I-Okinawa, Again - I-US Air Force kanye ne-US Marines Bafake Ubuthi Amanzi Nenhlanzi yase-Okinawa ngokukhishwa okukhulu kwe-PFAS. Manje iThuba Lombutho.

nguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, Juni 23, i-2021

I- "X" ebomvu ikhombisa "izindawo lapho amanzi okulwa umlilo aqukethe ama-organo-fluorine compounds (PFAS) kukholakala ukuthi yageleza. ” Indawo ephawulwe ngezinhlamvu ezine ngaphezulu yi "Tengan Pier."

NgoJuni 10, 2021, amalitha angu-2,400 "wamanzi okulwa umlilo" aqukethe i-PFAS (i-per-and poly fluoroalkyl zvinhu) akhishwa ngephutha e-US Army Oil Storage Facility e-Uruma City nakwezinye izindawo eziseduze, ngokusho kwe Ryukyu Shimpo isikhungo sezindaba sase-Okinawan. I-Okinawa Defence Bureau ithe izinto ezinobuthi ziphuma ngaphandle ngenxa yemvula enamandla. Ukuhlungwa kwePFAS ekukhululweni akwaziwa ngenkathi uMbutho ungekho. Ukuchitheka kukholakala ukuthi kuthulule uMfula iTengan nolwandle.

Ngesikhathi sokuphenya esedlule okwenziwe yisifunda, uMfula iTengan utholakale ukuthi unezinga eliphezulu le-PFAS. Ukukhishwa okunobuthi kwamakhemikhali anobuthi ngamasosha ase-US kuyinto evamile e-Okinawa.

Cabanga ukuthi ukuchitheka kwamuva kuphathwa kanjani emaphephandabeni ase-Okinawan:

“Ngobusuku bukaJuni 11, i-Defence Bureau yabika lesi sigameko kuhulumeni wesifunda, e-Uruma City, eKanatake Town, nakuma-cooperatives abadobi abathintekayo, yacela nohlangothi lwase-US ukuthi luqinisekise ukuphathwa kwezokuphepha, luvimbele ukuphindeka futhi lubike ngokushesha lesi sigameko. UMnyango Wezangaphandle wadlulisa ukuzisola kwawo ohlangothini lwaseMelika ngoJuni 11. Abezokuvikela, uhulumeni wedolobha, namaphoyisa esifundazwe bakuqinisekisile ukwakhiwa kwale ndawo. URyuko Shimpo ubuze ngemininingwane yalesi sigameko embuthweni wamasosha aseMelika, kodwa kusukela ngehora leshumi ntambama ngoJuni10, bekungekho mpendulo. ”

Uma uMbutho uphendula, siyazi ukuthi yini abangayisho. Bazothi bakhathazekile ngempilo nokuphepha kwabantu base-Okinawans futhi bazibophezele ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa kwezokuphepha nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho okuphindayo. Lokho kuzoba ukuphela kwendaba. Bhekana nayo, Okinawa.

Ama-Okinawa ayizakhamizi zaseJapan ezisezingeni lesibili. Uhulumeni waseJapan ukhombise kaninginingi ukuthi akakhathaleli kangako ngempilo nokuphepha kwabantu base-Okinawans lapho bebhekene nokukhishwa okunobuthi okuphindwe kaningi okuvela ezisekelweni zase-US. Yize isiqhingi esincane sase-Okinawa sine-0.6% kuphela yomhlaba waseJapan, ama-70% omhlaba waseJapan ongamabutho ase-US akhona lapho. I-Okinawa icishe ibe yingxenye yesithathu yobukhulu beLong Island, eNew York, futhi inezikhungo zamasosha zaseMelika ezingama-32.

Abantu base-Okinawa badla izinhlanzi eziningi ezingcoliswe amazinga aphezulu e-PFOS, izinhlobonhlobo ezibulalayo zePFAS ezigelezela emanzini angaphezulu zisuka ezisekelweni zaseMelika. Kuyinkinga esiqhingini, ngenxa yokuxakaniseka okukhulu kokufakwa kwamasosha aseMelika. Ukudla ukudla kwasolwandle kungumthombo oyinhloko wokungenisa komuntu i-PFAS.

