nguJeffrey St. Clair – Alexander Cockburn, Disemba 8, 2017, I-CounterPunch.
Iqiniso elidabukisayo ukuthi ukubukezwa ngokucophelela kwemisebenzi ye-CIA kanye nezinhlangano eyaphuma kuzo kuveza ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okulawula ukuziphatha, ukuhlanzwa kobuchopho, kanye nokuhlolwa okuyimfihlo kwezokwelapha nezengqondo ezifundweni ezingaziwa ezihlanganisa amahlelo enkolo, ubuhlanga. abambalwa, iziboshwa, iziguli zengqondo, amasosha kanye nabagulela ukufa. Isizathu semisebenzi enjalo, amasu kanye nezihloko zabantu ezikhethiwe zibonisa ukufana okumangalisayo nokushaqisayo nokuhlolwa kwamaNazi.
Lokhu kufana akumangazi kangako lapho silandelela imizamo ezimisele futhi evame ukuphumelela yezikhulu zezobunhloli zase-US zokuthola amarekhodi okuhlolwa kwamaNazi, futhi ezimweni eziningi sinxenxa abacwaningi bamaNazi ngokwabo futhi sibasebenzise, sidlulisela amalabhorethri asuka eDachau, iKaiser. Wilhelm Institute, Auschwitz and Buchenwald to Edgewood Arsenal, Fort Detrick, Huntsville Air Force Base, Ohio State, and University of Washington.
Ngenkathi amabutho Ahlangene ewela i-English Channel ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-D-Day ngoJuni 1944, izikhulu zezobunhloli ezingaba ngu-10,000 ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-T-Forces zazingemuva kwamabutho angaphambili. Umgomo wabo: ukubamba ochwepheshe bezikhali, ochwepheshe, ososayensi baseJalimane nezinto zabo zokucwaninga, kanye nososayensi baseFrance ababesebenzisane namaNazi. Ngokushesha inani elikhulu lososayensi abanjalo lase liqoqwe lafakwa ekamu leziboshwa elaziwa ngokuthi i-Dustbin. Ekuhlelweni kwasekuqaleni kwale mishini into esemqoka kwakuwumbono wokuthi amathuluzi ezempi aseJalimane - amathangi, amajethi, amarokhethi nokunye - ayephakeme ngokobuchwepheshe nokuthi ososayensi, ochwepheshe kanye nonjiniyela abathumbile babengadingidwa ngokushesha emzamweni wama-Allies wokubamba. phezulu.
Kwathi ngo-December 1944, uBill Donovan, inhloko ye-OSS, kanye no-Allen Dulles, inhloko yezobunhloli ye-OSS eYurophu esebenza ngaphandle kwaseSwitzerland, banxusa ngokuqinile i-FDR ukuba igunyaze uhlelo oluvumela izikhulu zezobunhloli zamaNazi, ososayensi nosozimboni ukuba “banikezwe imvume. ukuze bangene e-United States ngemva kwempi futhi bafake imali yabo ebhange laseMelika nokunye okunjalo.” I-FDR yasheshe yasichitha lesi siphakamiso, ithi, “Silindele ukuthi isibalo samaJalimane azimisele ngokusindisa izikhumba nempahla yawo sizokwanda ngokushesha. Phakathi kwabo kungase kube nabanye okufanele baquliswe ngokufanelekile ngamacala empi, noma okungenani baboshelwe ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emisebenzini yamaNazi. Ngisho nezindlela zokulawula ezidingekayo ozishoyo, angizimisele ukugunyaza ukunikezwa kweziqinisekiso.”
Kodwa le veto kamongameli yayiyincwadi efile njengoba yayibhalwa. I-Operation Overcast yayiqhubeka ngoJulayi 1945, yagunyazwa yiNhlangano Yezikhulu Zabasebenzi ukuthi ilethe ososayensi baseJalimane abangama-350 base-US, okuhlanganisa u-Werner Von Braun neqembu lakhe lamarokhethi e-V2, abaklami bezikhali zamakhemikhali, nonjiniyela bezikhali nemikhumbi-ngwenya. Kuke kwaba nethiyori yokuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwamaNazi, kodwa lokhu bekungenalutho njengomthetho we-FDR. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Overcast kwakuhlanganisa namaNazi nezikhulu zama-SS ezazidume kabi njengoVon Braun, uDkt. Herbert Axster, uDkt. Arthur Rudolph noGeorg Richkey.
Ithimba likaVon Braun lalisebenzise umsebenzi wezigqila ekamu lokuhlushwa laseDora futhi lasebenza iziboshwa zaze zashona endaweni yaseMittelwerk: abangaphezu kuka-20,000 babulawa ukukhathala nendlala. Umphathi wezigqila owayengamele kwakunguRichkey. Ukuziphindiselela ekucekeleni phansi kwemishini yemishini ecitshwayo - iziboshwa bezichamela amathuluzi kagesi, okubangela ukungasebenzi kahle okumangazayo - u-Richkey uzobalengisa abayishumi nambili ngesikhathi kuma-cranes asefekthri, izinduku zokhuni zihlohlwe emilonyeni yazo ukuze kuvame ukukhala kwazo. Ekamu lakwaDora uqobo wabheka izingane njengemilomo engenamsebenzi futhi wayala onogada bamaSS ukuba bazibhuqe baze bafe, bakwenza lokho.
Leli rekhodi alizange livimbe ukudluliselwa kuka-Richkey okusheshayo e-United States, lapho ajutshwa khona e-Wright Field, isizinda se-Army Air Corps eduze kwase-Dayton, e-Ohio. U-Richkey waya emsebenzini eqondisa ezokuphepha kwamanye amaNazi amaningi manje aphishekela ucwaningo lwawo lwe-United States. Wanikezwa nomsebenzi wokuhumusha wonke amarekhodi avela embonini yaseMittelwerk. Ngaleyo ndlela waba nethuba, alisebenzise ngokusemandleni akhe, lokucekela phansi noma iyiphi impahla eyekethisa ozakwabo kanye naye ngokwakhe.
Ngo-1947 kwase kunesiphithiphithi esanele somphakathi, esagqugquzelwa umlobi wephephandaba u-Drew Pearson, ukuthi adinge ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu bempi ku-Richkey nabanye abambalwa. U-Richkey wabuyiselwa eNtshonalanga Jalimane futhi waquliswa icala eliyimfihlo elaliqondiswa yi-US Army, eyayinesizathu esizwakalayo sokusula u-Richkey njengoba ukugwetshwa kuzodalula ukuthi ithimba lonke laseMittelwerk manje e-US laba nesandla ekusetshenzisweni kobugqila kanye nokuhlukunyezwa. kanye nokubulawa kweziboshwa zempi, futhi kanjalo futhi babenamacala empi. Ngakho-ke ibutho lacekela phansi icala lika-Richkey ngokubamba amarekhodi manje e-US futhi futhi ngokuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuhlonywa imibuzo kuka-Von Braun nabanye base-Dayton: U-Richkey wakhululwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ezinye zezinto zokuhlola zazithinta uRudolph, uVon Braun kanye noWalter Dornberger, nokho-ke, lonke irekhodi lahlukaniswa futhi laba yimfihlo iminyaka engamashumi amane, ngaleyo ndlela kwafihla ubufakazi obungathumela lonke ithimba le-rocket esigxotsheni.
