By
Ekupheleni kukaMashi walo nyaka, iningi lezifundazwe zomhlaba lizohlangana endlunkulu yeZizwe Ezihlangene eNew York City ukuqala izingxoxo ngesivumelwano sokwenqatshelwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Kuzoba umcimbi oyingqopha-mlando emlandweni wamazwe ngamazwe. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izingxoxo ezinjalo azikaze zenzeke ngaphambili—izikhali zenuzi zihlala ziwukuphela kwekilasi lezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu (WMD) ezinganqatshelwe ngokucacile ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe—inqubo ngokwayo iphinde ibonise inguquko ekuxoxweni kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ivela njengengxenye “yezinga lempucuko” yaseYurophu ekhulwini le-19, imithetho yempi yayihloselwe, ngokwengxenye, ukuba hlukanisa "iphucuzekile" iYurophu kusukela emhlabeni wonke "ongaphucukile". Njengoba izindaba ezinhle nezithunywa zazo zevangeli zazisakazekela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zomhlaba, uphawu olungokwesiko lwaseYurophu lweLobukholwa alubange lusawenza ubuqili. Ngokwemigomo ye-Hegelian, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho yempi kwenza ukuba amandla amadala aseYurophu akwazi ukugcina ubunikazi obufanayo ngokuphika "Okunye" okungaphucukile.
Abantu abathathwa njengabangakwazi noma abangazimisele ukunamathela emithethweni yaseYurophu namasiko ezimpi bamenyezelwa njengabangaphucuzekile ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukuhlukaniswa njengabantu abangaphucukile, nakho, kwakusho ukuthi umnyango wobulungu obugcwele bomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe wawuvaliwe; ipolitiki engaphucukile ayikwazanga ukwakha umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe noma ukubamba iqhaza ezingqungqutheleni zamanxusa ngokulingana nezizwe eziphucuzekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe angaphucukile ayenganqotshwa noma axhashazwe abantu baseNtshonalanga abaphakeme ngokokuziphatha. Futhi abantu abangaphucukile, ngaphezu kwalokho, babenjalo abakweleti izinga elifanayo lokuziphatha njengabaphucukile. Lokhu kuqonda ngokuvamile kwahlala kuthule, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kwakuxoxwa ngakho ezindaweni zomphakathi. Engqungqutheleni yaseHague ngo-1899, isibonelo, imibuso yamakoloni iphikisana ukuthi ngabe kubhalwe phansi ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu ezinwebekayo ngokumelene namasosha ezizwe “eziphucuzekile” kuyilapho kugcinwe ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwalezo zinhlamvu ngokumelene “nezixhwanguxhwangu”. Ezifundeni eziningi eziseNingizimu Yomhlaba, ifa lekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lihlangene ukuthobeka namahloni.
Konke lokhu akusho ukuthi imithetho yempi ayiqukethe iziyalezo ezinhle zokuziphatha. Ius in belloImithetho eyisisekelo "yokuzivikela okungalwi", ukulingana phakathi kwezinhloso nezindlela, kanye nokugwema ukulimala ngokweqile kungavikelwa njengemiyalo efanelekile (kodwa futhi iye yathonya inselelo). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, imisuka ethize yobandlululo yemithetho yempi yadedela okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-universallist. Phela, imithetho yangempela elawula ukuziphatha kwezingxabano ayiboni nhlobo kokubili amaqembu alwayo ngisho nokuba sengozini kwawo ekuqubukeni kwezingxabano.
