NguDavid Swanson
Incwadi entsha kaDaniel Ellsberg ithi Umshini Wezinhlekelele: Ukuvuma kwe-Nuclear War Planner. Sengimazi umbhali iminyaka, ngiziqhenya kunanini ngaphambili ukusho. Senze imicimbi yokukhuluma kanye nezingxoxo nabezindaba sisonke. Siboshwe ndawonye ngokubhikisha izimpi. Sixoxe esidlangalaleni ngezombusazwe zokhetho. Siphikisane ngasese ngokulunga kweMpi Yezwe II. (UDan uyavuma ukuthi i-US ingene eMpini Yezwe II, futhi kubonakala sengathi iyalwa naseKorea, yize engenacala ngaphandle kokulahlwa ngamabhomu ezakhamizi ezakha okuningi okwenziwa yiMelika kulezo zimpi.) Mina ' Ngiwubalule umbono wakhe futhi ubesecela owami ngayo yonke imibuzo. Kodwa le ncwadi isanda kungifundisa okuningi ebengingakwazi ngoDaniel Ellsberg nangomhlaba.
Ngenkathi u-Ellsberg avuma ukuthi ubambe izinkolelo eziyingozi nezinkolelo-ze angasazisebenzisi, ukuthi usebenze ngaphakathi kwesikhungo esihlela ukubulawa kohlanga, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinenjongo njengendawo yokufihla ikhanda eyibuyisele emuva, futhi nokuba namazwi abhaliwe angavumelani nawo, thina funda futhi kule ncwadi ukuthi wenza ngempumelelo futhi ngokuningilize washukumisa uhulumeni wase-US ekuqondisweni kwezinqubomgomo ezinganambitheki futhi ezesabekayo kudala ngaphambi kokukhipha futhi waba ngumhlophe. Futhi lapho eshaya impempe, wayenecebo elikhudlwana ngayo kunalokho umuntu ake wakwazi.
U-Ellsberg akazange akopishe futhi asuse amakhasi angama-7,000 alokho okwaba yiPentagon Papers. Wakopisha futhi wasusa amakhasi angaba ngu-15,000 XNUMX. Amanye amakhasi ayegxile kuzinqubomgomo zempi yenuzi. Uhlele ukubenza uchungechunge lwezindaba zakamuva, ngemuva kokukhanyisa kuqala ngempi yaseVietnam. Amakhasi alahlekile, futhi lokhu akukaze kwenzeke, futhi ngiyazibuza ukuthi kungaba namuphi umthelela odabeni lokuqeda amabhomu enuzi. Ngiyazibuza futhi ukuthi kungani le ncwadi kade yafika, hhayi ukuthi u-Ellsberg akayigcwalisanga iminyaka engenele ngomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, manje sinencwadi egxila enkumbulweni ka-Ellsberg, imibhalo eyenziwe emphakathini emashumini eminyaka, ithuthukisa ukuqonda kwesayensi, umsebenzi wabanye abaphenyi bezimpimpi nabaphenyi, ukuvuma kwabanye abahleli bempi yenuzi, nentuthuko eyengeziwe yesizukulwane esedlule noma kunjalo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi le ncwadi ifundwa kabanzi kakhulu, nokuthi esinye sezifundo ezithathwe kuyo yisidingo sokuthi izinhlobo zabantu zithuthukise ukuthobeka okuthile. Lapha sifunda i-akhawunti esondele kakhulu ngaphakathi kweWhite House nePentagon yeqembu labantu elenza amacebo ezimpi zenuzi ngokusekelwe emcabangweni ongaqondile wokuthi amabhomu enuzi azokwenzani (kushiya imiphumela yomlilo nentuthu ngaphandle kwezibalo zabalimele, futhi entula wona lowo mbono wobusika benyukliya), futhi kusekelwe kuma-akhawuntombumbulu alokho okwakwenziwa yiSoviet Union (ikholelwa ukuthi bekucabanga kabi uma icabanga ukuzivikela, ikholelwa ukuthi inemicibisholo ye-intercontinental ballistic eyinkulungwane lapho yayinezine), futhi isekelwe ekuqondeni okuyiphutha okwenziwe ngabathile kuhulumeni wase-US uqobo (ngamazinga okufihla aphika imininingwane yeqiniso neyamanga emphakathini nakuhulumeni omkhulu). Lona umlando wokunganakwa okubabazekayo ngempilo yomuntu, okwedlula lokho kwabadali nabahloli bebhomu le-athomu, ababeke ukubheja ukuthi ngabe kungasha isibhakabhaka futhi kushise umhlaba. Ozakwabo baka-Ellsberg bebeqhutshwa yimibango yeziphathimandla kanye nokuzonda kwemibono yokuthi bangathanda noma baphikise imicibisholo eyengeziwe yomhlaba uma izuzisa i-Air Force noma ilimaze uMbutho Wezasolwandle, futhi bebezohlela noma yikuphi ukulwa neRussia ukuthi ngokushesha kudinge ukubhujiswa kwenuzi. kuwo wonke amadolobha aseRussia naseChina (naseYurophu ngemicibisholo yaseSoviet ephakathi namabhomu futhi kusukela ekuweni okusondelene kweziteleka zenuzi zase-US endaweni yaseSoviet bloc). Hlanganisa lesi sithombe sabaholi bethu esibathandayo nenani labaphuthelwe ngokungaboni ngaso linye nangengozi esesiyifundile eminyakeni edlule, futhi okumangazayo akukhona ukuthi isiwula esi-fascistic sihlala eWhite House namuhla sisongela umlilo nolaka, Ukulalelwa kwekomidi le-DRM esidlangalaleni sengathi akukho okungenziwa ukuvimbela i-apocalypse eyenziwe nguTrump. Into ephawulekayo ukuthi isintu sisekhona.