Izikhulu eziphezulu zeButho Lezempi Lase-US zazilazi iqiniso. Ekuqaleni ukuqashwa kwezigebengu zempi zaseJalimane kwakufanelekela njengesidingo empini eqhubekayo neJapane. Kamuva, ukulungisiswa kokuziphatha kwathatha uhlobo lokucela “ukulungiswa kobuhlakani” noma njengoba iJoint Chiefs of Staff yakubeka, “njengohlobo lokuxhashazwa kwezingqondo ezikhethiwe ezingavamile esifisa ukuzisebenzisa ukukhiqiza kwazo kobuhlakani.” Ukugunyazwa kwalesi simo sokuxosha kwavela kuphaneli ye-National Academy of Sciences, eyamukela isikhundla sokuhlangana sokuthi ososayensi baseJalimane ngandlela thize bagwema ukutheleleka kwamaNazi ngokuba "isiqhingi sokungahambisani neqembu lezombusazwe lamaNazified," isitatimende esathi u-Von Braun, U-Richkey nabanye abashayeli bezigqila kumele ukuthi bakwazisa kakhulu.
Ngo-1946 umqondo osekelwe esu leMpi Yomshoshaphansi wawubaluleke kakhulu. AmaNazi ayedingeka emzabalazweni wokulwa nobuKhomanisi, futhi amandla awo ngokuqinisekile kwadingeka avinjwe amaSoviet. NgoSepthemba 1946 uMongameli uHarry Truman wagunyaza iphrojekthi ye-Dulles-inspired Paperclip, injongo yayo kwakuwukuletha ososayensi abangamaNazi abangekho ngaphansi kwe-1,000 e-United States. Phakathi kwabo kwakunezigebengu ezimbi kakhulu zempi: kwakukhona odokotela basekamu lokuhlushwa laseDachau ababebulale iziboshwa ngokuzivivinya ezindaweni eziphakeme, ababemise izisulu zabo futhi bazinike umthamo omkhulu wamanzi anosawoti ukuze bacwaninge inqubo yokuminza. . Kwakukhona onjiniyela bezikhali zamakhemikhali abanjengoKurt Blome, owayehlole igesi yezinzwa iSarin eziboshweni e-Auschwitz. Kwakukhona odokotela ababhebhezela ukuhlukumezeka empini ngokuthatha abesifazane babathumbe eRavensbrück futhi bagcwalise amanxeba abo ngesilonda esibhibhayo, uthuli lwamapulangwe, igesi yesinaphi, nengilazi, bese bethunga futhi belapha abanye ngemithamo ye-sulfa kuyilapho abanye bebeka isikhathi sokubona ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani. ukuze bathole izigameko ezibulalayo zokubola.
Phakathi kwezinhloso zohlelo lokuqasha i-Paperclip kwakunguHermann Becker-Freyseng kanye noKonrad Schaeffer, ababhali bocwaningo oluthi “Ukoma Nokoma Ezimeni Eziphuthumayo Olwandle.” Lolu cwaningo belwenzelwe ukuklama izindlela zokwelula ukusinda kwabashayeli bezindiza abawela emanzini. Kuze kube manje labososayensi ababili bacele uHeinrich Himmler “izifundo ezingamashumi amane ezinempilo ezivivinyayo” ezivela kunethiwekhi yenduna ye-SS yamakamu okuhlushwa, okuyimpikiswano kuphela phakathi kososayensi ukuthi ingabe izisulu zocwaningo kufanele kube amaJuda, amagypsies noma amaKhomanisi. Ukuhlola kwenzeka eDachau. Lezi ziboshwa, iningi lazo ezingamaJuda, zazinamanzi anosawoti aphoqelelwe emphinjeni ngamashubhu. Abanye babefakwe amanzi anosawoti ngqo emithanjeni yabo. Ingxenye yezifundo inikezwe umuthi obizwa ngokuthi i-berkatit, okwakufanele wenze amanzi anosawoti anambitheke kakhudlwana, nakuba bobabili ososayensi babesola ukuthi i-berkatit ngokwayo yayizoba nobuthi obubulalayo phakathi namasonto amabili. Babeqinisile. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa odokotela basebenzisa izinaliti ezinde ukuze bakhiphe izicubu zesibindi. Akunikezwanga i-anesthetic. Zonke izihloko zocwaningo zafa. Bobabili u-Becker-Freyseng kanye no-Schaeffer bathola izinkontileka zesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwe-Paperclip; USchaeffer wagcina eseTexas, lapho aqhubeka khona nocwaningo lwakhe “ngokoma nokukhipha usawoti emanzini anosawoti.”
U-Becker-Freyseng wanikwa umsebenzi wokuhlela i-US Air Force isitolo esikhulu socwaningo lwezindiza olwenziwa amaNazi akanye nawo. Ngalesi sikhathi wayeselandelwe umkhondo futhi waquliswa icala eNuremberg. Umsebenzi we-multivolume, onesihloko esithi German Aviation Medicine: World War II, wagcina ushicilelwe yi-US Air Force, uphelele nesingeniso esabhalwa u-Becker-Freyseng esitokisini sakhe sasejele laseNuremberg. Umsebenzi awuzange ukhulume ngezisulu ezingabantu zocwaningo, futhi wancoma ososayensi bamaNazi njengamadoda aqotho nahloniphekile “anabantu abakhululekile nabafundele” abasebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele yoMbuso Wesithathu.
Omunye wozakwabo abavelele kwakunguDkt. Sigmund Rascher, naye owabelwe eDachau. Ngo-1941 u-Rascher wazisa u-Himmler ngesidingo esibalulekile sokwenza izivivinyo eziphakeme kakhulu ezifundweni zabantu. U-Rascher, owakha ikamelo elikhethekile elinengcindezi ephansi phakathi nokubusa kwakhe eKaiser Wilhelm Institute, wacela imvume ku-Himmler yokufaka “izigebengu ezimbili noma ezintathu” esitokisini sakhe, inkulumo-ze yamaNazi kumaJuda, iziboshwa zempi zaseRussia namalungu. yokumelana nePoland ngaphansi komhlaba. U-Himmler wavuma ngokushesha futhi ukuhlola kuka-Rascher kwaqhubeka phakathi nenyanga.