Umehluko phakathi kwezifunda eziphucuzekile nezingaphucuzekile uyaqhubeka enkulumweni yomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe. I Umthetho Wenkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe-into eseduze kakhulu umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe onayo kumthethosisekelo-ukhomba njengemithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe hhayi nje izivumelwano namasiko, kodwa futhi "izimiso ezijwayelekile zomthetho eziqashelwa izizwe eziphucuzekile." Ekuqaleni kubhekiselwa ku-ngokucacile European umphakathi wezifundazwe, izinkomba “ezizweni eziphucuzekile” namuhla zithathwa ukuze kunxuswe “umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe” ngobubanzi. Lesi sakamuva siyisigaba esibandakanya wonke umuntu kunesokuqala saseYurophu, kodwa namanje asikaqedi zonke izifundazwe. Amazwe acatshangelwa ukuthi akhona ngaphandle komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe—isigaba esivame ukulethwa ngokuba nesifiso sangempela noma esisolwayo sokuthuthukisa i-WMD—ngokujwayelekile kubhalwe ukuthi “rouge” noma “umgulukudu”. (Ngokudabukisayo, ukushiya kukaColonel Gaddafi WMD ngo-2003 kwenza uTony Blair wamemezela ukuthi iLibya manje isinelungelo “ukujoyina kabusha umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe”.) Imikhankaso yokuvinjelwa kwezikhali eziyiqoqo, amabhomu agqitshwayo, izikhali ezishiswayo, ama-booby trap, igesi enobuthi, nezikhali zebhayoloji konke kwasebenzisa izikhali ezimbili zabantu abaphucuzekile/ abangaphucukile nabanomthwalo wemfanelo/abangenasibopho ukuze baveze umlayezo wabo.
Umkhankaso oqhubekayo wokuvala izikhali zenuzi usebenzisa ulimi olufanayo. Kodwa uhlamvu oluyingqayizivele lwenhlangano eqhubekayo yokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi akuyona imibono edlalwa ngayo, kodwa ubunikazi babadali bazo. Ngenkathi yonke imikhankaso ephawulwe ngenhla yathuthukiswa noma okungenani isekelwa amazwe amaningi ase-Europe, inhlangano yesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi iphawula ukuthi ithuluzi lomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe liphoqelelwa ukuba libe khona ngokumelene nokukhahlela nokuklabalasa kwaseYurophu. Umgomo wempucuko wokucwaswa okujwayelekile uthathwe yilabo abebekade bengasamukeli.
Kulo nyaka, okuphikiswa kakhulu amazwe amaningi acebile, aseNtshonalanga, isivumelwano sokwenqatshelwa kwezikhali zenuzi sizoxoxisana nabo “abanonya” kanye “namaqaba” aseGlobal South. (Kuyavunywa, iphrojekthi yesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa isekelwa amazwe aseYurophu angathathi hlangothi njenge-Austria, Ireland, ne-Sweden. Nokho iningi labasekeli bokuvinjelwa yizifundazwe zase-Afrika, eLatin America, nase-Asia-Pacific). Bathi ukutholakala nokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi akukwazi ukuvumelanisa nezimiso zemithetho yempi. Cishe noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi okungase kubulawe abantu abaningi futhi kubangele umonakalo omkhulu endaweni ezungezile. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuba nezikhali zenuzi, ngamafuphi, akuphucuzekile futhi kufanele kuthiwe akukho emthethweni.
Isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa, uma samukelwa, cishe sizokwenziwa umbhalo omfushane kakhulu omemezela ukusetshenziswa, ukutholakala, nokudluliselwa kwezikhali zenuzi okungekho emthethweni. Ukwenqatshelwa kokutshalwa kwezimali ezinkampanini ezibandakanyekayo ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zenuzi nakho kungaba semibhalweni. Kodwa izinhlinzeko ezinemininingwane zokuhlakazwa ngokomzimba kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nezinkundla zokulethwa kuzofanele zishiywe ukuze kube nedethi ekamuva. Ukuxoxisana ngalezi zinhlinzeko ekugcineni kuzodinga ukuba khona kanye nokusekelwa kwezizwe ezihlome ngezikhali zenuzi, nokuthi, okwamanje, hhayi okungenzeka kwenzeke.
