nabesifazane kanye wezizwe ezinkulu nezincane, futhi ukubeka izimo lapho ubulungiswa nokuhlonipha izibopho ezivela ezinkonzweni kanye neminye imithombo yomthetho wangaphandle kungagcinwa, nokukhuthaza inqubekela phambili yentuthuko kanye nezindinganiso ezingcono zokuphila enenkululeko enkulu. . . .

Ukuguqulwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene kungadingeka futhi kudingeke kwenzeke emazingeni ahlukene.

Ukuguqula kabusha i-Charter ukuze usebenze ngokuphumelelayo Ukubhekana nokucindezelwa

I-United Nations Charter ayikhiphi impi, ikhipha udlame. Ngenkathi uMthethosisekelo wenza uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uthathe isinyathelo esimweni sokuhlukumeza, imfundiso yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “umthwalo wokuvikela” ayitholakali kuyo, futhi ukuzithethelela kokukhetha kokufika kweMbuso waseNtshonalanga kuwumkhuba okufanele uqedwe . I-UN Charter ayinqweneli amazwe ukuthi athathe ezawo izinyathelo zokuzivikela. I-Article 51 iyafundeka:

Akukho lutho ku-Charter yamanje okuzolimaza ilungelo lemvelo lokuzivikela komuntu noma elihlangene uma ukuhlasela kuhlasela ngamalungu eLungu leZizwe Ezihlangene, kuze kube uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokulondolozela ukuthula nokuphepha komhlaba wonke. Izinyathelo ezathathwa amaLungu ekusebenziseni leli lungelo lokuzivikela zizobikwa ngokushesha eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha futhi ngeke nganoma iyiphi indlela zithinte igunya nomthwalo wemfanelo woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ngaphansi kwalesi Sivumelwano ibona ukuthi iyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe noma kubuyelwe ukuthula kwezokuphepha emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho lutho ku-Charter oludinga ukuthi i-UN ithathe isinyathelo futhi idinga ukuthi amaqembu aphikisayo aqale azame ukuxazulula umbango ngokwawo ngokulamula bese ngokulandela isenzo sanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokuphepha lwesifunda okungelolwabo. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kuphakama eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha, ovame ukunikezwa amandla ngokunikezwa kwe-veto.

Yize kungafiseleka kakhulu ukuthi kunqotshwe izinhlobo zezimpi kubandakanya nokwenza impi yokuzivikela, kulukhuni ukubona ukuthi zingafezeka kanjani kuze kube yilapho uhlelo lokuthula oluthuthukiswe ngokuphelele lukhona. Kodwa-ke, inqubekela phambili enkulu ingenziwa ngokuguqula uMthethosisekelo ukuthi ufune ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uthathe noma yiziphi zonke izimo zodlame olunodlame ngokushesha lapho ziqala futhi unikeze ngokushesha inkambo yesinyathelo sokumisa ubutha ngokubeka phansi indawo, ukufuna ukulamula kwi-UN (ngosizo lozakwethu besifunda uma befisa), futhi uma kunesidingo sokudlulisela impikiswano leyo eNkantolo Yezwe Yobulungiswa. Lokhu kuzodinga ezinye izinguquko eziningi njengoba zibaliwe ngezansi, kufaka phakathi ukubhekana ne-veto, ukushintshela ezindleleni ezingezona ezempilo njengezisetshenziswa eziyinhloko ngokusebenzisa abasebenza ngokuthula abangazwani nezikhali ezingekho emthethweni, nokunikeza amandla wamaphoyisa anele (futhi aphendule ngokufanele) ukuze enze izinqumo zawo lapho zidingeka .

Kufanele wengezwe ukuthi izimpi eziningi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje bekungekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwe-UN Charter. Kodwa-ke, kube nokuqwashisa okuncane futhi akukho miphumela kulelo qiniso.

Ukuguqula uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha

I-Article 42 ye-Charter inika uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha umthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina nokubuyisela ukuthula. Kuwukuphela komzimba we-UN onegunya elibophayo emazweni angamalungu. UMkhandlu awunalo ibutho elihlomile ukwenza izinqumo zalo; kunalokho, inegunya lokubopha ukubiza amabutho ahlomile oMazwe angamalungu. Kodwa-ke ukwakheka nezindlela zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha kuyacashunwa futhi kusebenza ngempumelelo ekugcineni ukugcina noma ukubuyisa ukuthula.

Ukubunjwa

UMkhandlu wakhiwa ngamalungu e-15, ama-5 awo unomphela. Lawa ngamandla anqobayo eMpini Yezwe II (i-US, Russia, UK, France ne China). Futhi bangamalungu anamandla we-veto. Ngesikhathi sokubhalwa ku-1945, bafuna le mibandela noma bebengeke bavume ukuthi i-UN ibe khona. Lezi ezinhlanu zaphakade zifuna futhi zinazo izihlalo eziholayo ezinhlanganweni ezilawulayo zamakomidi amakhulu e-UN, zibanike ithonya elingalingani futhi elingakhethi. Futhi, kanye neJalimane, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, abathengisi bezikhali ezinkulu emhlabeni.

Umhlaba usushintshe kakhulu emashumini eminyaka angenelelayo. I-UN isuke emalungwini e-50 yaya kwi-193, kanti ezilinganisweni zabantu ziye zashintsha kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela izihlalo zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha eyabelwe ngayo izifunda ze-4 nayo ayimeli neYurophu ne-UK inazo izihlalo ze4 ngenkathi iLatin America ine-1 kuphela. I-Afrika nayo yethulwe ngaphansi. Kuyaqabukela ukuthi isizwe samaSulumane simelwe eMkhandlwini. Sekuyisikhathi esidlule ukulungisa lesi simo uma i-UN ifuna ukuyalela inhlonipho kulezi zifunda.

Futhi, isimo sezinsongo zokuthula nokuvikeleka sezishintshe kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kohlelo olukhona kungenzeka kube nomqondo kunikezwe isidingo sesivumelwano esikhulu samandla nokuthi usongo olukhulu lokuthula nokulondeka kwabonwa njengokuhlukumezeka. Ngenkathi ulaka luhlomile namanje lusongela - nelungu elihlala njalo e-United States elibuyisela emuva kubi kakhulu - amandla amakhulu ezempi acishe angabi nalusizo nakwezinye izinsongo ezintsha ezikhona namuhla ezibandakanya ukufudumala komhlaba, ama-WMDs, ukuhamba kwabantu abaningi, ukusongela kwezifo emhlabeni jikelele, ukuhweba ngezikhali kanye necala.

Isiphakamiso esisodwa ukukhulisa inani lezindawo zokhetho ziye kwi-9 lapho umuntu ngamunye engaba nelungu elilodwa elihlala njalo futhi nesifunda ngasinye sinamalungu aguqukayo e-2 ukuze anezele uMkhandlu wezihlalo ze-27, ngaleyo ndlela kuboniswe ubuqiniso bezwe, amasiko kanye nokwanda kwabantu.

Bukeza noma Susa i-Veto

I-veto isetshenziswa ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezine zezinqumo: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ukuze kulondolozwe noma kubuyiswe ukuthula, ukuqokwa esikhundleni sikaNobhala-Jikelele, izicelo zobulungu, nokuchibiyela i-Charter kanye nezindaba zenqubo ezingavimba imibuzo ukuthi ize ngisho naphansi . Futhi, kweminye imizimba, i-Permanent 5 ithambekele ekusebenziseni i-de facto veto. Emkhandlwini, i-veto isetshenziswe izikhathi ze-265, ngokuyinhloko yi-US kanye ne-Soviet Union yangaphambili, ukuvimba isenzo, imvamisa inikezela abangenamandla be-UN.

I-veto ihlanganisa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. Kuyinto engalungile kakhulu ngoba inika amandla abanikazi ukuthi bavimbele noma yisiphi isenzo sokwephulwa kwabo okwenqatshelwe ukwenqatshelwa kweCharter onolaka. Ibuye futhi isetshenziswe njengendawo ukuvikela iziphikiso zamakhasimende abo ezenzweni zoMkhandlu Wokuphepha. Isiphakamiso esisodwa ukumane ulahle i-veto. Okunye ukuvumela amalungu apakade ukuthi enze i-veto kepha enze amalungu amathathu afake isidingo sokuvimbela ukudlula kodaba oluphambili. Izingqinamba zenqubo akufanele zibe ngaphansi kwe-veto.