Izisulu zika-Rascher zazikhiyelwe ngaphakathi kwegumbi lakhe elinengcindezi ephansi, elingisa ukuphakama okungafika kumafithi angu-68,000. Ezingu-XNUMX izingulube zabantu zishonile ngemuva kokugcinwa ngaphakathi isigamu sehora zingenawo umoya-mpilo. Inqwaba yabanye bahudulwa bengazi lutho besuka ekamelweni futhi ngokushesha baminza emanzini e-ice. U-Rascher wasika ngokushesha amakhanda abo ukuze ahlole ukuthi mingaki imithambo yegazi ebuchosheni eqhume ngenxa ye-air embolism. U-Rascher uthwebule lezi zivivinyo kanye nokuhlolwa kwezidumbu, wathumela isithombe kanye namanothi akhe anobuhlakani ku-Himmler. U-Rascher wabhala: Babebaklebhula amakhanda nasebusweni ngezandla futhi baklabalase bezama ukukhulula izinsimbi zezindlebe zabo.” Amarekhodi ka-Rascher aqoqwe ama-ejenti wezobunhloli ase-US futhi alethwa kuButho Lomoya.
Izikhulu zezobunhloli zaseMelika zikubuke ngokudelela ukugxekwa kwabantu abafana noDrew Pearson. U-Bosquet Wev, inhloko ye-JOIA, wachitha isikhathi esidlule sososayensi samaNazi ngokuthi “imininingwane ye-picayune”; ukuqhubeka nokubalahla ngomsebenzi wabo kaHitler noHimmler kwakumane nje “ukushaya ihhashi elifile.” Edlala ngokwesaba kwaseMelika mayelana nezinhloso zikaStalin eYurophu, u-Wev waphikisa ngokuthi ukushiya ososayensi bamaNazi eJalimane “kuletha usongo olukhulu kakhulu lwezokuphepha kuleli zwe ukwedlula noma iyiphi inhlangano yamaNazi okungenzeka ukuthi babenayo noma iluphi uzwelo lwamaNazi okungenzeka basenalo.”
I-pragmatism efanayo yavezwa omunye wozakwabo be-Wev, uColonel Montie Cone, inhloko yophiko lokuxhashazwa kwe-G-2. “Ngokombono wezempi, sasazi ukuthi laba bantu bawusizo olukhulu kithi,” kusho uCone. "Cabanga nje lokho esinakho ocwaningweni lwabo - wonke amasathelayithi ethu, izindiza zezindiza, amarokhethi, cishe yonke enye into."
Abenzeli bezobunhloli baseMelika bangenelwe ngomsebenzi wabo kangangokuthi benza ubude obuyisimanga ukuvikela ababuthiwe kubaphenyi bobugebengu eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa wase-US. Esinye sezimo ezinyanyekayo kwakungesomcwaningi wezindiza wamaNazi u-Emil Salmon, owasiza ekuthungeleni ngomlilo isinagoge elaligcwele abesifazane nabantwana abangamaJuda. USalmon ukhoseliswe yizikhulu zaseMelika eWright Air Force Base e-Ohio ngemuva kokulahlwa yicala lobugebengu yinkantolo yaseJalimane.
AmaNazi kwakungebona bodwa ososayensi ababefunwa ama-intelligence agents aseMelika ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II. EJapane iButho Lezempi Lase-United States laqasha uDkt. Shiro Ishii, inhloko yophiko lwe-biowarfare yeButho Lombuso WaseJapane. UDkt. Ishii wayethumele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo namakhemikhali ngokumelene namasosha aseShayina kanye Namazwe Ahlangene, futhi wayephinde wasebenzisa isikhungo esikhulu sokucwaninga eManchuria, lapho enza khona ukuhlola kwezikhali ze-bio-izikhali eziboshweni zempi zaseShayina, zaseRussia naseMelika. U-Ishii uthelele iziboshwa nge-tetanus; wabanika utamatisi ofakwe i-typhoid; kwavela amazeze anezifo eziwumshayabhuqe; abesifazane abane-syphilis; futhi kwaqhuma amabhomu egciwane phezu kwenqwaba yama-POWs aboshelwe ezigxotsheni. Phakathi kwezinye izenzo zonya, amarekhodi ka-Ishii abonisa ukuthi wayevame ukwenza “izidumbu” zezisulu eziphila. Esivumelwaneni esakhiwe nguGeneral Douglas MacArthur, u-Ishii uphendule amakhasi angaphezu kuka-10,000 "ocwaningo lwakhe alutholile" eButhweni Lezempi laseMelika, wagwema ukushushiswa ngamacala empi futhi wamenywa ukuba azofundisa e-Ft. Detrick, isikhungo sokucwaninga ngezikhali zase-US Army eduze kwaseFrederick, eMaryland.
Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-Paperclip kwakukhona ukuncintisana okuqinile hhayi nje kuphela phakathi kwabalingani besikhathi sempi kodwa naphakathi kwezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene zase-US - njalo uhlobo lokulwa olunonya kakhulu. UCurtis LeMay wabona i-US Air Force yakhe entsha eyenziwe kabusha njengeqinisekile ukuthi izobangela ukushabalala kwebutho lasolwandle futhi wacabanga ukuthi le nqubo izosheshisa uma ekwazi ukuthola ososayensi nonjiniyela abaningi baseJalimane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iButho Lasemanzini Lase-US nalo lalikushisekela ngokufanayo ukucupha isilinganiso salo sezigebengu zempi. Omunye wamadoda okuqala athathwa umbutho wezempi wasolwandle kwakungusosayensi wamaNazi okuthiwa uTheordore Benzinger. UBenzinger wayenguchwepheshe wamanxeba enkundleni yempi, ubuhlakani abuzuza ngokuhlolwa kweziqhumane okwenziwa ezifundweni zabantu phakathi nezigaba eziwohlokayo zeMpi Yezwe II. UBenzinger wagcina enenkontileka kahulumeni enemali eningi esebenza njengomcwaningi esibhedlela i-Bethesda Naval Hospital eMaryland.
Ngokusebenzisa Umgomo Wawo Wobuchwepheshe e-Europe, ibutho lasolwandle nalo lalishisa izikhotha emgudwini wocwaningo lwamaNazi olusezingeni eliphezulu ngamasu okuphenya. Izikhulu zezobunhloli zeNavy ngokushesha zathola amaphepha okucwaninga amaNazi ngamaserum eqiniso, lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ekamu lokuhlushwa laseDachau nguDkt. Kurt Plotner. U-Plotner wayenikeze iziboshwa ezingamaJuda nezaseRussia imithamo ephezulu ye-mescalin futhi wayezibukele zibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-schizophrenic. Iziboshwa zaqala ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngenzondo yazo ngabathumbi bazo baseJalimane, futhi zenze izitatimende zokuvuma izono mayelana nokwakheka kwazo kwengqondo.