Izinhlobo ezine ezibalwe ngenhla (kusuka phezulu kuye phansi) yi-swordtail, pearl danio, guppy, ne-tilapia. (1 i-nanogram ngegramu ngayinye, ng / g = izingxenye eziyi-1,000 102,000 nge-trillion (ppt), ngakho-ke inkemba yayiqukethe i-XNUMX pptI-EPA incoma ukukhawulela i-PFAS emanzini okuphuza iye kuma-70 ppt.

I-Futenma

Ngo-2020, uhlelo lokucindezela umlilo ku-hangar yezindiza eMarine Corps Air Station Futenma lwakhipha ivolumu enkulu yegwebu lokulwa nomlilo eliyingozi. Ama-suds amagwebu athululelwe emfuleni wasendaweni neziqubu zamagwebu ezinjengefu zabonakala zintanta ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ngaphezu komhlaba futhi zizinze ezindaweni zokudlala nezindawo zokuhlala.

AmaMarines ayejabulela i- ibhaja  ku-hangar enkulu efakwe isistimu yokucindezela amagwebu ngaphezulu ekhishwe lapho kutholwa intuthu nokushisa. UMbusi wase-Okinawan uDenny Tamaki uthe, "Anginawo amazwi ngempela," lapho ezwa ukuthi ibhavu yiyona eyimbangela yokukhululwa.

Futhi kungaba yini impendulo efanelekile evela kuMbusi manje? Angasho, isibonelo, "AbaseMelika bayasifaka ushevu ngenkathi uhulumeni waseJapan ezimisele ukudela izimpilo zika-Okinawan ngenxa yezempi zase-US ezingapheli. Ngo-1945 kudala futhi besiyizisulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Hlanza udoti wakho, Amasosha ase-United States eJapane, bese uphuma. ”

Ukukhukhumeza okukhulu kwe-carcinogenic foam kuhlaliswe ezindaweni zokuhlala eduze kwesisekelo seFutenma Marine Corps e-Okinawa.

Lapho ecindezelwa ukuba aphawule, uDavid Steele, umphathi weFutenma Air Base, wabelane ngamazwi akhe okuhlakanipha nomphakathi wase-Okinawan. Ubatshele ukuthi “uma lina, lizodamba.” Ngokusobala, ubekhuluma ngamabhamuza, hhayi ukuthambekela kwamagwebu okugulisa abantu. Ingozi efanayo yenzeke esisekelweni esifanayo ngoDisemba ka-2019 lapho uhlelo lokucindezela umlilo ludedela ngephutha igwebu lomzimba.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2021, uhulumeni wase-Okinawan umemezele ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asendaweni ezungeze isikhungo saseMarine Corps aqukethe i-2,000 ppt ye-PFAS. Ezinye izifundazwe zase-US zinemithetho ebekiwe evimbela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuthi aqukethe ngaphezu kwe-20 ppt ye-PFAS, kepha lokhu kuhlala e-Okinawa.

Umbiko we-Okinawa Defense Bureau uthe igwebu likhishwa eFutenma

“Cishe ibingenamthelela kubantu.” Okwamanje, URyukyo Shimpo isampula lamanzi omfula eduze kwesisekelo seFutenma futhi athola i-247.2 ppt. we-PFOS / PFOA eMfuleni i-Uchidomari (okhonjiswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.) Amanzi olwandle avela echwebeni lokudoba laseMakiminato (phezulu kwesobunxele) aqukethe i-41.0 ng / l yobuthi. Lo mfula wawunezinhlobo eziyi-13 ze-PFAS eziqukethwe kugwebu olunamandla olwakha ifilimu (AFFF) lamasosha.