Ezinye Izinguquko ezidingekayo zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha

Izinqubo ezintathu zidinga ukungezwa. Njengamanje akukho lutho oludinga ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha usebenze. Okungenani uMkhandlu kufanele ucelwe ukuthi uthathe zonke izingqinamba ezisongela ukuthula nokuphepha futhi unqume ukuthi uzenze kanjani noma cha (“Umsebenzi Wokunquma”). Okwesibili “Isidingo Sokucacela Izinto.” UMkhandlu kufanele udalule izizathu zaso zokunquma noma ukunquma ukungayithathi inkinga yengxabano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu uhlangana ngasese ngamaphesenti we-98 wesikhathi. Okungenani, izingxoxo zalo eziqinile zidinga ukucaca. Okwesithathu, “Umsebenzi Wokubonisana” uzodinga ukuthi uMkhandlu uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokubonisana nezizwe ezizothintwa izinqumo zawo.

Nikeza ngezimali ezifanele

“Isabelomali Esenziwa njalo” se-UN sixhasa ngemali uMkhandlu Kazwelonke, Umkhandlu Wezokuphepha, Umkhandlu Wezomnotho kanye Nezenhlalo, iNkantolo Yezwe Yezomthetho, kanye nemishini ekhethekile efana ne-UN Aidance Mission eya e-Afghanistan. Isabelomali Sokugcina Ukuthula sihlukile. Amazwe angamalungu ahlolisiswa womabili, amanani ngokuya nge-GDP yawo. I-UN iphinde ithole iminikelo yokuzithandela engalinganisa imali etholwayo.

Njengoba kunikezwe umsebenzi wayo, iZizwe Ezihlangene zinezimali ezingasebenzi kahle. Isabelomali esivamile seminyaka emibili se-2016 ne-2017 sibekwe ku- $ 5.4 billion kanti isabelomali sokugcina ukuthula sonyaka wezimali i-2015-2016 siyizigidigidi ezingama-8.27, inani elifinyelela ngaphansi kwengxenye yephesenti elilodwa lezindleko zomhlaba wonke wezempi (futhi cishe iphesenti elilodwa lezindleko ezihlobene nezempi zase-US). Kunikelwe iziphakamiso eziningi zokuxhasa imali ngokufanelekile i-UN kufaka phakathi intela yengxenye eyodwa kwezentengiselwano zezimali zamazwe omhlaba ezingakhuphula imali efinyelela ku- $ 300 billion ukuze isetshenziswe ngokuyinhloko entuthukweni ye-UN nezinhlelo zezemvelo ezinjengokunciphisa ukushona kwezingane, ukulwa nobhubhane lwezifo njenge-Ebola, kubalwa imiphumela emibi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njll.

Ukubikezela kanye nokuPhatha Izingxabano Ekuqaleni: Ukulawulwa Kokuxabana

Isebenzisa ama-Blue Helmet, i-UN isivele yelulekile ukuxhasa ukuthula kwe-16 ukuthula emhlabeni wonke, ikhipha noma inciphise imililo engasakazekela esifundeni noma emhlabeni jikelele.53 Ngenkathi bakhona, okungenani kwezinye izimo, benza umsebenzi omuhle ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu, i-UN idinga ukugxila kakhulu ekuboneni kusengaphambili nasekuvimbeleni izingxabano lapho kungenzeka khona, futhi ngokungenelela ngokungaziphikisi nokungenelela ezingxabanweni eziye zabhekela phansi imililo ngokushesha.

Ukubikezela

Gcina i-ejensi yezobuchwepheshe engapheli ukuqapha izingxabano ezikhona emhlabeni wonke futhi uncoma isenzo ngokushesha kuMkhandlu wezokuPhepha noma uNobhala Jikelele, kuqala:

Amathimba wokusebenzisana asebenzayo

Gcina isethi yaphakade yezingcweti zokucwaninga ezifanele ukuhlukahluka kolimi namasiko kanye namasu wakamuva wokulamula okungaphikisi azothunyelwa ngokushesha emazweni lapho kungaba khona ulaka lwamazwe noma impi yombango. Lokhu sekuqalile ngababizi beSundby Team of Mediation Experts abasebenza njengabacebisi abangabizi kwezokuthula emhlabeni wonke ngezinto ezifana necebo lokulamula, ukwabiwa kwamandla, ukwenza umthetho-sisekelo, amalungelo abantu kanye nezinsizakusebenza zemvelo.54

Qondanisa Ngaphambi Kokuhamba Ngezimpawu Zokungapheleli Zomdabu

Kuze kube manje i-UN ibonise ukuqonda okuncane amandla okunyakaza okungekho emthethweni emazweni angasebenzisa ukuvimbela izingxabano zomphakathi ekubeni yizimpi zombango ezidlova. Okungenani, i-UN idinga ukusiza lezi zinyathelo ngokucindezela ohulumeni ukuba bagweme ukuhlukunyezwa ngokuhlukumezeka ngokumelene nabo ngesikhathi beletha amaqembu e-UN alamulela. I-UN idinga ukuzibandakanya nalezi zinyathelo. Uma lokhu kubonakala kunzima ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphula umthetho wobuzwe, i-UN ingenza lokhu okulandelayo.

Ukulondoloza ukuthula

Umsebenzi wokugcina ngokuthula weNhlangano Yezizwe we-UN unezinkinga ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi imithetho elandelanayo yokuzibandakanya, ukuntuleka kokuxhumana nemiphakathi ethintekile, ukushoda kwabesifazane, udlame olusekelwe ebulilini kanye nokwehluleka ukubhekana nesimo esishintshashintshwayo sempi. Iphaneli Yokuzimela Esezingeni Eliphezulu ye-UN, eholwa nguNobel Peace Laureate uJose Ramos-Horta, ituse izinguquko ezibalulekile ze-4 emisebenzini yokuthula ye-UN: 1. Ukushesha kwezombusazwe, lokho kuyizixazululo zezepolitiki kumele kuqondise yonke imisebenzi yokuthula ye-UN. I-2. Ukusebenza okuphendulayo, lokho okuyi-mishini kufanele kuhambisane nomongo futhi kufake nenqwaba yezimpendulo. I-3. Ubambiswano olunamandla, oluthuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwezokuthula nokuphepha komhlaba jikelele, kwasendaweni, 4. Okugxilwe esigangeni futhi kugxile kubantu, lokho kuyisinqumo esivuselelwe sokusebenzela nokuvikela abantu.55

Ngokusho kukaMel Duncan, umsunguli we-Nonviolent Peaceforce, iphaneli liphinde laqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi zingabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuvikeleni izakhamizi ngqo.

Ukwenza ngcono kanye nokugcina ukusebenza kwamanje kokugcina ukuthula kwe-Blue Helmet nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla we-mishini yesikhathi eside kufanele kubhekwe njengendlela yokugcina yokuxazulula kanye nokwanda kokuziphendulela kwi-UN eguqulwe ngentando yeningi. Ukucaca nje, ukusebenza kwe-UN Ukugcina ukuthula noma imisebenzi yokuvikela umphakathi akuyona into umuntu angayicabangela ukungenelela kwamasosha ngenxa yokuthula nokuphepha. Umsebenzi oyisisekelo wokugcina ukuthula emhlabeni wonke, umsebenzi wamaphoyisa noma ukuvikela umphakathi ogunyazwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene noma elinye iqembu lomhlaba wonke kwehlukile ngokungenela kwezempi. Ukungenela kwamasosha wukungeniswa kwamasosha angaphandle empini ekhona ngokwethulwa kwezingalo, ukushaywa komoya nokulwa namasosha angenelele kulengxabano ukuze abe nomthelela empini yamasosha futhi anqobe isitha. Kusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ngezinga elikhulu. Ukugcina ukuthula kwe-UN kuqondiswa imigomo emithathu eyisisekelo: (1) imvume yamaqembu; (2) ukungakhethi; futhi (3) ukungasebenzisi amandla ngaphandle kokuzivikela nokuvikela igunya. Lokho akusho ukuthi, ukuthi ukuvikela umphakathi kusetshenziswa ngamanga njengesifihlakalo sokungenela kwamasosha ngezinhloso ezingezinhle.

Unalokho engqondweni, imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula ihlomile kufanele iqondwe njengesinyathelo esicacile soguquko ekuthembekeni ekugcineni ezindleleni ezisebenzayo ezingasebenziseki kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezingelusizo lwentuthuko eyi-Citizen Peacekeeping (UCP).