Izikhulu zezobunhloli zaseMelika zaba nentshisekelo yobuchwepheshe emibikweni kaDkt. Plotner. I-OSS, i-Naval Intelligence kanye nabasebenzi bezokuphepha ku-Manhattan Project kade benza uphenyo lwabo ngalokho okwakwaziwa ngokuthi i-TD, noma “isidakamizwa seqiniso.” Njengoba kuzokhumbuleka encazelweni eseSahlukweni 5 sesikhulu se-OSS uGeorge Hunter White esebenzisa iTHC ku-Mafioso Augusto Del Gracio, bebekade behlola ama-TD kusukela ngo-1942. Ezinye zezifundo zokuqala kwakungabantu abasebenza kuphrojekthi yeManhattan. Imithamo ye-THC yanikezwa okuhlosiwe ngaphakathi kwe-Manhattan Project ngezindlela ezihlukene, ngesixazululo esiwuketshezi se-THC sijova ekudleni naseziphuzweni, noma sigcwaliswe esicutshini sephepha. "I-TD ibonakala ikhulula yonke imingcele futhi ibulala izindawo zobuchopho ezilawula ukuqonda komuntu ngamunye" ithimba lezokuphepha laseManhattan labika ngenjabulo kumemo yangaphakathi. "Igcizelela izinzwa futhi iveze noma yiziphi izici eziqinile zomuntu."
Kodwa kwaba khona inkinga. Imithamo ye-THC yenza izihloko zamangala futhi abaphenyi abakwazanga ukuthola ososayensi ukuthi baveze noma yiluphi ulwazi, ngisho nokugxila okwengeziwe komuthi.
Ukufunda imibiko kaDkt. Plotner izikhulu ze-US Naval Intelligence zithole ukuthi wasebenzisa i-mescalin ngempumelelo ethile njengesidakamizwa esiyenga inkulumo ngisho neqiniso, okwenza abaphenyi bakhiphe “ngisho nezimfihlo ezijulile endabeni lapho imibuzo ibuzwa ngobuhlakani.” U-Plotner uphinde wabika ngocwaningo lwamandla e-mescalin njenge-ejenti yokuguqulwa kokuziphatha noma ukulawula ingqondo.
Lolu lwazi beluthakaseleka ngokukhethekile ku-Boris Pash, omunye wabantu ababi kakhulu eqenjini labalingiswa be-CIA kulesi sigaba sokuqala. UPash wayengumfuduki waseRussia owaya e-United States owayedlule eminyakeni yoguquko lapho kuzalwa iSoviet Union. EMpini Yezwe II wagcina esebenzela i-OSS eqondisa ezokuphepha eManhattan Project, lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ayengamele uphenyo lukaRobert Oppenheimer futhi wayengumphenyi oyinhloko kasosayensi odumile we-athomu ngesikhathi lo wakamuva esolwa ngokusiza ukuputshuka kwezimfihlo. eSoviet Union.
Esikhundleni sakhe njengenhloko yezokuphepha uPash wayeqondise isikhulu se-OSS uGeorge Hunter White ekusebenziseni iTHC kososayensi beManhattan Project. Ngo-1944 uPash waqokwa uDonovan ukuthi ahole lokho okwakubizwa nge-Alsos Mission, eklanyelwe ukucosha ososayensi baseJalimane ababebambe iqhaza ocwaningweni lwezikhali ze-athomu, zamakhemikhali kanye nezebhayoloji. UPash wakha isitolo emzini womngane wakudala wangaphambi kwempi, uDkt. Eugene von Haagen, uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseStrasburg, lapho ososayensi abaningi bamaNazi babekade bengamalungu othisha. UPash wayehlangane no-von Haagen ngesikhathi udokotela ephumule eNyuvesi yaseRockefeller eNew York, ecwaninga ngamagciwane asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngenkathi u-von Haagen ebuyela eJalimane ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930 yena no-Kurt Blome baba izinhloko ezihlangene zophiko lwezikhali zebhayoloji zamaNazi. UVon Haagen wachitha ingxenye enkulu yempi ethelela iziboshwa ezingamaJuda ekamu lokuhlushwa laseNatzweiler ngezifo ezihlanganisa nomkhuhlane obonakalayo. Engaphazanyiswa imisebenzi yempi yomngane wakhe wakudala, uPash ngokushesha wafaka u-von Haagen ohlelweni lwe-Paperclip, lapho asebenzela khona uhulumeni wase-US iminyaka emihlanu ehlinzeka ngochwepheshe ocwaningweni lwezikhali zamagciwane.
UVon Haagen waxhumanisa uPash nozakwabo wangaphambili uBlome, naye owafakwa ngokushesha ohlelweni lwePaperclip. Kube khona i-hiatus engalungile ngesikhathi u-Blome eboshwa futhi equliswa amacala e-Nuremberg empi yezokwelashwa, okuhlanganisa nokuthelela ngamabomu amakhulu eziboshwa ezingaphansi komhlaba zasePoland nge-TB kanye ne-bubonic plague. Kodwa ngenhlanhla indoda yesayensi yamaNazi, i-US Army Intelligence kanye ne-OSS bagodle amadokhumenti ababewatholile ngokuphenywa kwabo. Ubufakazi abuzange bubonise kuphela icala lika-Blome kodwa futhi nendima yakhe yokuqondisa ekwakheni ilebhu yaseJalimane ye-CBW ukuhlola izikhali zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji ezizosetshenziswa kumasosha Ahlangene. Wehla uBlome.
Ngo-1954, ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili ekhululwe uBlome, izikhulu zezobunhloli zase-US zaya eJalimane ukuyoxoxa naye. Encwadini ayibhalela abaphathi bakhe, u-HW Batchelor wachaza injongo yalolu hambo: “Sinabangane eJalimane, abangani besayensi, futhi leli yithuba lokujabulela ukuhlangana nabo ukuze sixoxe ngezinkinga zethu ezihlukahlukene.” Kuseshini u-Blome wanika u-Batchelor uhlu lwabacwaningi bezikhali zebhayoloji ababemsebenzela phakathi nempi futhi waxoxa ngezindlela ezintsha ezithembisayo zocwaningo ngezikhali ezibhubhisayo. Ngokushesha u-Blome wasayinwa kwinkontileka entsha ye-Paperclip ka-$6,000 ngonyaka futhi wandizela e-United States, lapho aqala khona umsebenzi wakhe eCamp King, isikhungo samasosha ngaphandle kwaseWashington, DC Ngo-1951 u-von Haagen wathathwa yiziphathimandla zaseFrance. Naphezu kwemizamo engakhathali yabavikeli bakhe kwezobunhloli baseMelika, udokotela walahlwa amacala empi futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engamashumi amabili ejele.