I-Great Britain, isikhathi eside iphethe imithetho yempi, isichithe iminyaka embalwa edlule izama ukudiliza uhlelo lwesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa. Ohulumeni baseBelgium, eDenmark, eFrance, eJalimane, eHungary, e-Italy, eNorway, ePoland, ePortugal, eRussia naseSpain basekela iBrithani ekuphikisaneni kwayo nokwenza izikhali zenuzi zibe emthethweni, njengoba kwenza i-Australia, iCanada, ne-United States. Akekho noyedwa kubo okulindeleke ukuthi athamele izingxoxo. I-United Kingdom nabalingani bayo baphikisa ngokuthi izikhali zenuzi azifani nazo zonke ezinye izikhali. Bathi izikhali zenuzi azizona nhlobo izikhali kodwa “ziyizivimbi”—izinto ezisetshenziswa isimiso sombuso esinengqondo nesinomthwalo wemfanelo ngale kombuso wezomthetho. Nokho ngokombono wezifundazwe eziningi emhlabeni jikelele, ukuphikiswa kwezifundazwe ezihlomile ngezikhali zenuzi kanye nabasekeli bazo ekuvinjweni kwezikhali zenuzi kubukeka kuwukuzenzisa okujulile. Abasekeli bokuvinjelwa baphikisa ngokuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi ngeke nje kuphambane nomoya wezimiso ezivamile zemithetho yempi, imiphumela yobuntu neyemvelo yempi yenuzi ngeke iqukethwe yimingcele yezwe.
Inhlangano yokuvinjelwa kwesivumelwano ngandlela thize ikhumbuza inguquko yaseHaiti yango-1791. Lokhu kwakamuva kwakungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi abantu abayizigqila bavukele inkosi yabo ngenxa yezindinganiso “zendawo yonke” izigqila ezazithi ziyazisekela—ukuvukela isazi sefilosofi. Slavoj Žižek has esibizwa ‘esinye sezenzakalo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu.’ Zimasha zihambisana nengoma yeMarseillaise, izigqila zaseHaiti zafuna ukuba kubhalwe iziqubulo zokuthi inkululeko, ukulingana, Futhi ubuzalwane kuthathwe ngenani lobuso. Izifundazwe ezikhuthaza isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi, vele, azigqilazwa njengabantu baseHaiti, kodwa zombili izimo zinohlelo lolimi lokuziphatha: iqoqo lezimiso ezivamile ngokokuqala ngqa lisetshenziswa ngokumelene nabadali balo.
Njengoguquko lwaseHaiti, olwathuliswa iziphathimandla zaseFrance iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba uNapoleon agcine ethumele ibutho ukuthi liyiqede, ukunyakaza kwesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi akunakwanga enkulumweni yeningi. Njengoba iphuzu lokuvinjelwa liwukuhlazisa i-United Kingdom nezinye izizwe ezihlome ngezikhali zenuzi ekunciphiseni futhi ekugcineni ziqede i-WMD yazo, isinyathelo esisobala sika-Theresa May kanye nohulumeni wakhe ukuvumela izingxoxo zesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa zidlule ngokuthula. Akukho ukunakwa, akukho amahloni. Kuze kube manje, abezindaba baseBrithani benze umsebenzi kahulumeni wase-UK waba lula.
Kusazobonakala ukuthi iBrithani kanye namanye amazwe asezandleni zenuzi angakwazi ukuvala intuthuko eqhubekayo emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe. Kusazophinde kubonakale ukuthi isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa sizoba nomthelela obonakalayo yini emizamweni yokunciphisa nokuqeda izikhali zenuzi. Impela kungenzeka ukuthi isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa sizoba nomthelela omncane kunalokho abalandeli baso abathemba. Kodwa isimo somthetho esishintshayo sibalulekile. Kukhomba ukuthi izifundazwe njengeBrithani azisakujabuleli lokho Hedley Bull ikhonjwe njengengxenye eyinhloko yesimo njengamandla amakhulu: ‘amandla amakhulu angamandla obonwa ngabanye ukuba … namalungelo akhethekile nemisebenzi’. Ilungelo elikhethekile leBrithani lokuba nezikhali zenuzi, elihlanganiswe yiNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ka-1968, manje selihoxiswa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Kipling-imbongi yombuso - ifika engqondweni:
Uma, sidakwe ngokubona amandla, siyaxega
Izilimi zasendle ezingakuthuki,
Ukuziqhayisa okunjalo okwenziwa abezizwe,
Noma izinhlobo ezincane ngaphandle koMthetho—
Nkosi Nkulunkulu Sebawoti, yiba nathi namanje,
Hleze sikhohlwe—funa sikhohlwe!