Ukuziphendulela okusheshayo okuzokwengeza iziKhulu zeBlue

Yonke imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula kufanele ivunywe nguMkhandlu wezokuPhepha. Amandla okugcina ukuthula e-UN, i-Blue Helmets, athathwa ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Izinkinga eziningana zenza zibe ngempumelelo kakhulu kunokuba zikwazi ukusebenza. Okokuqala, kuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukuhlanganisa amandla okulondoloza ukuthula, ngesikhathi lapho inkinga ingase ikhule ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuma okusheshayo, ukuphendula okusheshayo okungangenelela ezinsukwini zezinsuku kuzoxazulula le nkinga. Ezinye izinkinga nge-Blue Helmets zivela ekusebenziseni amabutho kazwelonke futhi zihlanganisa: ukungalingani kokubamba iqhaza, izikhali, amaqhinga, umyalo nokulawula, nemithetho yokuzibandakanya.

Vumelanisa nama-Agencies Intervention Nonviolent Intervention Agencies

Amaqembu okugcina ukuthula, angenzi ukuthula, asekelwe emphakathini abekhona iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kufaka phakathi amakhulu amakhulu, i-Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), eyakhiwe eBrussels. I-NP njengamanje inesimo sokubuka e-UN futhi ibamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni zokugcina ukuthula. Lezi zinhlangano, ezibandakanya hhayi i-NP kuphela kepha ne-Peace Brigades International, ama-Christian Peacemaker Teams nezinye, kwesinye isikhathi zingaya lapho i-UN ingakwazi futhi ngaleyo ndlela isebenze ezimeni ezithile. I-UN idinga ukukhuthaza le misebenzi futhi isize ukuyixhasa ngezimali.I-UN kufanele ibambisane namanye ama-INGO afana ne-International Alert, Sesha i-Common Ground, i-Islamic Voice for Peace, i-Voice Voice YakwaJuda, i-Fellowship of Reconciliation, nabanye abaningi ngo ukunika amandla imizamo yabo yokungenelela kuqala ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo. Ngaphezu kokuxhasa ngemali leyo mizamo nge-UNICEF noma i-UNHCR, kuningi okungenziwa ngokuya ngokufaka i-UCP egunyeni nasekuboneni nasekuphakamiseni izindlela.

Ukuguqula i-General Assembly

I-General Assembly (GA) iyona yentando yeningi kunayo yonke yezindikimba ze-UN ngoba ifaka wonke amazwe angamalungu. Ithinteka ikakhulu ngezinhlelo ezibalulekile zokwakha ukuthula. Ngemuva kwalokho uNobhala-Jikelele uKofi Annan uphakamise ukuthi i-GA yenze lula izinhlelo zayo, iyeke ukuthembela ekuvumelwaneni ngoba iholela ezinqumweni ezinamanzi, futhi yamukele ukubuswa okukhulu kokwenza izinqumo. I-GA idinga ukubhekisisa kakhulu ukuqaliswa kanye nokuhambisana nezinqumo zayo. Lidinga nohlelo lwamakomidi olusebenza kakhudlwana futhi lubandakanye nomphakathi, okungama-NGO, ngqo emsebenzini wawo. Enye inkinga nge-GA ukuthi yakhiwa ngamalungu wombuso; ngakho-ke izwe elincane elinabantu abangama-200,000 linesisindo esiningi ekuvoteni njengeChina noma India.

Umbono wokuguqula kabusha ukuthandwa ukwengeza kwi-GA umhlangano wePhalamende wamalungu akhethwe yizakhamizi zezwe ngalinye futhi lapho inani lezihlalo ezabelwe izwe ngalinye lizokhombisa kahle inani labantu bese kuba nentando yeningi. Ngemuva kwalokho noma yiziphi izinqumo ze-GA kuzodingeka zidlule zombili lezi zindlu. "Lawa maLungu" omhlaba jikelele azokwazi ukumela inhlalonhle ejwayelekile yesintu kunokuthi bacelwe ukulandela ukubuswa kukahulumeni babo ekhaya njengoba benxusa abakhona boMbuso.

Qinisekisa iNkantolo Yomhlaba Yobulungisa

I-ICJ noma "iNkantolo Yomhlaba" iyinhlangano enkulu yezokwahlulela yeNhlangano Yezizwe. Igweba amacala angeniswe kuwo yiMelika futhi inikeze imibono yokululeka ezindabeni zezomthetho ezidluliselwe kuwo yi-UN nezinhlaka ezikhethekile. Amajaji ayi-15 aqokwe iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye nguMkhandlu Kazwelonke kanye noMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. Ngokusayina lo Mthethosisekelo, amazwe athembisa ukuthobela izinqumo zeNkantolo. Womabili amaqembu oMbuso esifundazweni kufanele avume kusengaphambili ukuthi iNkantolo inamandla okuvuma uma izokwamukela ukulethwa kwawo. Izinqumo zibopha kuphela uma izinhlangothi zombili zivuma kusengaphambili ukuthi zizithobele. Uma, ngemuva kwalokhu, uma kwenzeka, ukuthi iqembu likaHulumeni lingalandeli isinqumo, leyo nkinga ingahanjiswa eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha ngezinyathelo ezicabanga ukuthi ziyadingeka ukwenza uMbuso uhambisane (nokungahle kube kuvunyelwe ukuphepha kwi-Security Council) .

Imithombo yomthetho i-ICJ idonsela kuyo izingxoxo zayo yizivumelwano nezivumelwano, izinqumo zokwahlulela, inkambiso yamazwe omhlaba, kanye nezimfundiso zochwepheshe bomthetho bamazwe omhlaba. Inkantolo ingenza kuphela izinqumo ngokuya ngesivumelwano esikhona noma umthetho wesintu njengoba kungekho mthetho womthetho (kungekho sishayamthetho somhlaba). Lokhu kwenza izinqumo ezihlukumezanayo. Lapho i-General Assembly icela umbono wokweluleka ngokuthi usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo emthethweni wamazwe, iNkantolo yehlulekile ukuthola noma yimuphi umthetho wesivumelwano ovumela noma owenqabele usongo noma ukusetshenziswa. Ekugcineni, konke ebingakwenza bekuwukuphakamisa ukuthi umthetho wesiko udinga ukuthi iMelika iqhubeke nokuxoxisana ngokuvinjwa. Ngaphandle komzimba womthetho odluliswa yigatsha lomthetho womhlaba, iNkantolo ikhawulelwe kwizivumelwano ezikhona nomthetho wesintu (okuchaza ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi uhlala ngemuva kwezikhathi) ngakho-ke ukuwusebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo kwezinye izimo nakubo bonke kodwa kungenamsebenzi kwezinye.

Nakulokhu futhi, i-Security Council veto iba ngumkhawulo ekusebenzeni kweNkantolo ngempumelelo. Odabeni lwaseNicaragua kanye ne-United States - i-US ivimbe amachweba aseNicaragua ngesenzo sempi esisobala - iNkantolo yathola ngokumelene ne-US lapho i-US ihoxe emandleni ayimpoqo (i-1986). Lapho lolu daba seludluliselwa eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha i-US yasebenzisa i-veto yayo ukugwema inhlawulo. Empeleni, amalungu amahlanu ahlala njalo angalawula imiphumela yeNkantolo uma kungawathinta wona noma abambisene nawo. Inkantolo idinga ukuzimela kwi-Security Council veto. Uma isinqumo sifuna ukuphoqelelwa yilungu loMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ngokumelene nelungu, lelo lungu kufanele lihlukane nomgomo wasendulo woMthetho WaseRoma: “Akekho noyedwa ozokwahlulela yena.”

INkantolo iphinde yasolwa ngokubandlulula, amajaji avota hhayi ngezinhloso ezihlanzekile zezobulungiswa kodwa ngokuthanda izifundazwe ezibabekile. Ngenkathi okunye kwalokhu kuyiqiniso, lokhu kugxekwa kuvela kaningi kuvela eMazweni alahlekelwe ngamacala abo. Noma kunjalo, lapho inkantolo ilandela imithetho yokuqashelwa, izinqumo zayo zizothwala ubunzima ngokwengeziwe.

Amacala ahlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa avame ukuletha ngaphambi kweNkantolo kodwa ngaphambi kweMkhandlu wezokuPhepha, nazo zonke izilinganiso zawo. INkantolo idinga amandla okuzinqumela eyedwa uma inamandla okuzimela ngaphandle kokuthanda kweMelika futhi idinga igunya lokushushisa ukuletha amazwe ebhasini.