Kusukela esabelweni se-Paperclip, u-Pash, manje ose-CIA esanda kuzalwa, uqhubekile waba inhloko Yegatsha Lohlelo/7, lapho intshisekelo yakhe eqhubekayo kumasu okuphenya yanikezwa umsebenzi owanele. Umgomo we-Program Branch/7, owavela kuphela ekuqulweni kwecala likaSenator Frank Church ngo-1976, wawunesibopho sokuthumba, ukuphenywa ngemibuzo kanye nokubulawa kwabantu okusolwa ukuthi yi-CIA kabili. U-Pash wahlola umsebenzi wodokotela bamaNazi e-Dachau ukuze uthole umkhondo owusizo ezindleleni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokukhipha ulwazi, okuhlanganisa izidakamizwa ezikhuthaza inkulumo, ukushaqeka kwe-electro-shock, i-hypnosis kanye nokuhlinzwa kwengqondo. Ngesikhathi uPash ekhuphuka e-PB/7 i-CIA yaqala ukuthela imali ku-Project Bluebird, umzamo wokuphindaphinda nokwandisa ucwaningo lwe-Dachau. Kodwa esikhundleni se-mescalin i-CIA yaphendukela ku-LSD, eyakhiwe ngusokhemisi waseSwitzerland u-Albert Hoffman.
Uhlolo lokuqala lwe-CIA Bluebird lwe-LSD lwenziwa ezifundweni eziyishumi nambili, iningi lazo ezazimnyama, futhi, njengoba i-CIA isazi-emulators-emulators wodokotela bamaNazi eDachau yaphawula, "engaphakeme kakhulu." Laba bafundi batshelwe ukuthi banikezwa umuthi omusha. Ngokusho kwe-CIA Bluebird memo, odokotela be-CIA, bazi kahle ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-LSD kubangele i-schizophrenia, kwabaqinisekisa ukuthi "akukho lutho olunzima" noma oluyingozi oluzokwenzeka kubo. Odokotela be-CIA banikeze ama-micrograms angu-150 we-LSD ayishumi nambili base bewahlohla imibuzo enonya.
Ngemva kokuqulwa kwalolu vivinyo, i-CIA kanye neButho Lezempi LaseMelika baqala ukuhlola kabanzi e-Edgewood Chemical Arsenal eMaryland kusukela ngo-1949 futhi kwaqhubeka phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo. Amasosha angaphezu kuka-7,000 ase-US ayeyizinto ezingaziwa zalokhu kuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Amadoda azoyalwa ukuthi agibele imijikelezo yokuzivocavoca ephethe imaski yomoya-mpilo ebusweni bawo, lapho kwakufafazwe khona izinhlobonhlobo zezidakamizwa ze-hallucinogenic, okuhlanganisa i-LSD, i-mescalin, i-BZ (i-hallucinogen) ne-SNA (sernyl, isihlobo se-PCP, eyaziwa ngenye indlela umgwaqo njengothuli lwengelosi). Enye yezinhloso zalolu cwaningo kwakuwukwenza isimo se-amnesia ephelele. Lo mgomo wafinyelelwa ezifundweni eziningana. Amasosha angaphezu kwenkulungwane abhalise kulolu cwaningo avele enezinkinga ezinkulu ezingokwengqondo kanye nesifo sokuwa: inqwaba yazama ukuzibulala.
Omunye wabanjalo kwakunguLloyd Gamble, indoda emnyama eyayingene ebuthweni lezindiza. Ngo-1957 uGamble wayengeka ukuba abambe iqhaza ohlelweni loMnyango Wezokuvikela/lwe-CIA lokuhlola izidakamizwa. UGamble waholelwa ukuthi akholwe ukuthi wayehlola izingubo zamasosha. Njengomgqugquzeli wokubamba iqhaza ohlelweni wanikezwa ikhefu elinwetshiwe, izindawo zokuhlala ezizimele kanye nokuvakashelwa njalo. Kwaphela amasonto amathathu uGamble egqoka futhi ekhumula izinhlobo ezahlukene zeyunifomu futhi usuku ngalunye phakathi nemizamo enjalo, ngokwenkumbulo yakhe, wayenikezwa izingilazi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu zoketshezi olufana namanzi, empeleni okwakuyi-LSD. UGamble wabhekana nemibono ebuhlungu futhi wazama ukuzibulala. Wathola iqiniso eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye kamuva lapho izigcawu zeBandla ziveza ukuba khona kwalolu hlelo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi uMnyango Wezokuvikela wakuphika ukuthi uGamble wayehileleke, futhi ukufihlwa kwabhidlika kuphela lapho kuvela isithombe esidala sobudlelwane bomphakathi soMnyango Wezokuvikela, ngokuziqhenya sinoGamble nabanye abayishumi nambili “njengabavolontiya ohlelweni olwalubaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke. .”
Izibonelo ezimbalwa zokulungela kwezikhungo zezobunhloli zase-US ukuhlola izifundo ezingaziwa zicace kakhulu kunokungena kwesikhungo sezokuphepha sikazwelonke ocwaningweni ngemiphumela yokuchayeka emisebeni. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene zokuhlola. Enye yayihilela izinkulungwane zamasosha aseMelika kanye nezakhamuzi ezachayeka ngokuqondile ekuphumeni kwemisebe ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwenuzi yase-US e-American Southwest naseNingizimu Pacific. Abaningi baye bezwa ngamadoda amnyama ayeyizisulu zocwaningo lwe-syphilis oluxhaswe nguhulumeni iminyaka engamashumi amane lapho ezinye izisulu zanikezwa ama-placebo ukuze odokotela bakwazi ukuqapha ukuqhubeka kwalesi sifo. Endabeni yamaMarshall Islanders, ososayensi base-US baqale baklama ukuhlolwa kwe-H - amandla aphindwe kayinkulungwane amandla ebhomu laseHiroshima - base behluleka ukuxwayisa izakhamuzi ze-atoll eseduze yaseRongelap ngezingozi zemisebe bese, ngokunembile. ukulingana kososayensi bamaNazi (akumangazi, njengoba omakadebona bamaNazi ovivinyo lwemisebe yaseJalimane abahlengwe isikhulu se-CIA u-Boris Pash manje base beseqenjini lase-US), babona ukuthi baphumelela kanjani.
Ekuqaleni izakhamuzi zaseMarshall Island zazivunyelwe ukuhlala endaweni yazo izinsuku ezimbili, zichayeke emisebeni. Base bekhishwa. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva uDkt. G. Faill, usihlalo wekomiti yeKhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezokwelapha, wacela ukuba abantu baseRongelap Islander babuyiselwe endaweni yabo “ukuze kuhlolwe ufuzo oluwusizo lwemiphumela kulaba bantu.” Isicelo sakhe samukelwa. Ngo-1953 i-Central Intelligence Agency kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela basayina isiyalelo esenza uhulumeni wase-US ukuba ahambisane nekhodi yaseNuremberg yocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Kodwa lowo myalelo wahlukaniswa njengoyimfihlo ephezulu, futhi ubukhona bawo bagcinwa buyimfihlo kubacwaningi, izifundo kanye nabenzi benqubomgomo iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili. Le nqubomgomo yafingqwa kafushane nguColonel OG Haywood weKhomishana Yamandla E-Athomu, owabhala ngokusemthethweni umyalelo wakhe ngale ndlela: “Kufiswa ukuthi kungabikho mbhalo okhululiwe okhuluma ngokuhlolwa kwabantu. Lokhu kungase kube nemiphumela engemihle emphakathini noma kuphumele ezinkantolo. Amadokhumenti ahlanganisa umsebenzi onjalo kufanele achazwe njengemfihlo.”