Amanzi anamagwebu aphuma emapayipini endle (abomvu x) avela olwandle Isikhungo Somoya Sezindiza I-Futenma. Umgwaqo uboniswa ngakwesokunene. Umfula i-Uchidomari (ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uthwala ubuthi ubuse eMakiminato oLwandle lwase-East China.

Ngakho-ke, kusho ukuthini ukuthi amanzi anezingxenye ezingama-247.2 kwisigidigidi ngasinye sePFAS? Kusho ukuthi abantu bayagula. UMnyango Wezemvelo waseWisconsin uthi amazinga amanzi angaphezulu athi yeqa i-2 ppt zibeka engcupheni impilo yabantu. I-PFOS kumagwebu ihlanganisa ngokusobala impilo yasemanzini. Indlela eyinhloko abantu abadla ngayo la makhemikhali ngokudla izinhlanzi. I-Wisconsin isanda kushicilela idatha yezinhlanzi eduze kwaseTruax Air Force Base ekhombisa ukuthi amazinga e-PFAS asondele ngokuphawulekayo ezindaweni ezibalwe e-Okinawa.

Lokhu kumayelana nempilo yabantu kanye nokuthi abantu bafakwa ubuthi ezinhlanzini abazidlayo kangakanani.

Ngo-2013, enye ingozi eyenzeka eKadena Air Base yasabalalisa amalitha angama-2,270 wezinto zokucisha umlilo ngaphandle kwe-hangar evulekile nasemiseleni yesiphepho. I-Marine ephuzile yavula uhlelo lokucindezela ngaphezulu. Ingozi yakamuva yezempi ikhishwe Ama-2,400 amalitha amagwebu anobuthi.

Igwebu elenziwe nge-PFAS ligcwalisa iKadena Air Force Base, e-Okinawa e2013. Isipuni sogwebu kulesi sithombe singafaka ubuthi echibini lokuphuza ledolobha lonke.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2021 uhulumeni wase-Okinawan wabika ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kwesisekelo aqukethe 3,000 ppt. we-PFAS.  Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angena emanzini angaphezulu, bese egelezela olwandle. Le nto ayivele inyamalale. Iyaqhubeka nokuphelelwa yisisekelo kanti izinhlanzi zinobuthi.

Indawo yokugcina amasosha i-Kin Wan Petroleum, Oil, ne-Lubricant e-Uruma City iseduze ne-pier, esetshenziselwa ukwamukela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali nezinhlamvu. Ngokusho komkhuzi weFleet Operations Okinawa, “iTengan Pier iyindawo ethandwayo yabashayeli bezindiza nababhukudi. Njengoba itholakala eTengan Bay ohlangothini lwe-Pacific Ocean e-Okinawa, le ndawo ethile inikeza indawo ephakeme kakhulu yezilwane zasolwandle ezitholakala noma kuphi kulesi sifunda. ”

Ukuvuvukala lokho nje. Inkinga eyodwa: Imisebenzi yamasosha aseMelika isongela impilo eqhubekayo yaleyo mpilo yasolwandle, nempilo yasolwandle. Eqinisweni, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo esisha eHenoko kusongela imvelo yamakhorali, okuyisistimu yokuqala yezemvelo engasekho emhlabeni. Izikhali zenuzi zingaphinde zigcinwe eHenoko, uma isisekelo singaze sigcwaliswe.

I-Commander Fleet Imisebenzi Okinawa

I-Navy isabise ngokushushisa
Ama-Poison Wezempi wokusebenzisa ama-insignias asolwandle.

UKin Wan uthola, agcine, futhi akhiphe uphethiloli wezindiza, uphethiloli wezimoto, kanye nophethiloli osetshenziswa yi-United States Forces e-Okinawa. Isebenza futhi igcine uhlelo lwamapayipi we-petroleum wamamayela ayi-100 ofinyelela kusuka eFutenma Marine Corps Air Station eningizimu yesiqhingi, ngeKadena Air Base, kuya eKin Wan.

Le yi-aorta yenhliziyo yokuba khona kwamasosha aseMelika e-Okinawa.