Qinisekisa iNkantolo Yezobugebengu Zomhlaba Wonke

I-International Criminal Court (ICC) yiNkantolo engapheli, eyenziwe isivumelwano, "iRome Statute," eyaqala ukusebenza nge-1 Julayi, 2002 ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa yizizwe ze-60. Ngokuya kwe-2015 isivumelwano sisayiniwe yizizwe ze-122 (“States Parties”), yize kungenjalo ngeNdiya neChina. Amazwe amathathu athi awakahlosile ukuba yingxenye yeSivumelwano — u-Israyeli, iRiphabhlikhi yaseSudan kanye ne-United States. INkantolo imile mahhala futhi ayiyona ingxenye yoHlelo lwe-UN yize isebenza ngokubambisana nayo. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ungadlulisela amacala enkantolo, yize iNkantolo ingenasibopho sokuwaphenya. Amandla ayo akhawulelwe kuphela emacaleni obugebengu obubhekiswe ebuntwini, ubugebengu bempi, ubuhlanga kanye nobugebengu bobugebengu njengoba lokhu kuchazwe ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kwesiko lomthetho wamazwe omhlaba nse njengoba kubekiwe impela kwiSitatimende. KuyiNkantolo yezinyathelo zokugcina. Njengomgomo ojwayelekile, i-ICC angeke isebenzise amandla ngaphambi kokuthi iqembu Lombuso lithole ithuba lokuzama amacala abekwe lona uqobo futhi likhombise amandla nokuzimisela kwangempela ukwenza lokho, okungukuthi, izinkantolo zama-United States Parties kufanele zisebenze. Inkantolo "ihambisana nokubusa kuzwelonke zobugebengu" (iRome Statute, Isendlalelo). Uma iNkantolo inquma ukuthi inamandla, lokho kunqunywa kungaphonswa inselelo futhi noma yikuphi uphenyo kumiswe kuze kube yilapho inselelo isilalelwe bese kwenziwa isinqumo. Inkantolo angeke isebenzise amandla endaweni ethile yanoma yiluphi uMbuso ongasayineli iSimemezelo saseRoma.

I-ICC yakhiwa yizinhlaka ezine: iHhovisi likaMongameli, iHhovisi loMshushisi, iRegistry kanye neJaji elenziwa ngamajaji alishumi nesishiyagalombili ezihlukanisweni ezintathu: Ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuthethwa kwecala kanye nokudlulisa amacala.

INkantolo ibe ngaphansi kokugxekwa okuningi okuhlukahlukene. Okokuqala, kumenyezelwe ngokungcwaswa okungafanele e-Afrika ngenkathi lezo kwenye indawo zinganakwa. Ngokuya kwe-2012, wonke amacala ayisikhombisa avulekile agxile kubaholi base-Afrika. Abahlali abahlanu boMkhandlu Wezokuphepha babonakala bencika bebheke kuleli cala. Njengomgomo, iNkantolo kumele ikwazi ukukhombisa ukungakhethi. Kodwa-ke, kunezinto ezimbili ezidambisa lokhu kugxekwa: I-1) amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika ahlanganyela esivumelwaneni kunezinye izizwe; kanye ne-2) iNkantolo iqhubeke nokulandela izinsolo zobugebengu e-Iraq naseVenezuela (okungaholelanga ukuthi kubekwe amacala).

Ukugxekwa kwesibili okuhlobene nakho ukuthi iNkantolo ibonakala kwabanye ingumsebenzi wobukoloni njengoba uxhaso kanye nabasebenzi kungalingani kwi-European Union naseNtshonalanga States. Lokhu kungabhekelelwa ngokuthi kusatshalaliswe imali kanye nokuqashwa kwabasebenzi abangochwepheshe abavela kwezinye izizwe.

Okwesithathu, kuye kwaqubuka ukuthi ibha yokufaneleka kwamajaji idinga ukuba ngaphezulu, idinga ubuchwepheshe emithethweni yamazwe omhlaba kanye nesipiliyoni sangaphambi kwecala. Akungabazeki ukuthi abafisa ukuba ngamajaji ngokwedlulele futhi babe nolwazi olunjalo. Noma iziphi izithiyo emi endleleni yokuhlangabezana naleli zinga eliphakeme okudingeka ukuba zilungiswe.

Okwesine, abanye bathi amandla oMshushisi banzi kakhulu. Kufanele kuvezwe ukuthi lezi zisungulwe yi-Statute futhi zizodinga ukuthi kuchitshiyelwe ezinye ukuze ziguqulwe. Ikakhulu, abanye baphikise ukuthi uMshushisi akufanele abe nelungelo lokumangalela abantu bezizwe zabo ezingasayini; noma kunjalo, lokhu kubukeka kungukungaqondi kahle njengoba iSitatimende sikhawulela ukumangalelwa kwabasayini noma ezinye izizwe ezivumile ukumangalelwa noma ngabe zingasayini.

Okwesihlanu, akukho sikhalazo enkantolo ephakeme. Qaphela ukuthi ikamelo leNkantolo yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kumele livumelane, kususelwa ebufakazini, ukuthi kungenziwa icala, futhi ummangalelwa angadlulisela amacala atholakele kwiNkantolo Yezikhalazo. Icala elinjalo ligcinwe ngempumelelo ngummangalelwa e2014 icala labe selihlehla. Kodwa-ke, kungakufanele ukubheka ukwakhiwa kwenkantolo yokudlulisa amacala ngaphandle kwe-ICC.

Okwesithupha, kunezikhalazo ezizwakalayo ngokuntuleka obala. Amaseshini amaningi weNkantolo kanye nokuqhubeka kwawo kwenziwa ngasese. Ngenkathi kunezizathu ezizwakalayo zalokhu (ukuvikela ofakazi, phakathi kokunye), izinga elivelele lokucacisa okungenzeka liyadingeka futhi Inkantolo idinga ukubukeza izinqubo zayo kulokhu.

Okwesikhombisa, abanye abagxeki bathi izindinganiso zenqubo efanelekile azifiki emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu omsebenzi. Uma kunjalo, kumele ilungiswe.

Eyesishiyagalombili, abanye baphikise ukuthi iNkantolo isizuze okuncane kakhulu ngenani lemali eliyisebenzisile, njengoba ithole icala elilodwa kuze kube manje. Lokhu-ke nokho, kungukuphikisana kwenhlonipho yeNkantolo yenqubo kanye nesimo sayo semvelo sokugcina. Akukaze kuqhubeke ngokuzingela abathakathi kuwo wonke umuntu omubi emhlabeni kepha kukhombise ukuzibamba okuhle. Futhi kungubufakazi kobunzima bokulethwa kwalokhu kushushiswa, ukuqoqa ubufakazi ngesinye isikhathi emva kweqiniso lokubulawa kwabantu nezinye izinto ezinya, ikakhulukazi esimweni samasiko ahlukahlukene.

Okokugcina, ukugxekwa kakhulu okuvela kwiNkantolo yikhona kanye okukhona njengesikhungo sezizwe. Abanye abayithandi noma bayifunele ukuthi iyini, imikhawulo ebekiwe ebukhosini boMbuso obungachazwanga. Kepha ngakho-ke, sonke isivumelwano, futhi sonke, kubandakanya iSitatimende SaseRoma, singene ngokuzithandela nangenxa yokuzuzisa okuvamile. Ukuqeda impi ngeke kutholwe yizizwe ezizimele zodwa. Amarekhodi weminyaka eyinkulungwane akhombisa lutho ngaphandle kokwehluleka kule ndaba. Izikhungo zokwahlulela zezizwe ziyingxenye edingekayo yoHlelo Olunye Lokuphepha Komhlaba. Kuliqiniso ukuthi iNkantolo kumele ibe ngaphansi kwemigomo efanayo abangayikhuthaza ngawo wonke umphakathi wonkana, okusobala, ukubika, inqubo esheshayo futhi efanele, kanye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu. Ukusungulwa kweNkantolo yezobugebengu yamazwe omhlaba bekuyisinyathelo esikhulu phambili ekwakhiweni kohlelo lokuthula olusebenzayo.