Phakathi kwaleyo misebenzi yasensimini echazwa ngokuthi iyimfihlo kwakukhona izivivinyo ezinhlanu ezehlukene ezenganyelwe yi-CIA, Ikhomishini Yamandla E-Atomic kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela okubandakanya ukujova i-plutonium okungenani kubantu abayishumi nesishiyagalombili, ikakhulukazi abamnyama nabampofu, ngaphandle kwemvume enolwazi. Kube nokukhishwa ngamabomu okuyishumi nantathu kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe emadolobheni ase-US naseCanada phakathi kuka-1948 no-1952 ukuze kufundwe amaphethini okuwa kanye nokubola kwezinhlayiya ezinomsakazo. Kube nenqwaba yocwaningo oluxhaswe ngezimali yi-CIA kanye neKhomishini Yamandla E-Atomic, evamise ukuqhutshwa ososayensi e-UC Berkeley, eNyuvesi yaseChicago, eVanderbilt naseMIT, eveze abantu abangaphezu kuka-2,000 abangazi kumascan emisebe.
Indaba ka-Elmer Allen ijwayelekile. Ngo-1947 lesi sisebenzi sikaloliwe esimnyama esineminyaka engu-36 ubudala saya esibhedlela saseChicago sinezinhlungu emilenzeni. Odokotela bahlonze ukuthi ukugula kwakhe kubangelwa umdlavuza wamathambo. Bajova umlenze wakhe wesobunxele ngemithamo emikhulu ye-plutonium ezinsukwini ezimbili ezalandela. Ngosuku lwesithathu, odokotela bamnqamula umlenze bawuthumela kudokotela we-Atomic Energy Commission ukuze enze ucwaningo ngokuthi i-plutonium yahlakazeka kanjani esicucu. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nesithupha kamuva, ngo-1973, babuyisela u-Allen e-Argonne National Laboratory ngaphandle kwaseChicago, lapho bamnikeza khona ukuskena okugcwele kwemisebe yomzimba, base bethatha amasampula omchamo, indle negazi ukuze bahlole izinsalela ze-plutonium emzimbeni wakhe kusukela ngo-1947. ukuhlola.
Ngo-1994 uPatricia Durbin, owayesebenza e-Lawrence Livermore lab ekuhloleni i-plutonium, wakhumbula, “Sasihlale sibheke umuntu onesifo esithile esibulalayo owayezonqunywa isitho. Lezi zinto zazingenzelwanga ukuhlupha abantu noma ukubenza bagule noma babaphathe kabi. Babengenzelwanga ukubulala abantu. Zenzelwe ukuthola ulwazi olungase lube wusizo. Iqiniso lokuthi ajovwe futhi ahlinzeka ngale datha ebalulekile kufanele cishe kube uhlobo lwesikhumbuzo kunokuba kube into ongaba namahloni ngayo. Akungikhathazi ukukhuluma ngemijovo ye-plutonium ngenxa yokubaluleka kolwazi abalunikezayo.” Inkinga kuphela ngale akhawunti enenkungu ukuthi u-Elmer Allen ubonakala engenalutho olubi kakhulu lapho eya esibhedlela enezinhlungu zomlenze futhi akazange atshelwe ngocwaningo olwenziwa emzimbeni wakhe.
Ngo-1949 abazali babafana abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo eSikoleni saseFernold eMassachusetts bacelwa ukuba banikeze imvume yokuba izingane zabo zijoyine “iqembu lesayensi” lesikole. Labo bafana abajoyine le kilabhu babeyizinto ezingaqondile zokuhlolwa lapho i-Atomic Energy Commission ngokubambisana nenkampani yakwaQuaker Oats yabanikeza i-oatmeal enemisebe. Abacwaningi bebefuna ukubona ukuthi ingabe izinto ezigcina amakhemikhali okusanhlamvu ziyawuvimbela yini umzimba ekumunceni amavithamini namaminerali, ngezinto ezikhipha imisebe ezisebenza njengama-tracer. Babefuna nokuhlola imiphumela yezinto ezikhipha imisebe ezinganeni.
Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zamaNazi, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okucashile kukahulumeni wase-US kwafuna abantu abasengozini kakhulu nabathunjwa bezifundo: abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, abagulela ukufa, futhi, ngokungamangalisi, iziboshwa. Ngo-1963 iziboshwa ezingu-133 e-Oregon naseWashington zazinezikhwebu namasende evezwe kuma-roentgens angu-600 emisebe. Esinye sezifundo kwakunguHarold Bibeau. Kulezi zinsuku ungumdwebi oneminyaka engu-55 ubudala ohlala eTroutdale, e-Oregon. Kusukela ngo-1994 u-Bibeau ubelwa impi yomuntu oyedwa noMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, uMnyango Wezokulungiswa Kwezimilo, i-Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs kanye ne-Oregon Health Sciences University. Ngenxa yokuthi uyi-ex-Con akakaze, kuze kube manje, athole ukwaneliseka okukhulu.
Ngo-1963 uBibeau walahlwa yicala lokubulala indoda eyayizame ukumnukubeza ngokobulili. U-Bibeau uthole iminyaka eyishumi nambili ngokubulala ngokuzithandela. Esejele esinye isiboshwa samtshela ngendlela angase akhiphe ngayo isigwebo sakhe futhi enze imadlana. U-Bibeau angakwenza lokhu ngokujoyina iphrojekthi yocwaningo lwezokwelapha okuthiwa iphethwe i-Oregon Health Sciences University, isikole sezokwelapha sikahulumeni. UBibeau uthi nakuba asayina isivumelwano sokuba yingxenye yocwaningo, akazange atshelwe ukuthi kungase kube nemiphumela eyingozi empilweni yakhe. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Bibeau nezinye iziboshwa (konke okushiwo, iziboshwa eziyi-133 e-Oregon naseWashington) kubonakale kulimaza ngokwedlulele.
Ucwaningo lwaluhilela ucwaningo lwemiphumela yemisebe esidodeni somuntu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamaseli e-gonadal.
U-Bibeau nozakwabo bathelwa ngemisebe engu-650. Lokhu umthamo omkhulu kakhulu. I-X-ray yesifuba esisodwa namuhla ihlanganisa cishe i-1 rad. Kodwa kwakungekona konke lokhu. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela ejele uBibeau uthi wajovwa imijovo eminingi yezinye izidakamizwa, okungokwemvelo ayengayazi. Wayenama-biopsies nokunye ukuhlinzwa. Uthi ngemuva kokuphuma ejele akazange aphinde athintwe ukuze amqaphe.
