NguTomohiro Osaki, Agasti 3, 2020
Kusukela I-Japan Times
Ukuqubuka kwamuva nje kwe-coronavirus yenoveli ezindaweni ezisezempi zase-US e-Okinawa kusenze saqonda kabusha lokho abaningi abakubheka njengamalungelo angaphezulu kwamazwe athokozelwa yizisebenzi zaseMelika ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA).
Ngaphansi kohlaka, amalungu amabutho ahlomile aseMelika anikezwa imali ekhethekile evela “kumaphasiphothi waseJapan nemithetho nemigomo yama-visa,” okuwanikeza ithuba lokundiza ngqo ezisekelweni futhi kugwemeke umbuso onamandla wokuhlola igciwane oqondiswa ngabaphethe ezezikhumulweni zezindiza.
Ukungavikeleki kwabo ekunakekelweni kwabokufika kuyisikhumbuzo sakamuva sokuthi abasebenzi be-SOFA banjani bonke kodwa “bangaphezu komthetho” eJapan, bephawula izinkomba zezimo ezifanayo phambilini lapho uhlaka lwamazwe amabili lumi ngendlela yemizamo yeziphathimandla zikazwelonke zokuphenya, kanye ukuphishekela amandla ngaphezulu, ubugebengu nezingozi ezibandakanya izinsiza zaseMelika - ikakhulukazi e-Okinawa.
Iqoqo lase-Okinawa liphinde lakhombisa futhi ukuthi igunya leJapan njengezwe elibusayo lincane kangakanani kunabanye kontanga yalo eYurophu nase-Asia ngokufanayo elamukela amasosha ase-US, ebusa izingcingo e-Okinawa ngokubuyekezwa kohlaka.
Umlando Thorny
Sisayinwe sivumelana neSivumelwano Sokuphepha Esibukeziwe se-US-Japan ngo-1960, isivumelwano esimbili siveza amalungelo namalungelo amalungelo amalungu e-US anikezwe wona eJapan.
Isivumelwano siyisidingo esingenakugwenywa sokusingathwa kweJapan empini yase-US, lapho izwe elinethembayo lincike kakhulu njengento evimbayo.
Kepha imigomo esekwe phezu kwayo uhlaka ngokuvamile ibonwa njengengathandeki eJapan, iphakamisa ukungabaza ngobukhosi.
Ngaphandle kokudlula mahhala kokufuduka, inika amandla okuphathwa okuphathelene okukhethekile kwe-US ezisekelweni zayo nasemaphethweni egunya laseJapan ophenyweni lobugebengu kanye nezinqubo zokwahlulela lapho izisebenzi zase-US zibandakanyeka khona. Kukhona nokukhululwa emithethweni yezindiza yaseJapan, okuvumela i-US ukuthi yenze ukuqeqeshwa kwendiza ezindaweni eziphansi okuvame ukudala izikhalazo ngomsindo.
Okunye ukwenziwa ngcono kwenziwe ngendlela yemihlahlandlela nezivumelwano ezenezelelweyo eminyakeni edlule, kepha uhlaka ngokwalo luhlala lungakashintshwa kusukela lasungulwa ngo-1960.
Ukungalingani okukhona okuhambisana nokwepodi kuqale phansi njalo, kucatshangelwa kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kwenzeka isigameko esivelele, okwenza kucelwe ukuthi kubuyekezwe - ikakhulukazi e-Okinawa.
Njengomkhosi omkhulu wezwe lonke lezempi lase-US, u-Okinawa ubuye waba nomlando wobulelesi obukhulu bokubulawa kwabantu, kubandakanya nokudlwengulwa kwabahlali bendawo, kanye nokushayisana kwezindiza nezinkinga zomsindo.
Ngokusho kwe-Okinawa Prefecture, amacala angama-6,029 enziwa ngamasosha aseMelika, izisebenzi zomphakathi kanye nemindeni phakathi konyaka we-1972 - ngenkathi u-Okinawa ebuyiselwa kulawulo lwaseJapan - nango-2019. Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, kube nezingozi eziwu-811 ezazibandakanye nezindiza zase-US, okubandakanya ukwehla kwezimoto nokuwela phansi izingxenye.
Izakhamizi eziseduzane neKadena Air Base neMarine Corps Air Station iFutenma esifundeni nazo ziphinde zamangalela lo hulumeni omkhulu zifuna ukulandela umthetho, futhi zilimaza, ukuqeqeshwa ngendiza kwamabili phakathi kwamasosha aseMelika.
Kepha mhlawumbe imbangela enkulu ye-célèbre ukuphahlazeka kwendiza yase-US Marine Corps Sea Stallion e-USA enkulisa ese-Okinawa International University.