Kudingeka ukuthi kugcizelelwe ukuthi i-ICC isikhungo esisha, okuyisisekelo sokuqala semizamo yomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba wonke wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izigebengu ezithanda ukuzedlula zonke emhlabeni azibalekeli ubugebengu bazo obuningi. Ngisho neZizwe Ezihlangene, okuyingxenye yesibili yokuphepha okuhlanganisiwe, zisavela futhi zisadinga izinguquko ezinkulu.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi eziseqhulwini kwimizamo yezinguquko. I-Coalition for the International Criminal Court iqukethe izinhlangano zomphakathi ze-2,500 emazweni e-150 ezigqugquzela i-ICC enobulungiswa, esebenza ngokuzimela kanye nokuzimela futhi yathuthukisa ukutholakala kobulungiswa kwezisulu zokuqothulwa kobugebengu, ubugebengu bempi kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe kubantu. I-American Non-Governmental Organisation Coalition for the International Criminal Court iyinhlangano yezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ezibophezele ukufezekisa ngemfundo, imininingwane, ukukhuthaza kanye nombono womphakathi ovuselelekile wokusekelwa okugcwele kwase-United States kweNkantolo Yobulelesi Bomhlaba kanye nokwamukelwa kwangaphambilini kwe-US. Isimo seNkantolo saseRoma.56

Ukungenelela okungahambi kahle: Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Ezokuthula

Amabutho ezempi angaqeqeshiwe, angenabo ubudlova futhi angahlomile iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili amenyiwe ukuba angenele ezingxabanweni zomhlaba wonke ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwabavikeli bamalungelo abantu nezisebenzi zokuthula ngokugcina ubukhona obuphakeme obukhona buhambisana nabantu abasemngceleni nasezinhlanganweni. Njengoba lezi zinhlangano zingahlangani nanoma yimuphi uhulumeni, futhi njengoba abasebenzi bazo beqhamuka emazweni amaningi futhi kungekho-ajenda ngaphandle kokudala indawo ephephile lapho izingxoxo zingavela khona phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo, banokwethenjwa okuntuleka nguhulumeni kazwelonke.

Ngokungahambisi imilozi futhi kungenazo izikhali, azibeki engcupheni kwabanye futhi zingaya lapho abagcina ukuthula behlomile bengavusa ukuxabana okunodlame. Banikeza indawo evulekile, ukuxoxisana neziphathimandla zikahulumeni kanye namabutho ahlomile, futhi bakha ukuxhumana phakathi kwabasebenzi bokuthula bendawo nomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. Isungulwe yi-Peace Brigades International e-1981, i-PBI inamaphrojekthi wamanje eGuatemala, Honduras, New Mexico, Nepal nase Kenya. I-Nonviolent Peaceforce yasungulwa e-2000 futhi idlalwa eBrussels. I-NP inezinhloso ezine zomsebenzi wayo: ukudala isikhala sokuthula okuhlala njalo, ukuvikela izakhamuzi, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuqhakambisa inkolelo-mbono kanye nokuzibandakanya kwezokuphepha ukuthula kwabantu abangahlomile ukuze yamukelwe njengenketho yenqubomgomo ngabenzi bezinqumo kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi, futhi ukwakha ichibi labaqeqeshiwe elikwazi ukujoyina amaqembu wokuthula ngemisebenzi yesifunda, ukuqeqesha, kanye nokugcina uhlelo lwabantu abaqeqeshiwe nabatholakalayo. I-NP njengamanje inamaqembu ePhilippines, eMyanmar, eSouth Sudan naseSyria.

Isibonelo, i-Nonviolent Peaceforce njengamanje isebenza iphrojekthi yayo enkulu kunazo zonke ezimpini zombango eSudan. Abavikeli bezakhamizi abangahlomile bahambisana ngempumelelo nabesifazane beqoqa izinkuni ezindaweni zezingxabano, lapho amaqembu alwayo esebenzisa udlame njengesikhali sempi. Abavikeli bezakhamuzi abathathu noma abane abangahlomile bakhombisile ukuthi bangama-100% bayaphumelela ukuvimba lezo zindlela zokudlwengulwa kwezimpi. UMel Duncan, umsunguli we-Nonviolent Peaceforce ulandisa ngesinye isibonelo iSouth Sudan:

[UDerek noAndreas] babenabesifazane nezingane ze14, lapho le ndawo lapho bekukhona nalaba bantu ihlaselwa yibutho lezempi. Bathathe abesifazane nezingane e14 etendeni, ngenkathi abantu abangaphandle bedutshuliwe benganalutho. Ezikhathini ezintathu, amabutho abavukelayo eza ku-Andreas noDerek bakhomba ama-AK47 emakhanda abo bathi 'kufanele uhambe, sifuna labo bantu'. Kuzona zontathu lezi zikhathi, ngokuzolile, u-Andreas no Derek baphakamisa amabheji abo omazisi be-Nonviolent Peaceforce bathi: "Asinazo izibhamu, silapha ukuvikela izakhamizi, futhi ngeke size '. Ngemuva kwesithathu amabutho ahamba, futhi abantu basindiswa. (UMel Duncan)

Izindaba ezinjalo ziphakamisa umbuzo wengozi kubagcini bokuthula abangahlomile. Umuntu ngokuqinisekile akakwazi ukudala isimo esisongela kakhulu kunesedlule. Kodwa-ke i-Nonviolent Peaceforce ibe nokulimala okuhlanu okuhlobene nezingxabano - ezintathu zazo ezenzeke ngengozi - eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu yokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphephile ukucabanga ukuthi ukuvikelwa kuhlonyiwe esibonelweni esichaziwe bekungaholela ekufeni kukaDerek no-Andreas kanye nalabo abafuna ukuvikela.

Lezi kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezifana namaChristian Peacemaker Teams zinikeza imodeli engalinganiswa ukuthi ithathe indawo yabagcini bokuthula abahlomile nezinye izindlela zokungenelela okunodlame. Bayisibonelo esiphelele sendima umphakathi osuyidlalile ekugcineni ukuthula. Ukungenelela kwabo kudlulela ngale kokungenelela ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokubakhona kanye nezingxoxo ekusebenzeni ekwakhiweni kwendwangu yomphakathi ezindaweni zokushayisana.

Kuze kube manje, le mizamo ebalulekile ibonwa futhi ayisekelwa ngemali. Zidinga ukwamukelwa ngokuphelele yi-UN nezinye izikhungo nangomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Lokhu kungenye yemizamo ethembisa kakhulu ukuvikela izakhamizi nokwakha isikhala somphakathi nokubamba iqhaza ekuthuleni okuhlala njalo.

Law International

UMthetho Wezwe Wonke awunawo indawo echazweyo noma inhlangano ebusayo. Iqukethe imithetho eminingi, imithetho, kanye namasiko alawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukene, ohulumeni babo, amabhizinisi nezinhlangano.

Kubandakanya ukuqoqwa okungathandeki kwamasiko; izivumelwano; Izivumelwano; ukuvumelana, amashadi afana ne-United Nations Charter; Izivumelwano; izinkantolo; Imemorandamu; izandulela ezingokomthetho zeNkantolo Yezwe Yezobulungiswa nokuningi. Njengoba ingekho inhlangano ebusayo, ephoqayo, kungumzamo wokuzithandela. Kubandakanya kokubili umthetho ojwayelekile kanye nomthetho wamacala. Imigomo emithathu eyinhloko ilawula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. BangamaComity (lapho amazwe amabili abelana ngemigomo yenqubomgomo efanayo, eyodwa izithoba ezinqumweni zokwahlulela zenye); Umthetho Wezinsizakalo Zombuso (kususelwa ebukhosini — izinhlaka zoMthetho zoMbuso owodwa ngeke zibuze izinqubomgomo zomunye uMbuso noma ziphazamisane nenqubomgomo yangaphandle); kanye neMfundiso yeCongress of immune Immunity (evimbela ubuzwe boMbuso ukuthi buvele enkantolo ezinkantolo zoMbuso).

Inkinga enkulu yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba ukuthi, ngenxa yesisekelo senqubo yobukhosi bezwe, ayikwazi ukubhekana kahle nabaphathi bomhlaba jikelele, njengoba ukwehluleka ukuletha isenzo esivumelanayo sokuthwala ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kubonisa. Ngenkathi sekucacile maqondana nokuthula nezingozi zemvelo ukuthi thina singabantu esisodwa siphoqelelwe ukuthi siphile ndawonye kwiplanethi encane, enobuthakathaka, akukho nhlangano esemthethweni ekwazi ukwenza umthetho ophathelene nomthetho, ngakho-ke kumele sincike ekuxoxisaneni ngezivumelwano zokukhishwa kwezikhangiso bhekana nezinkinga ezihlelekile. Uma sicabangela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ibhizinisi elinjalo liqhamuke kungekudala, sidinga ukuqinisa umbuso wesivumelwano.