Izivivinyo ze-Oregon zenzelwe Ikhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic, ne-CIA njengesikhungo esisebenzisanayo. Owayephethe izivivinyo zase-Oregon kwakunguDkt. Carl Heller. Kodwa amaX-ray angempela eBibeau nezinye iziboshwa ayenziwa abantu abangafanelekile ngokuphelele, abasesimweni sezinye iziboshwa. U-Bibeau akazange athole isikhathi sokuphumula futhi wayekhokhelwa u-$5 ngenyanga kanye no-$25 nge-biopsy ngayinye eyenziwa emasendeni akhe. Iziboshwa eziningi ocwaningweni lwamajele esifunda sase-Oregon naseWashington zanikezwa i-vasectomi noma zathenwa ngokuhlinzwa. Udokotela owahlinza iziboshwa watshela iziboshwa ukuthi ukuvala inzalo kwakudingekile ukuze “kugwenywe ukungcolisa umphakathi jikelele ngezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibangelwa imisebe.”
Evikela izivivinyo zokuvala inzalo, uDkt. Victor Bond, udokotela welebhu yenuzi yase-Brookhaven, uthe, “Kuwusizo ukwazi ukuthi isiphi isilinganiso semisebe esibulala amagciwane. Kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi imithamo ehlukene yemisebe izokwenziwani kubantu.” Omunye wozakwabo bakaBond, uDkt. Joseph Hamilton wase-University of California Medical School eSan Francisco, washo ngobuqotho ukuthi ukuhlola ngemisebe (ayesize ekuqondiseni) “kwakuthinta kancane iBuchenwald.”
Kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-1971 uDkt. Eugene Sanger kanye nozakwabo eNyuvesi yaseCincinnati benza “izivivinyo zemisebe yomzimba wonke” ezifundweni ezingama-88 ezazimnyama, zimpofu futhi ziphethwe umdlavuza nezinye izifo. Izifundo zivezwe kumaradi angu-100 emisebe - okulingana nama-X-ray esifuba angu-7,500. Ukuhlola kuvame ukubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu, ukuhlanza nokopha emakhaleni nasezindlebeni. Kwafa bonke ngaphandle kwesiguli esisodwa. Maphakathi nawo-1970 ikomiti likakhongolose lathola ukuthi u-Sanger wayezenzele amafomu emvume yalokhu kuhlola.
Phakathi kuka-1946 no-1963 amasosha angaphezu kuka-200,000 ase-US aphoqeleka ukuthi abheke, endaweni eyingozi kakhulu, ukuhlolwa kwebhomu lenuzi lasemkhathini ePacific naseNevada. Omunye wabahlanganyeli abanjalo, ibutho lezempi laseMelika elizimele ogama lakhe linguJim O'Connor, wakhumbula ngo-1994, “Kwakunensizwa ebukeka njengendoda, ngokusobala eyayigaqa ngemva kwendlu engaphansi. Okuthile okufana nezintambo kwakuxhunywe ezingalweni zakhe, futhi ubuso bakhe bunegazi. Ngezwa iphunga elimnandi njengenyama eshisayo. Ikhamera ejikelezayo engangiyibonile izosondeza ukusondeza futhi umfana wayelokhu ezama ukusukuma.” U-O'Connor yena wabaleka endaweni yokuqhuma kodwa wathathwa ngababehamba nge-Atomic Energy Commission futhi wanikezwa izivivinyo ezinde ukukala ukuchayeka kwakhe. U-O'Connor uthe ngo-1994 ukuthi selokhu ahlolwa ube nezinkinga eziningi zempilo.
Phezulu esifundazweni saseWashington, endaweni yokugcinwa kwezikhali zenuzi eHanford, iKhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic yahlanganyela ekukhululweni ngamabomu okukhulu kwamakhemikhali akhipha imisebe kuze kube manje ngo-December 1949. Ukuhlola akuzange kuhilele ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi kodwa ukukhishwa kwezinkulungwane zemithi yokwelapha ngemisebe. i-iodine emgqeni owanwebeka amakhulu wamakhilomitha eningizimu nasentshonalanga kuze kufike e-Seattle, e-Portland nasemngceleni we-California-Oregon, ikhipha imisebe engamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Kuze kube manje ukuthi baxwayiswe ngalesi sivivinyo ngaleso sikhathi, izakhamuzi zafunda ngakho ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, nakuba kwakunezinsolo eziqhubekayo ngenxa yamaqoqo omdlavuza wegilo okwenzeka phakathi kwemiphakathi.
Ngo-1997 iNational Cancer Institute yathola ukuthi izigidi zezingane zaseMelika ziye zachayeka emazingeni aphezulu e-iodine enemisebe eyaziwa ngokubangela umdlavuza wegilo. Okuningi kwalokhu kuchayeka kwakungenxa yokuphuza ubisi olungcoliswe ukuvela kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okwenziwa ngaphezu komhlabathi phakathi kuka-1951 no-1962. Lesi sikhungo silinganisela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi lokhu kwakuyimisebe eyanele ukuthi ibangele umdlavuza wegilo oyizi-50,000. Ingqikithi yokukhishwa kwemisebe yalinganiselwa ukuthi inkulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kunaleyo eyakhishwa ukuqhuma kwe-reactor yaseSoviet Chernobyl ngo-1986.
Ikhomishana kamongameli ngo-1995 yaqala ukubheka ucwaningo lwemisebe kubantu futhi yacela i-CIA ukuthi iguqule wonke amarekhodi ayo. I-Ejensi iphendule ngesimangalo esiqinile sokuthi "yayingenawo amarekhodi noma olunye ulwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa okunjalo." Esinye sezizathu okungenzeka ukuthi i-CIA yazizwa izethemba kulokhu kubhidlizwa kwamatshe okubuhlungu ukuthi ngo-1973, umqondisi weCIA uRichard Helms wasebenzisa izikhathi zokugcina ngaphambi kokuba athathe umhlalaphansi ukuyala ukuthi kubhujiswe wonke amarekhodi okuhlolwa kweCIA kubantu. Umbiko wango-1963 ovela ku-Inspector General we-CIA ukhombisa ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule i-Ejensi ibizibandakanyile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali, izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-radiological ezikwazi ukuqashwa emisebenzini yomshoshaphansi ukulawula ukuziphatha komuntu. Umbiko we-1963 waqhubeka wathi umqondisi we-CIA u-Allen Dulles ugunyaze izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlola komuntu "njengezindlela zokulawula ukuziphatha komuntu" okuhlanganisa "imisebe, i-electroshock, imikhakha ehlukene yengqondo, isayensi yezenhlalo kanye ne-anthropology, i-graphology, izifundo zokuhlukumeza kanye ne-paramilitary. amathuluzi nezinto zokwakha.”