Yize kwenzeke ingozi yempahla yaseJapan, amasosha aseMelika athatha izintambo futhi avele ngaphandle kwentambo avele endaweni yesehlakalo, enqaba ukuthi amaphoyisa ase-Okinawan kanye nabacimi bomlilo bangene ngaphakathi. Lesi sigameko sigqamise ukugqama kobukhosi phakathi kweJapan ne-US ngaphansi kwe-SOFA, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwaholela ekutheni laba bobabili basungule imihlahlandlela emisha yezindawo ezengozini ezingahle zibekhona.
Déjà vu?
Umbono wamasosha aseMelika njengendawo ebonakalayo engenakuvinjwa ngumthetho waseJapan uqinisiwe ngesikhathi sodlame lwenoveli lwe-coronavirus, lapho izisebenzi zakhona zikwazi ukungena kuzwelonke ngokuya ngezinqubo zazo zokugcina zodwa ezazingafakwanga ukuhlolwa okuphoqelekile.
Njengokwe-Article 9 yohlaka oluhlinzeka ukungathathi hlangothi kwabezempi emithethweni yamaphasiphothi kanye nama-visa, abaningi abavela e-US - indawo eshisayo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni jikelele - bebendiza ngqo ezisekelweni zomoya eJapan ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuphoqelelwa ezikhumulweni zezindiza zezentengiso.
Umbutho wamasosha ase-US ubeke abantu abangenayo endaweni yokuhlala yabantu eyizinsuku eziyi-14 eyaziwa ngokuthi ngumkhawulo wokuhamba (i-ROM). Kepha kuze kube muva nje ayikwazanga ukuthi kube nokuhlolwa kwe-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kubo bonke, kuhlolwe kuphela labo abakhombisa izimpawu ze-COVID-19, ngokusho kwesikhulu sasemazweni angaphandle esazise izintatheli ngesimo sokungaziwa.
Akugcinanga lapho kuze kube nguJulayi 24 lapho i-US Forces Japan (USFJ) yathatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokuhlolwa okuphoqelekile, imemezela ukuthi bonke abasebenzi abasezingeni le-SOFA - kufaka phakathi ezempi, izakhamuzi, imindeni nosonkontileka - bazophoqeleka ukuthi baphume ngo-COVID-19 isivivinyo ngaphambi kokukhululwa ku-ROM yensuku-14.
Abanye abasebenzi be-SOFA, noma kunjalo, bafika ngendiza yezentengiselwano. Labo bantu bake bangenelwa izivivinyo ezikhumulweni zezindiza njengoba bezinikezwe nguhulumeni waseJapan, noma ngabe bakhombisa izimpawu noma cha, kusho isikhulu soMnyango wezangaphandle.
Njengoba abaseMelika ngokomthetho bengakwazi ukungena eJapan ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, amalungu e-SOFA angenayo empeleni aphathwe ngokuhambisana nezizwe zaseJapan ezifuna ukungena kabusha.
"Ngokuphathelene nezinceku, amalungelo abo okungena eJapan aqinisekiswa yi-SOFA kwasekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke ukwenqaba ukungena kwabo kuzoba yinkinga njengoba kungqubuzana nabakwaSOFA, "kusho lesi sikhulu.
Izimo zengqondo ezinzima negunya
Isimo sesiqhathanise kakhulu nezinye izizwe.
Yize ngokufanayo kuncike kwi-SOFA ne-US, iSouth Korea yangomakhelwane yaqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abezempi baseMelika bafika ngaphambi kokuba iJapan ifike.
I-United States Forces Korea (USFK) ayiphendulanga kwizicelo zokucacisa ukuthi inqubomgomo yokuhlola okuqala yaqala nini ngempela.
Izitatimende zawo zomphakathi, nokho, ziphakamisa ukuthi umbuso oqinile wokuhlolwa kwamasosha waqala ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Isaziso kusukela ngo-Ephreli 20 sithe "noma yimuphi umuntu oxhumene ne-USFK ofika eSouth Korea evela phesheya kwezilwandle" uzohlolwa kabili ngesikhathi sokuvalelwa yedwa kwezinsuku eziyi-14 - lapho engena nokungena - futhi kuzodingeka akhombise imiphumela emibi kuzo zombili lezo zikhathi eziya khululwe.
Isitatimende esihlukile njengoba sangoLwesine siveze ukuthi inqubomgomo efanayo yokuhlola isalungiswa, kanti i-USFK yona ithi "yisitatimende sezinyathelo zokulawula ukuvikela nge-USFK ukuvimba ukusabalala kwegciwane."
U-Akiko Yamamoto, uprofesa ohlanganyele nezifundo zokuphepha eNyuvesi yaseRyukyus futhi uchwepheshe we-SOFA, uthe umehluko owenziwa ngamasosha ase-US ngokuhlola phakathi kweJapan neSouth Korea kungenzeka ukuthi awunakwenza okuningana nalokhu okushiwo yi-SOFA yabo.