Khuthaza Ukuvumelana Nezimvumelwano Ezikhona

Izivumelwano zobuzwe zokulawula impi esezikhona manje azibonwa amazwe ambalwa abucayi. Ikakhulu, i-Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Shippiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Workers Mines futhi ekubhujisweni kwabo ayemukelwa yi-United States, Russia ne China. Isitatimende saseRome seNkantolo Yobulelesi Yomhlaba wonke asamukelwa yi-United States, iSudan ne-Israyeli. I-Russia ayikayivumeli. I-India neChina bangama-Holdout, njengoba kunjalo nangamanye amalungu e-UN. Ngenkathi iMelika ibamba ukuthi inkantolo ingahle ibandlululwe ngenxa yabo, okuwukuphela kwesizathu esizwakalayo sokuthi izwe lingabi yilungu leSitatimende ukuthi ligcina ilungelo lokwenza amacala ezempi, ubuhlanga, ubugebengu obunobuntu noma ubutha. izenzo ezinjengokuza ngaphansi kwezincazelo ezejwayelekile zezenzo ezinjalo. Lawa mazwe kumele acindezelwe yizakhamizi zomhlaba wonke ukuthi zizofika etafuleni futhi zizodlala yimithetho efanayo nayo yonke enye yabantu. Izwe kufanele futhi licindezelwe ukuthi lihambisane nomthetho wamalungelo abantu kanye nangeziNgqungquthela ezahlukahlukene zeGeneva. Izwe elingayilandeli, kufaka phakathi i-US, lidinga ukuqinisekisa i-Comprehensive Test Ban Thery futhi liphinde lisebenze futhi iqiniso leqiniso le-Kellogg-Briand Pact engasebenzi.

Dala Izivumelwano Ezintsha

Isimo esivelayo siyohlala njalo sidinga ukuthi kubhekwe izivumelwano ezintsha, ubudlelwano bezomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Ezintathu okufanele zithathwe ngokushesha yilezi:

Lawula iGesi Lokushisa Okushisa

Izivumelwano ezintsha zidingekile ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni kanye nemiphumela yaso, ikakhulukazi isivumelwano esilawula ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa okuhlanganisa ukusiza kwezizwe ezisathuthuka.

Phakamisa Indlela Yababaleki Abesimo Sezulu

Isivumelwano esihlobene kodwa esihlukile sizodinga ukubhekana namalungelo ababaleki besimo sezulu ukufuduka ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Lokhu kusebenza ekuphuthumeni kwemiphumela esivele ikhona yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi nenhlupheko yamanje yababaleki evela eMiddle East naseNyakatho Afrika, lapho izinqubomgomo zomlando nezamanje zaseNtshonalanga zibe negalelo elikhulu empini nodlame. Uma nje impi isekhona, kuzoba nababaleki. I-United Nations Convention on Refugees ibophezela ngokomthetho ukusayina kwabasayini ukuthi bathathe ababaleki. Lokhu kuhlinzekelwa kudinga ukuhambisana kodwa uma unikezwa amanani amakhulu azobandakanyeka, kudinga ukufaka nezinsizakalo zosizo uma kugwenywa izingxabano ezinkulu. Lolu sizo lungaba yingxenye ye-Global Development Plan njengoba kuchaziwe ngezansi.

Ukusungula amakhomishana eqiniso kanye nokubuyisana

Lapho kwenzeka phakathi kwezimpi noma impi yombango naphezu kwezithiyo eziningi uHlelo Olokuphepha Lomhlaba Wonke oluziphazamisayo, izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezichazwe ngenhla zizosebenza ngokushesha ukuqeda ubutha, ukubuyisela ukuhleleka. Ngemuva kwalokho, izindlela zokubuyisana ziyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukubuyela ebudloveni obuqondile nangokungaqondile. Izinqubo ezilandelayo zibhekwa njengezinesidingo ekubuyelweni:

• Ukuthola iqiniso lokuthi kwenzekeni
• Ukwamukelwa ngumuntu owonile ngokulimala okwenziwe
• Ukuzisola okuvezwe ukuxolisa kwabazizisulu
• Intethelelo
• Ubulungiswa ngandlela thile
• Ukuhlela ukuvimbela ukuphindaphinda
• Iqala kabusha izici ezakhayo zobudlelwano
• Ukwakha ukwethembana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi57

AmaKhomishini amaqiniso nokubuyisana ayindlela yobulungiswa bezinguquko futhi anikeza enye indlela yokushushiswa kanye namasiko aphikisayo okuphikiswa.58 Zisethwe emazweni angaphezu kwe-20. Amakhomishini anjalo asevele asebenze ezimeni eziningi e-Ecuador, Canada, Czech Republic, njll., Futhi ikakhulukazi e-South Africa ekugcineni kombuso wobandlululo.59 Amakhomishini anjalo athatha indawo yamacala obugebengu futhi enze okufanele aqale ukubuyisa ukuthembana ukuze ukuthula kwangempela, kunokuba kuphele ukulahlwa kwempi, kungaqala. Umsebenzi wabo ukuthola amaqiniso obubi obedlule ngabo bonke abadlali, bobabili abalimele kanye nabenzi bokubi (abangavuma ukubuyisa) ukuze bavikele noma ikuphi ukubukezwa kabusha komlando futhi basuse noma yiziphi izimbangela zokuqubuka kodlame okusha okuqhutshwa ukuziphindisela . Eminye imihlomulo engaba khona yilena: ukudalulwa kweqiniso nomphakathi okusemthethweni kunomthelela ekuphulukisweni komphakathi nangokomuntu; zibandakanye wonke umphakathi ezingxoxweni zikazwelonke; bheka okubi komphakathi okwenze ukuthi kube nokuhlukumezeka; kanye nomuzwa wobunikazi bomphakathi kule nqubo.60

Yakha Umnotho Wezombusazwe Oqinile, Olungenayo Nenhlalakahle njengeSisekelo Sokuthula

Impi, ukungabi nabulungiswa kwezomnotho kanye nokwehluleka ukusimama kuboshelwe ndawonye ngezindlela eziningi, hhayi okuncane okukhona kukho ukusweleka kwentsha okuphezulu ezindaweni ezibucayi njenge-Middle East, lapho kwakha khona umbhede wenzalo yabantu abakhula ngokweqile. Futhi umnotho wembulunga yonke, osuselwa ku-oyela uyimbangela ebonakalayo yombango wezempi nezifiso ezivelele zombuso zamandla wephrojekthi kanye nokuvikela ukufinyelela kwe-US kwizisetshenziswa zakwamanye amazwe. Ukungalingani phakathi kwezomnotho ezicebile kanye nobuphofu baseningizimu yomhlaba kungabekwa nguHlelo lweGlobal Aid olubheka isidingo sokulondolozwa kwemvelo lapho ezomnotho zihlala khona futhi zidalulele izinhlaka zezomnotho zamazwe omhlaba kubandakanya i-World Trade Organisation, i-International Isikhwama sezezimali kanye neBhange Lwamanye Amazwe Lokwakha kabusha Nentuthuko.

Ayikho indlela enenhlonipho yokusho ukuthi ibhizinisi lonakalisa umhlaba.
UPawulu Hawken (uMvelo, Umbhali)

Umnotho wezombusazwe uLloyd Dumas uthi, "umnotho wezempi uphazamisa futhi ekugcineni unciphise umphakathi". Ubeka imigomo eyisisekelo yomnotho wezokuthula.61 Lezi izi:

Sungula ubudlelwano obulinganiselayo - wonke umuntu uzuza okungenani ngokulingana nomnikelo wabo futhi akukho okugqugquzela ukuphazamisa ubudlelwano. Isibonelo: I-European Union - bayaxoxa, kukhona izingxabano, kepha akukho zongo zempi ngaphakathi kwe-EU.

Gcizelela intuthuko - Iningi lezimpi kusukela eWWII kulwe emazweni asathuthuka. Ubumpofu namathuba okulahlekelwa yizizathu zokuzalisa ubudlova. Ukuthuthukiswa kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nobuphekula, njengoba yenza buthakathaka inethiwekhi yokusekela amaqembu amaphekula. Isibonelo: Ukuqashwa kwamantombazane amancane, angafundile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni abe yizinhlangano ezesabekayo.62

Yehlisa ingcindezi yemvelo - Umncintiswano wezinsizakusebenza ("izinsiza-ezikhiqiza amandla") - ikakhulukazi uwoyela namanzi - kukhiqiza izingxabano eziyingozi phakathi kwezizwe namaqembu ezizweni.

Kufakazelwe ukuthi impi kungenzeka kakhulu lapho kunowoyela khona.63 Ukusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo ngokuphumelelayo, ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungenayo nokungcolisa kanye nokushintsha okukhulu ekukhuleni komnotho kunokuthi kunciphise ukucindezeleka kwemvelo.