Umbiko kaMhloli Jikelele wavela ezigcawini zekhongolose ngo-1975 ngendlela ehlelwe kahle kakhulu. Isahlukaniswa kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngo-1976 i-CIA yatshela ikomiti leSonto ukuthi yayingakaze isebenzise imisebe. Kodwa lesi simangalo sancipha ngo-1991 ngesikhathi kuvubukulwa imibhalo ye-Ejensi
Uhlelo lwe-ARTICHOKE. Isifinyezo se-CIA se-ARTICHOKE sithi “ngaphezu kokuluthwa ingqondo, ucwaningo lwamakhemikhali nolwengqondo, le mikhakha elandelayo iye yahlolisiswa ...
Ikhomishana kamongameli yango-1994, eyasungulwa unobhala woMnyango Wezamandla u-Hazel O'Leary, yalandela lo mkhondo wobufakazi futhi yafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi i-CIA yahlola imisebe njengethuba lokuzivikela nokuhlukumeza ukusetshenziswa kobuchopho nezinye izindlela zokuphenya. Umbiko wokugcina wekhomishana ucaphuna amarekhodi e-CIA akhombisa ukuthi i-Ejensi yaxhasa ngasese ukwakhiwa kophiko lweSibhedlela saseGeorgetown University ngeminyaka yawo-1950. Lokhu kwakuzoba indawo yocwaningo oluxhaswe yi-CIA ngezinhlelo zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji. Imali ye-CIA yalokhu idlulele kuDkt. Charles F. Geschickter, obephethe i-Geschickter Fund for Medical Research. Udokotela wayengumcwaningi womdlavuza waseGeorgetown owenza igama lakhe ehlola imithamo ephezulu yemisebe. Ngo-1977 uDkt. Geschickter wafakaza ukuthi i-CIA yamkhokhela ilebhu yakhe ye-isotope yomsakazo kanye nemishini futhi yaluqapha ngokucophelela ucwaningo lwakhe.
I-CIA yayingumdlali omkhulu ochungechungeni lonke lwamaphaneli kahulumeni wezinhlangano ezihlangene ekuhloleni abantu. Isibonelo, izikhulu ezintathu ze-CIA zisebenze ekomitini loMnyango Wezokuvikela mayelana nesayensi yezokwelapha futhi lezi zikhulu ezifanayo nazo zazingamalungu abalulekile kuphaneli ehlanganyelwe ezicini zezokwelapha zempi ye-athomu. Leli yikomiti likahulumeni elahlela, laxhasa ngezimali futhi labuyekeza izivivinyo eziningi zokukhishwa kwemisebe yabantu, okuhlanganisa nokubekwa kwamasosha ase-US eduze nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi okwenziwa ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kanye nawo-1950.
I-CIA iphinde yaba yingxenye yenhlangano yezobunhloli bezempilo yamasosha ahlomile, eyasungulwa ngo-1948, lapho i-Ejensi yabekwa khona ukuphatha "ubuhlakani bangaphandle, be-athomu, bebhayoloji kanye namakhemikhali, ngokombono wesayensi yezokwelapha. Phakathi kwezahluko ezixaka kakhulu kulo mkhankaso kwaba ukuthunyelwa kwethimba lama-ejenti ukuze lihlanganyele ohlotsheni lokuhlwitha umzimba, njengoba lalizama ukuqoqa amasampula ezicubu namathambo ezidumbu ukuze linqume amazinga okuwa ngemva kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ukuze benze lokhu basika izicubu emizimbeni engaba ngu-1,500 - ngaphandle kolwazi noma imvume yezihlobo zomufi. Obunye ubufakazi bendima eyinhloko ye-Ejensi kwaba yingxenye yayo ehamba phambili ku-Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, indawo yokuhlanza ezobunhloli ezinhlelweni zenuzi zangaphandle. I-CIA ingusihlalo weKomidi lezobuNhloli beSayensi kanye nengxenye yalo, iJoint Medical Science Intelligence Committee. Zombili lezi zindikimba zahlela ucwaningo lwemisebe kanye nokuhlola komuntu loMnyango Wezokuvikela.
Lokhu kwakungeyona neze ingxenye egcwele yendima yeSikhungo ekuhloleni abantu abaphilayo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ngo-1973 uRichard Helms wawuyeka ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi onjalo we-Ejensi futhi wayala ukuba kucekelwe phansi wonke amarekhodi, ethi wayengafuni “bajabhe” ababekanye neNhlangano emsebenzini onjalo. Kwaphela kanjalo-ke ngokusemthethweni ukwelulwa kweNhlangano Yezobunhloli Emaphakathi yase-US yemisebenzi “yososayensi” abanjengamaNazi njengoBecker-Freyseng noBlome.
Imithombo
Indaba yokuqashwa kososayensi bamaNazi nochwepheshe bezimpi yiPentagon kanye neCentral Intelligence Agency ixoxwa ezincwadini ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu kodwa ezinganakwa ngokungafanele: Izincwadi zikaTom Bower. I-Paperclip Conspiracy: Ukuzingela Ososayensi BamaNazi kanye noLinda Hunt I-Secret Agenda. Ukubika kukaHunt, ikakhulukazi, izinga lokuqala. Esebenzisa uMthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi, uvule izinkulungwane zamakhasi emibhalo evela ePentagon, uMnyango Wezwe kanye ne-CIA okufanele igcine abacwaningi bematasa iminyaka ezayo. Umlando wokuhlolwa kodokotela bamaNazi uvela kakhulu emlandweni wecala lamacala ezokwelapha enkantolo yaseNuremberg, u-Alexander Mitscherlich kanye noFred Mielke. Odokotela Bokungadumi, kanye ne-akhawunti esabekayo kaRobert Proctor ku Inhlanzeko Yobuhlanga. Ucwaningo lukahulumeni wase-US ngempi yebhayoloji lubhalwe ngendlela encomekayo encwadini kaJeanne McDermott, Imimoya Ebulalayo.
I-akhawunti engcono kakhulu yeqhaza likahulumeni wase-US ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthumeleni ama-ejenti zempi yamakhemikhali ihlala iyincwadi kaSeymour Hersh. Impi Yekhemikhali Nebhayoloji kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Emzamweni wokulandelela imbangela ye-Gulf War Syndrome, uSenator Jay Rockefeller ubambe uchungechunge lwezingxoxo ezimangalisayo mayelana nokuhlolwa kwabantu okwenziwe nguhulumeni wase-US. Irekhodi lokulalelwa linikeze ulwazi oluningi lwezigaba zalesi sahluko eziphathelene nokuhlolwa okungaqondile kwezakhamizi zase-US yi-CIA kanye neButho Lase-US. Ulwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemisebe yabantu yiKhomishini Yamandla E-Atomic kanye nezinhlaka ezibambisanayo (kuhlanganise ne-CIA) luvela kakhulu ezifundweni ezimbalwa ze-GAO, embikweni omkhulu owahlanganiswa uMnyango Wezamandla ngo-1994 kanye nasezingxoxweni zombhali nezisulu ezine ze-plutonium ukuhlolwa kokuvala inzalo.
Le ndaba ithathwe esahlukweni esithi Whiteout: the CIA, Drugs and the Press.
