NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Okthoba 7, 2022
Ngisanda kufunda Ukufuna Izilo Zokubhubhisa nguChristopher J. Coyne. Ishicilelwe yi-Independent Institute (ebonakala izinikele ekukhipheni abacebile intela, ukucekela phansi i-socialism, njalonjalo). Incwadi iqala ngokucaphuna njengamathonya kokubili abameli bokuthula kanye nosomnotho abalungile.
Ukube bekufanele ngibeke izizathu engifuna ukuqeda ngazo impi, eyokuqala izobe igwema ukucekelwa phansi kwezikhali zenuzi, kanti eyesibili izobe ifaka imali kuSocialism esikhundleni. Ukubuyisela imali ngisho nengxenye yezindleko zempi ezidingweni zabantu nezemvelo kuzosindisa izimpilo eziningi kunazo zonke izimpi ezithathiwe, kuthuthukise izimpilo eziningi kunazo zonke izimpi eziye zaba zimbi kakhulu, futhi kusize ukubambisana komhlaba wonke ekucindezeleni izinkinga ezingezona ozikhethela (isimo sezulu, imvelo, izifo. , ukungabi namakhaya, ubumpofu) ukuthi impi iye yabavimba.
U-Coyne ugxeka umshini wempi ngokubulala nokulimaza kwawo, izindleko zawo, inkohlakalo yawo, ukucekelwa phansi kwenkululeko yabantu, ukucekela phansi kwawo ukuzibusa, njll., futhi ngivumelana nakho futhi ngiyakwazisa konke lokho. Kodwa uCoyne ubonakala ecabanga ukuthi cishe noma yini enye uhulumeni ayenzayo (ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo, njll.) ihilela ububi obufanayo kuphela ezingeni elincishisiwe:
“Abaningi abangabathembi izinhlelo zikahulumeni wasekhaya (isib., izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, ezempilo, ezemfundo, njalo njalo) namandla ezomnotho nezepolitiki aphakathi nendawo aphethwe abantu abazimele nezinhlangano (isb., inhlalakahle yezinkampani, ukuthunjwa kwemithetho, amandla okubusa) bakhululekile ngokuphelele ukwamukela izinhlelo ezinkulu zikahulumeni uma ziwela ngaphansi komgomo 'wokuphepha kwezwe' kanye 'nokuzivikela.' Kodwa-ke, umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni wasekhaya nombuso usezingeni kunokuba unomusa. ”
UCoyne, ngiyasola, ubengavumelana nami ngokuthi uhulumeni ubungeke ube nenkohlakalo futhi ucekele phansi uma uxhaso lwezempi luyiswa ezidingweni zomphakathi. Kodwa uma efana nawo wonke ama-libertarian engake ngawabuza, anganqaba ukusekela ngisho nesimo sokuyekethisa sokubeka ingxenye yezindleko zempi ekuncishisweni kwentela kuma-gazillionaires futhi ingxenye yakho ibe, ukusho, ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Njengomthetho, ubengeke akwazi ukweseka ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kubi kakhulu, noma ngabe ngemuva kwayo yonke le minyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho okubhaliwe okubhalwe phansi ububi bethiyori bokunikeza abantu usizo lwezempilo bungavunywanga, noma ngabe inkohlakalo. kanye nokumoshakala kwezinkampani zomshwalense wezempilo wase-US kuyidlula kude inkohlakalo nokumoshwa kwezinhlelo zokukhokha oyedwa emazweni amaningi. Njengezingqinamba eziningi, ukuthola ukusebenza ngombono lokho osekuphumelele isikhathi eside ekusebenzeni kuseyisithiyo esikhulu kwizifundiswa zase-US.
Noma kunjalo, kuningi okumele uvumelane nakho kanye namagama ambalwa ngokuphawulekayo engingavumelani nawo kule ncwadi, ngisho noma izisusa zayo cishe angiziqondi. U-Coyne uphikisana nokungenelela kwe-US eLatin America ukuthi yehlulekile ukuphoqelela umnotho wase-US futhi empeleni bayinikeze igama elibi. Ngamanye amazwi, behlulekile ngokwemibandela yabo. Iqiniso lokuthi leyo akuyona imibandela yami, nokuthi ngiyajabula ukuthi behlulekile, ayikuthulisi ukugxekwa.
Ngenkathi uCoyne ekhuluma ngokubulawa nokuxoshwa kwabantu ngezimpi, ugxila kakhulu ezindlekweni zezezimali - ngaphandle, ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukuthi yini okungenzeka yenziwe ukuthuthukisa umhlaba ngalezo zimali. Lokho kulungile kimi njengoba kwenzeka. Kodwa-ke uthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuba nomthelela emnothweni zizothanda ukuhlanya ngamandla. Lokhu kubonakala kunganaki ukuthi ohulumeni bezomnotho ezilawulwa kakhulu yi-US bebenokuthula kangakanani kune-US. UCoyne akabalule ubufakazi bokuphikisa lokho okubonakala kuyiqiniso elisobala.
Nangu u-Coyne mayelana nokusabalala "kwesimo sokuvikela": "[T] imisebenzi yesimo sokuvikela ithonya futhi ithinta cishe zonke izici zempilo yasekhaya-ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, nezenhlalakahle. Ngendlela efanele, isimo esincane sokuvikela sizosebenzisa izinkontileka kuphela, sinikeze ukuphepha kwangaphakathi ukuvikela amalungelo, futhi sinikeze ukuvikela kwezwe ezinsongweni zangaphandle. " Kodwa lokho axwayisa ngakho kubonakala kukhishwe embhalweni wekhulu le-18 ngaphandle kokubheka isipiliyoni samakhulu eminyaka. Akukho ukuhlobana kwezwe langempela phakathi kwe-socialism kanye nokucindezela noma phakathi kwe-socialism kanye nezempi. Nokho, uCoyne uqinisile ngokuphelele mayelana nempi ecekela phansi inkululeko yomphakathi. Unikeza i-akhawunti enhle yokwehluleka okukhulu kwempi yase-US yezidakamizwa e-Afghanistan. Uhlanganisa nesahluko esihle ngezingozi zama-drones abulalayo. Kwangijabulisa kakhulu ukubona lokho, njengoba izinto sezijwayeleke kakhulu futhi zakhohlwa.