Democratize Izikhungo Zomnotho Zomhlaba
(WTO, IMF, IBRD)

Umnotho womhlaba uphathwa, uxhaswa ngezimali futhi ulawulwa yizikhungo ezintathu - iWorld Trade Organisation (WTO), i-International Monetary Fund (IMF), kanye ne-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD; “World Bank”). Inkinga ngalezi zinhlaka ukuthi azibandlululi futhi zithanda amazwe acebile ngokumelene namazwe ampofu, zingabeki imingcele ekuvikelweni kwezemvelo nezabasebenzi, futhi zingenakho ukubeka izinto obala, zivimbele ukusimama, futhi zikhuthaze ukukhishwa kwezinsiza nokuncika.64 Ibhodi ebusayo engakhethi futhi engafinyeleleki ye-WTO ingadlula imithetho yezabasebenzi nezemvelo yezizwe, inikeze abantu abasengozini yokuxhashazwa kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo ngemiphumela yayo eyehlukene yezempilo.

Uhlobo lwamanje lokuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba okwenziwa yinkampani ekhuphuka ngokweqile luphanga ingcebo yomhlaba, lukhulisa ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, kwandiswe ukucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa namasosha futhi kushiye ubuphofu buqala.
USharon Delgado (Umbhali, Umqondisi Wezomhlaba

Ukusatshalaliswa komnotho uqobo akuyona inkinga - ukuhweba mahhala. Izinkimbinkimbi zezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphezulu nezinhlangano zezizwe ezilawula lezi zikhungo ziqhutshwa umbono we-Market Fundamentalism noma “Ukuhweba Okukhululekile,” okuqinisa ukuhweba okunecala elilodwa lapho ingcebo igeleza isuka kwabampofu iye kwabacebile. Izinhlelo zomthetho nezezezimali lezi zikhungo zisungula futhi zisebenza zivumela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa komkhakha kube nokungcola emazweni okucindezela abasebenzi abazama ukuhlela amaholo ahlonishwayo, ezempilo, ezokuphepha kanye nokuvikela imvelo. Izimpahla ezenziwayo zithunyelwa emazweni athuthukile njengezimpahla zabathengi. Izindleko zenziwa zithathwe kwabampofu kanye nemvelo yomhlaba. Njengoba amazwe athuthukile engenile kakhulu ezikweletini ngaphansi kwalo hulumeni, kudingeka ukuthi amukele "amasu wokuphepha," acekela phansi amanethi awo okuphepha kwezenhlalo enza isigaba sabasebenzi abangenamandla, nabampofu emafemini aphethwe ngabasenyakatho. Umbuso ubuye ube nomthelela kwezolimo. Amasimu okufanele ngabe akhula ngokudla kwabantu esikhundleni sokutshala izimbali zokuhweba izimbali eYurophu nase-US Noma athathwe ngabaphathi, abalimi bokudla badonswa ngaphandle, futhi balima ummbila noma bavimbe izinkomo ukuze zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe enyakatho yomhlaba. Abampofu bathuthela emadolobheni amakhulu lapho, uma benenhlanhla, bathola umsebenzi emafektri aphikisayo enza izimpahla zangaphandle. Ukungalungi kwalo mbuso kudala intukuthelo futhi kudinga ukuthi kube nodlame oluguqukayo oluthi-ke lubize ukucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa nezempi. Amaphoyisa nabezempi bavame ukuqeqeshwa ekuncindezelweni yisixuku ngamasosha ase-United States e “Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation” (eyayikade ibizwa ngokuthi “iSikole SamaMelika”). Kulesi sikhungo ukuqeqeshwa kufaka phakathi izingalo zokulwa ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ukusebenza kwengqondo, ubuhlakani bezempi kanye namaqhinga wezempi.65 Konke lokhu kuyadambisa futhi kudala ukungavikeleki okwengeziwe ezweni.

Isixazululo sidinga izinguquko zenqubomgomo kanye nokuvusa ukuziphatha enyakatho. Ukunyakaza kokuqala okusobala ukuyeka ukuqeqesha amaphoyisa namasosha emibuso yobudlova. Okwesibili, amabhodi okuphatha alawa mazwe angaphandle wezezimali adinga ukuba ahlonishwe phansi. Manje sebelawulwa yizimboni zezohwebo zaseNyakatho. Okwesithathu, izinqubo okuthiwa "ukuhweba mahhala" kudingeka zishintshwe ngezinqubomgomo zokuhweba ezifanele. Konke lokhu kudinga ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha, kusukela ekuziphatheni kwabangasese baseNyakatho abavame ukuthenga izimpahla ezishibhile kuphela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani ohluphekayo, umqondo wokubambisana komhlaba jikelele nokuqaphela ukuthi ukulimala kwendawo yokuphila kunoma yikuphi lapho kunomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni wonke enyakatho, ngokusobala ngokubhebhetheka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinkinga zokufuduka eziholela emingceleni yempi. Uma abantu bangaqiniseka ngokuphila okuhloniphekile emazweni abo, ngeke bazame ukungena ngokungemthetho.

Dala uhlelo lokuHlaliswa koMhlaba oluNgcono oluMikelekayo

Ukuthuthuka kuqinisa ubuciko bokuzivikela kanye nokuvikela, kunciphisa izinsongo zesikhathi eside zokuphepha kwethu kazwelonke ngokusiza ukwakha imiphakathi ezinzile, echumayo nenokuthula.
I-2006 United States Isu Lokuvikela Isu likaZwelonke.

Isixazululo esihlobene nokubandlulula izinhlaka zezomnotho zamazwe omhlaba ukwakhiwa kohlelo lweGlobal Aid ukuze kufezekiswe ukuqiniswa kobulungiswa bezomnotho nezemvelo emhlabeni jikelele.66 Izinhloso zizobe zifana nezinhloso ze-UN Millenium Development Goals ukuqeda ubuphofu kanye nendlala, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokudla kwasendaweni, ukuhlinzeka ngemfundo nokunakekelwa kwempilo, futhi ukufezekisa lezi zinhloso ngokwakha ukuqina kwezomnotho okuzinzile, okusebenzayo, okuqhubekayo okungabangeli ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kuzodingeka futhi kunikezwe imali ukusiza ukusiza kabusha kwababaleki besimo sezulu. Uhlelo luzobe luphethwe yinhlangano entsha, engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni yamazwe jikelele ukuyivimba ukuthi ingabi ithuluzi lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yamazwe acebile. Kuzoxhaswa ngokuhlinzekwa kwamaphesenti we-2-5 ye-GDP evela emazweni asezimboni athuthukile iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Kwama-US leli nani lingaba cishe amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi, okungaphansi kakhulu kuno- $ 1.3 trillion osetshenziswe manje kuhlelo lokuphepha lukazwelonke oluhlulekile. Uhlelo luzophathwa emazingeni aphansi yi-International Peace and Justice Corps enziwe amavolontiya. Kuzodinga ukubalwa kwemali okucacile nokungabi sobala okuvela kohulumeni abamukelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lufika kubantu.

Isiphakamiso sokuqala: I-Paramende, izakhamizi zomhlaba wonke ePhalamende

IZizwe Ezihlangene ekugcineni zidinga izinguquko ezinkulu kangako ukuthi zingaba wusizo ukucabanga ngazo ngokufaka esikhundleni seNhlangano Yezizwe ngomzimba ophumelela kakhudlwana, ongagcina (noma usize ukudala) ukuthula. Lokhu kuqonda kususelwa ekwehlulekeni kwe-UN okungase kudalwe yizinkinga ezikhona ngokuphepha okuhlanganisiwe njengemodeli yokugcina noma yokubuyisela ukuthula.

Izinkinga Zemvelo Ngokulondeka Kwabonke

I-United Nations isuselwa emgomweni wokuphepha okuhlanganisiwe, okungukuthi, lapho izwe lisongela noma liqala ulaka, ezinye izizwe ziyoletha amandla amakhulu njengento evimbayo, noma njengekhambi lasekuqaleni lokuhlasela ngokuhlula umhlaseli enkundleni yempi. Lokhu-ke, yisixazululo sebutho, ukusongela noma ukwenza impi enkulu yokuvimba noma ukuvimba impi encane. Isibonelo esisodwa sokuqala - iMpi yaseKorea - kwaba ukwehluleka. Le mpi yayiqhubeka iminyaka eminingi futhi umngcele uhlala umkhulu kakhulu kwezempi. Eqinisweni, impi ayikaze inqedwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuphepha okuhlanganayo kumane nje kuwukuchofoza kohlelo olukhona lokusebenzisa udlame ukuzama ukulwa nodlame. Empeleni idinga umhlaba wezempi ukuze umzimba womhlaba ube namabutho ongawafuna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi i-UN isuselwa kubhekwe kulolu hlelo, ayakhelwanga ukuyisebenzisa, ngoba ayinasibopho sokwenza lokho uma kwenzeka kunezingxabano. Inethuba kuphela lokuthatha isinyathelo futhi okunikezwe kakhulu i-Security Council veto. Izizwe ezinamalungu amahlanu ezinamalungelo, futhi kaningi ziye zasebenzisa izinhloso zazo zikazwelonke kunokuba zivume ukusebenzisana ukuze zisizakale. Lokhu kuchaza ngokwengxenye ukuthi kungani i-UN ihlulekile ukuvimba izimpi eziningi kangaka selokhu yasungulwa. Lokhu, kanye nobunye ubuthakathaka babo, kuchaza ukuthi kungani abanye abantu becabanga ukuthi ubuntu kufanele buqale ngesikhungo sentando yeningi esedlula esinamandla okusebenzisa nokuqinisa umthetho osemthethweni futhi silethe ukuxazululwa ukuthula kwezingxabano.