Njengoba kunikezwe zombili lezi zinhlobo zivumela igunya elikhethekile laseMelika ukuphatha izisekelo zalo, "Angicabangi ukuthi iSouth Korea inikezwe ngaphansi kweSOFA noma iyiphi inzuzo enkulu kuneJapan uma kufikwa ekuhlolweni kwamakhemikhali aseMelika lapho ifika," kusho uYamamoto.
Ngakho-ke, umehluko ukholelwa ukuthi wepolitiki ngokwengeziwe.
Inqubomgomo yokuhlola eningizimu yeSouth Korea kusukela ekuqhubekeni kwemali, ehambisana neqiniso lokuthi izisekelo zase-US kuzwelonke zigxile kuzungeze iqembu lezepolitiki laseSeoul, liphakamisa ukuthi "ukuphathwa kweNyanga Jae-kuhulumeni kungahle kwaphoqa ukuthi amasosha ase-US asebenze kakhulu ekulweni Izivumelwano zokungathembeki, "kusho uYamamoto.
Kokunye, isimo esidabukelayo seJapan-US SOFA kungenzeka sabamba iqhaza ekubangeleni umehluko omkhulu.
Umbiko wango-2019 owenziwa yi-Okinawa Prefecture, ophenya ukuma okusemthethweni kwezempi zase-US phesheya kwezilwandle, waveza indlela amazwe afana neJalimane, i-Itali, iBelgium ne-United Kingdom akwazi ngayo ukusungula ubukhosi obukhulu futhi elawula amasosha aseMelika ngemithetho yawo yasekhaya ngaphansi kweNyakatho. Inhlangano ye-Atlantic Therapy Organisation (NATO) SOFA.
"Lapho amabutho aseMelika esuka kwelinye izwe eyilungu leNATO, adinga imvume yamazwe aphethe yokudluliswa, futhi amazwe aphethe agunyazwe ukuthi ahlukanise abasebenzi abakhona ngokuzimela," kusho uYamamoto.
I-Australia, nayo, ingasebenzisa imithetho yayo yokuhlukaniswa embuthweni wamasosha ase-US ngaphansi kwe-US-Australia SOFA, ngokusho kophenyo lwe-Okinawa Prefecture.
I-US Marine ngayinye idlulisela eDarwin, inhloko-dolobha yeNyakatho ye-Australia, "izohlolwa futhi ihlolwe i-COVID-19 lapho ifika e-Australia, ngaphambi kokuvalelwa izinsuku eziyi-14 ezikhungweni zezokuvikela ezilungiselelwe endaweni yaseDarwin," uLinda. UReynolds, ungqongqoshe wezokuVikela e-Australia, uthe esitatimendeni ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi.
Ivala igebe
Ukukhathazeka manje sekukhula ngokuthi ipasipoti yamahhala enikezwe abantu be-SOFA abafika eJapan izohlala ingumfutho emizameni kahulumeni omkhulu kanye nomasipala wokulwa nokusakazwa kwe-coronavirus yenoveli.
"Ngokutheleleka okusakazeka ngokushesha e-US kanye nanoma yimuphi umMelika osengozini yokutheleleka, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuvikela leli gciwane ukulawula umthetho wokufika kwabantu base-US," kusho uYamamoto. "Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi izisebenzi zeSOFA zingahamba ngokukhululeka ngenxa yokuthi zihambisana nebutho lezempi zandisa leyo ngozi."
Yize noma i-USFJ manje isimemezele ukuthi izovivinywa kuzo zonke izisebenzi eziphoqelekile ezingenayo, kusazoqhutshwa kungagadiwe yiziphathimandla zaseJapan, kuhoxa umbuzo wokuthi ukuphoqelelwa kuzoba nzima kangakanani.
Emhlanganweni wakhe noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uToshimitsu Motegi kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uTaro Kono ngenyanga edlule, u-Okinawa Gov. UDenny Tamaki wafuna ukuthi uhulumeni omkhulu athathe izinyathelo zokumiswa kokudluliswa kwamalungu e-SOFA esuka e-US aye e-Okinawa, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe-SOFA bayithobela imithetho yaseJapan yokuhlukaniswa nabantu.
Mhlawumbe uyazi ngokugxekwa okunjalo, i-USFJ ikhiphe isitatimende sokuhlangana esingajwayelekile neTokyo ngeledlule. Kuyo, kugcizelele ukuthi "kuneminye imikhawulo ebalulekile" eseyabekwa kikho konke ukufakwa kwe-Okinawa ngenxa yesimo esiphakeme sokuvikela ezempilo, futhi wafunga ukuthi kuzodalula amacala obala.
"I-GoJ ne-USFJ baphinde baqinisekise ukuzibophezela kwabo ekuqinisekiseni ukubambisana kwansuku zonke, kufaka phakathi nohulumeni basekhaya abathintekayo, naphakathi kweziphathimandla zezempilo ezithintekayo, futhi bathathe izinyathelo ezifanele ukuvimbela ukusabalala kweCCIDID-19 eJapan," kusho isitatimende.