Ngayo yonke incwadi elwa nempi, ngizama ukuthola noma yimaphi amacebo wokuthi ngabe umbhali uthanda ukuqedwa noma ukuguqulwa kwempi nje. Ekuqaleni, u-Coyne ubonakala ethanda ukubekwa phambili kuphela, hhayi ukuqedwa: "[T] ubheka ukuthi impiriyali yezempi iyindlela eyinhloko yokuzibandakanya ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe kumele isuswe esisekelweni sayo samanje." Ngakho-ke kufanele kube yindlela yesibili?
U-Coyne naye akabonakali engasenalo uhlelo lwangempela lokuphila ngaphandle kwempi. Uthanda uhlobo oluthile lokuthula emhlabeni wonke, kodwa akukhulunywa ngokushaywa komthetho womhlaba wonke noma ukwabelana ngengcebo yomhlaba wonke - empeleni, ukugujwa kuphela kwezizwe ezinquma izinto ngaphandle kokubusa komhlaba wonke. UCoyne ufuna lokho akubiza ngokuthi “i-polycentric” defense. Lokhu kubonakala kuyisilinganiso esincane, esinqunywa endaweni, ukuvikela okuhlomile, okunodlame okuchazwe ku-jargon yesikole samabhizinisi, kodwa okungahleliwe ukuzivikela okungahlomile:
"Ngesikhathi somzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi, izishoshovu zase-Afrika zaseMelika azikwazanga ukulindela ukuvikela okuhlinzekwa nguhulumeni okukodwa ukubavikela odlameni lobuhlanga. Ukuphendula, osomabhizinisi emphakathini wase-Afrika yaseMelika bahlele ukuzivikela ngezikhali ukuze kuvikelwe izishoshovu ebudloveni.”
Uma ubungazi ukuthi inhlangano yamalungelo abantu ngokuyinhloko yaba yimpumelelo yosomabhizinisi abanodlame, ngabe ubufundani?
U-Coyne uphonsela inselelo umgubho wokuthenga izibhamu - ngaphandle kwesibalo esisodwa, ucwaningo, umbhalo waphansi, ukuqhathaniswa kwemiphumela phakathi kwabanikazi bezibhamu nabangezona izibhamu, noma ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezizwe.
Kepha-ke - ukubekezela kuyakhokha - ekugcineni kwencwadi, wengeza ngesenzo esingenalo udlame njengendlela eyodwa "yokuvikela i-polycentric." Futhi lapha uyakwazi ukusho ubufakazi bangempela. Futhi lapha kufanelekile ukucaphuna:
“Umqondo wesenzo esingenalo udlame njengendlela yokuzivikela ungase ubonakale ungelona iqiniso futhi unothando, kodwa lo mbono uzongqubuzana nerekhodi lamandla. Njengoba [Gene] Sharp aphawula, ‘Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi . . . izinhlobo zomzabalazo ezingenabudlova nazo ziye zasetshenziswa njengendlela eyinhloko yokuzivikela kubahlaseli bangaphandle noma abaqhwaga bangaphakathi.'(54) Baye baqashwa namaqembu ancishwe amathuba ukuze bavikele futhi bandise amalungelo abo kanye nenkululeko. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, umuntu angabona izibonelo zesenzo esikhulu sokungabi nabudlova e-Baltics, Burma, Egypt, Ukraine, kanye nase-Arab Spring. Isihloko sango-2012 ku- Izikhathi Zezezimali yagqamisa 'ukubhebhetheka komlilo wequbula wokuvukela umbuso ongenalo udlame' emhlabeni wonke, yaphawula ukuthi lokhu 'kukweleta kakhulu ukucabanga kwamasu kuka-Gene Sharp, isifundiswa saseMelika esinemanuwali yakhe yokuketula umashiqela, Kusukela kuBushiqela kuye kuye. Intando yeningi, yibhayibheli lezishoshovu kusukela eBelgrade kuya eRangoon.'(55) U-Audrius Butkevičius, owayengungqongqoshe wezokuvikela waseLithuania, uthwebula kafushane amandla namandla okungabi nabudlova njengendlela yokuzivikela esekelwe isakhamuzi lapho ephawula, 'Ngincamela lencwadi [incwadi kaGene Sharp ethi, Civilian-Based Defense] kunebhomu lenuzi.’”
U-Coyne uyaqhubeka nokuxoxa ngezinga eliphezulu lempumelelo lokungabi nodlame phezu kodlame. Ngakho-ke yini udlame olusayenza encwadini? Futhi kuthiwani ngohulumeni ofana neLithuania owenza izinhlelo zikazwelonke zokuzivikela okungahlomile - lokho konakalise imiphefumulo yabo yonxiwankulu ngaphezu kokuhlengwa? Ingabe kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ezingeni lomakhelwane okwenza kube buthaka kakhulu? Noma ingabe ukuzivikela kuzwelonke okungahlomile kuyisinyathelo esisobala sokwenza lula indlela ephumelela kakhulu esinayo? Noma kunjalo, amakhasi okuphetha kaCoyne asikisela umnyakazo obheke ekuqedweni kwempi. Ngaleso sizathu, ngifaka le ncwadi ohlwini olulandelayo.
UMKHONO WOKWENZA KWEMHLABA:
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