I-Federation Federation

Lokhu okulandelayo kuncike empikiswaneni yokuthi izinguquko ezikhungweni zamazwe ezikhona zibalulekile, kodwa hhayi ngokwanele. Kungumqondo wokuthi izikhungo ezikhona zokubhekana nezingxabano zomhlaba wonke nezinkinga ezinkulu zesintu azenele ngokuphelele nokuthi umhlaba udinga ukuqala ngenhlangano entsha yomhlaba: "Umhlaba Umhlaba," olawulwa yiPhalamende Lezwe elibuswa ngentando yeningi futhi Umthethosivivinywa Wezamalungelo Womhlaba. Ukwehluleka kweZizwe Ezihlangene kungenxa yemvelo yayo njengenhlangano yezizwe ezizimele; ayikwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga nezinkinga eziningi zomhlaba okwabhekwana nazo manje. Esikhundleni sokudinga izikhali, i-UN idinga ukuthi amazwe kazwelonke abambe amabutho ezokwazi ukuboleka i-UN uma ifuna. Indawo yokugcina ye-UN ukusebenzisa impi ukumisa impi, umbono we-oxymoronic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UN ayinawo amandla okushaya umthetho - ayinakukwazi ukwenza imithetho ebophayo. Kungabopha kuphela amazwe ukuthi aye empini ukumisa impi. Akunakuxazululeka ngokuphelele ukuxazulula izinkinga zezemvelo zomhlaba (i-United Nations Environment Programme ayiyekanga ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ubuthi, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukusetshenziswa kaphethiloli, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi yomhlaba, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle, njll.). I-UN yehlulekile ukuxazulula inkinga yentuthuko; ubuphofu bomhlaba buhlala bukhulu. Izinhlangano ezikhona ezentuthuko, ikakhulukazi i-International Monetary Fund kanye ne-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) nezivumelwano ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke zokuhweba, zimane nje zavumela abacebile ukuthi bahlwithe abampofu. INkantolo Yomhlaba ayinamandla, ayinamandla okuletha izingxabano phambi kwayo; zingalethwa kuphela ngokuzithandela amaqembu ngokwawo, futhi ayikho indlela yokuphoqelela izinqumo zalo. Umhlangano Kazwelonke awunamandla; ingafundela futhi ituse kuphela. Akunamandla okushintsha noma yini. Ukungeza umzimba wephalamende kuyobe kumana ukudala umzimba ozoncoma umzimba onconyelwayo. Izinkinga zomhlaba manje sezisenkingeni futhi azinakuxazululeka ukuthi zixazululwe yinxakanxaka yesizwe esinokuncintisana, nesihlomile sithi izwe ngalinye linentshisekelo yokuphokophela intshisekelo yalo yezwe futhi abakwazi ukwenza okuhle.

Ngakho-ke, izinguquko zeNhlangano Yezizwe kufanele ziqhubekele phambili noma zilandelwe lapho kudalwa iPhalamende Lezomhlaba elingenazikhali, elingeyona impi, elenziwe ngePhalamende Lezwe elikhethwe ngentando yeningi elinamandla okusebenzisa imithetho ebophayo, iWorld Judiciary, kanye ne-World Executive njengoba umzimba wokuphatha. Inhlangano enkulu yezakhamizi ihlangane kaningana njengePhalamende leProvince Yezwe futhi sebesungula uMthethosisekelo Wezwe owenzelwe ukuvikela inkululeko, amalungelo abantu kanye nemvelo yomhlaba, kanye nokuhlinzekela inqubekela phambili yabo bonke.

Indima Yomphakathi Yomphakathi Yomhlaba Wonke kanye Nemibutho Yezizwe Ezingezona Uhulumeni

Umphakathi uvame ukubandakanya abalingisi ezinhlanganweni eziqeqeshiwe, amakilabhu, kwizinyunyana, ezinhlanganweni zezenkolo, ezinhlanganweni ezingezona ezikahulumeni, imindeni namanye amaqembu omphakathi.67 Lezo zitholakala kakhulu ezingeni lendawo / likazwelonke futhi ngokubambisana namanethiwekhi omphakathi womhlaba wonke kanye nemikhankaso, bakha ingqalasizinda engakaze ibonwe yokuphonsela inselelo yempi nempi.

E-1900 bekukhona idlanzana lezikhungo zomphakathi zomhlaba ezifana ne-International Post Union neRed Cross. Kulelikhulu leminyaka kanye nakwabanye selokhu kwaba khona ukwanda okumangazayo kwezinhlangano zamazwe ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ezinikele ekwakheni ukuthula nasekubekeni ukuthula. Manje sekunezinkulungwane zalawa ma-INGO afaka phakathi izinhlangano ezinjengalezi: i-Nonviolent Peaceforce, Greenpeace, servicio Paz y Justicia, Peace Brigades International, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Veterans for Peace, Fsoci of Reconciliation, the Hague Appeal for Peace , I-International Peace Bureau, Amaqembu ama-Muslim Peacemaker Teams, i-Jewish Voice for Peace, i-Oxfam International, Odokotela Ngaphandle Kwemingcele, Pace e Bene, Plowshares Fund, Apopo, Citizens for Global Solutions, Nukewatch, Carter Center, Conflict Resolution Center International, Natural. Isinyathelo, Amadolobha Woguquko, Inhlangano Yezizwe, iRotary International, Izinyathelo Zabesifazane Zezikhombisi ezintsha, i-Peace Direct, ikomidi leNkonzo yaseMelika, nezinye ezingenakubalwa ezifana ne-Blue Mountain Project noma i-War Prevention Initiative. IKomiti Yokuthula KaNobel ikwazile ukuqaphela izinhlangano zomphakathi womhlaba wonke, ngokunikeza eziningi zazo ngoMklomelo Wokuthula weNobel.

Isibonelo esidabukisayo ukusungulwa kweCombatants for Peace:

Inhlangano ethi "Abaphikisana Nokuthula" yaqala ngokubambisana namaPalestina nabakwa-Israyeli, abaye baba nengxenye ekhuthele emjikelezweni wobudlova; Ama-Israyeli njengamasosha e-Israel (i-IDF) nasePalestina njengengxenye yomzabalazo olwabudlova wenkululeko yasePalestina. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa izikhali iminyaka eminingi kangaka, futhi lapho sibhekane kuphela ngezikhali zokuzivikela, sinqume ukudiliza izibhamu zethu nokulwa nokuthula.

Futhi singabheka ukuthi abantu abanjengoJody Williams basebenzise kanjani amandla kazwelonke-wezwe ukusiza umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ukuthi uvumelane ngokuvinjwa komhlaba wonke ezimayini noma ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezigele-zakhamizi kwakha kanjani amabhuloho abantu kubantu kubantu baseRussia namaMelika phakathi kokukhulisa ukungezwani kwamazwe ku-2016.68

Lababantu nezinhlangano bahlanganisa umhlaba wonke waba yindlela yokunakekelwa nokukhathalela, abaphikisana nempi nokungabi nabulungiswa, basebenzela ukuthula nobulungiswa kanye nomnotho osimeme.69 Lezi zinhlangano akuzona nje kuphela abameli bokuthula, basebenza emhlabathini ukulamula ngempumelelo, ukuxazulula, noma ukuguqula izingxabano nokwakha ukuthula. Baziwa njengamandla omhlaba wonke wokuhle. Amaningi avunyelwe kwiNhlangano Yezizwe. Besizwa yiWorld Wide Web, bangubufakazi bokuqapheleka kobukhona besakhamuzi sendawo.

 

Emuva kokuqukethwe kwe-2016 Uhlelo Lokuvikela Lomhlaba Wonke: I-Alternative to War.