Izindawo zokugcina uphethiloli zamasosha ase-US ezinjengalezi emhlabeni wonke ziyaziwa ukuthi zisebenzise inqwaba yamakhemikhali e-PFAS kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Izindawo zokugcina uphethiloli ezentengiselwano ziyeke kakhulu ukusebenzisa amagwebu abulalayo, zishintshela kumagwebu angenawo fluorine anamandla alinganayo nemvelo.

UTAKAHASHI Toshio uyisishoshovu sezemvelo esihlala eduze kwesisekelo seFutenma Marine Corps. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ekulweni nokulawula amazinga omsindo avela e-airbase kunikeza isifundo esibalulekile ngesidingo sokumelana nabaseMelika abachitha izwe lakubo.

Usebenza njengonobhala weqembu leFutenma US Air Base Bombing Lawsuit Group. Kusukela ngo-2002, usizile ekushushiseni icala elenziwa ngezigaba ukuqeda ukungcoliswa komsindo okudalwe yizindiza zamasosha aseMelika. Inkantolo yakhipha isinqumo ngo-2010 futhi nango-2020 ukuthi umsindo odalwe ukusebenza kwezindiza zamasosha ase-US awukho emthethweni futhi ungaphezu kwalokho okubhekwa njengokubekezeleleka ngokusemthethweni, nokuthi uhulumeni waseJapan ubuye abe nomthwalo ngomonakalo odaleke kubahlali futhi kumele akhokhele abahlali ngokwezimali. .

Njengoba uhulumeni waseJapan engenalo igunya lokulawula ukusebenza kwezindiza zamasosha ase-US, isicelo sikaTakahashi sokuthi "kuthunywe izindiza" senqatshiwe, futhi nomonakalo odalwe umsindo wendiza uqhubeka unganqandeki. Icala lesithathu okwamanje lisalindwe eNkantolo yesiFunda i-Okinawa. Kuyicala elikhulu lesenzo sekilasi elinabamangali abangaphezu kuka-5,000 XNUMX abathi balimele.

"Ngemuva kwesigameko se-Futenma esinamagwebu ngo-Ephreli ka-2020," kuchaza uTakahashi,

uhulumeni waseJapan (kanye nohulumeni wasekhaya kanye nabahlali) abakwazanga ukuphenya ngesigameko esenzeke ngaphakathi enkambini yamasosha aseMelika. I-

 I-US - Japan Isimo Sesivumelwano Samabutho, noma i-SOFA  ibeka phambili amabutho ase-United States amiswe eJapan futhi ivimbela uhulumeni ukuthi aphenye indawo lapho kungcoliswe khona iPFAS nezimo zengozi. ”

Endabeni yamasosha yakamuva e-Uruma City, uhulumeni waseJapan (okungukuthi, uhulumeni wase-Okinawa) naye akakwazi ukuphenya imbangela yokungcola.

UTakahashi uchaze wathi, “Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwePFAS kubanga umdlavuza futhi kungathinta ukukhula kwengane futhi kubangele izifo ezinganeni ezincane, ngakho-ke ukuphenya imbangela nokuhlanza ukungcola kubalulekile ukuvikela izimpilo zabahlali nokufeza isibopho sethu esikhathini esizayo izizukulwane. ”

UTakahashi uthi uzwile ukuthi inqubekelaphambili iyenziwa e-US, lapho amasosha ephenye ukungcoliswa kwe-PFAS futhi ethathe isibopho esithile sokuhlanza. Uthi: "Lokhu akulona icala lamasosha aseMelika abekwe phesheya kwezilwandle." "Izindinganiso eziphindwe kabili ezinjalo ziyabandlulula futhi azihloniphi amazwe asingethe izindawo kanye nezifunda lapho kuhlala khona amasosha aseMelika, futhi azikwazi ukubekezelelwa," esho.

Ngibonga uJoseph Essertier, Umxhumanisi waseJapan ngokuthola World BEYOND War kanye noMsizi uProfesa eNagoya Institute of Technology. UJoseph usize ngokuhumusha nangokuphawula kokuhlela.