“Ukuhlanya kubantu ngabanye kuyinto engavamile; kodwa ngamaqembu, amaqembu, izizwe, nezikhathi, kungumthetho. ” - UFriedrich Nietzsche, ocashunwe nguDaniel Ellsberg.
Isimemo esibhalelwe uMongameli uKennedy kuphela ukubona uphendule umbuzo wokuthi bangaki abantu abangafela eRussia nase China ekuhlaselweni kwenyukliya kwase-US. U-Ellsberg ubuze lo mbuzo futhi wavunyelwa ukuthi afunde impendulo. Yize bekuyimpendulo engazi lutho ngomthelela wobusika benuzi ongabulala bonke abantu, futhi yize imbangela ephezulu yokufa, umlilo, nayo ingashiywanga, kusho lo mbiko ukuthi cishe nge-1 / 3 yesintu izokufa. Leyo kwakuyicebo lokubulawa kwakhe ngemuva kokuqala kwempi neRussia. Ukulungisiswa kobuhlanya obunje bekulokhu kungukuzikhohlisa, futhi ngenhloso yokukhohlisa umphakathi ngenhloso.
U-Ellsberg uyabhala: “Isizathu esisemthethweni esimenyezelwe sohlelo olunjalo, bekulokhu kuyisidingo obekucatshangwa ukuthi sinqande — noma uma kunesidingo — esitelekeni sokuqala senuzi saseRussia esasibhekiswe e-United States. Lokho kuzwakala okukholelwa kakhulu emphakathini ukukhohlisa ngamabomu. Ukuvimba ukuhlasela okungalindelekile kwenuzi yaseSoviet — noma ukusabela ekuhlaselweni okunjalo — akukaze kube ukuphela kwenhloso eyinhloko yezinhlelo namalungiselelo ethu enuzi. Uhlobo, ubukhulu, nokuma kwamasu ethu enuzi kuhlelwe njalo ngezidingo zezinhloso ezihluke kakhulu: ukuzama ukukhawulela umonakalo e-United States kusuka ekuziphindiseleni kweSoviet noma iRussia ukuya esitelekeni sokuqala sase-US ngokumelene ne-USSR noma neRussia. Lokhu kusebenza, ikakhulukazi, kuhloswe ngakho ukuqinisa ukwethembeka kwezinsongo zase-US ukuqala ukuhlaselwa okulinganiselwe kwenuzi, noma ukuzikhulisa — izinsongo zase-US 'zokusetshenziswa kokuqala' — ukuze zinqobe ezingxabanweni zesifunda, ekuqaleni ezingezona ezenuzi ezibandakanya amabutho aseSoviet noma amaRussia noma umbimbi. ”
Kepha iMelika ayikaze isongele impi yenuzi kuze kufike uTrump!
Uyakukholwa lokho?
“Omongameli base-US,” u-Ellsberg uyasitshela, “basebenzise izikhali zethu zenuzi kaningi 'ezinkingeni,' ikakhulukazi ekusithekeni emphakathini waseMelika (yize kungenjalo kubaphikisi). Bazisebenzise ngendlela eqondile esetshenziswa ngayo isibhamu lapho sikhonjwa kothile uma kunengxabano. ”
Omongameli base-US abenze izinsongo zenuzi ezisobala zomphakathi noma eziyimfihlo kwezinye izizwe, esizaziyo, futhi njengoba zichazwe ngu-Ellsberg, zifake uHarry Truman, uDwight Eisenhower, uRichard Nixon, uGeorge HW Bush, uBill Clinton noDonald Trump, kanti abanye , kufaka phakathi uBarack Obama, bavame ukusho izinto ezifana nokuthi "Zonke izinketho zisetafuleni" maqondana ne-Iran noma elinye izwe.
Nokho, okungenani inkinobho yenuzi isezandleni zikamongameli yedwa, futhi angayisebenzisa kuphela ngokubambisana kwesosha eliphethe “ibhola,” futhi kuphela ngokuhambisana nabaphathi abahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwezempi yase-US.
Uqinisile?
ICongress ayizwanga nje ngokuzwa kohlu lofakazi abathi ngamunye wabo kungenzeka ukuthi ayikho indlela yokuvimba uTrump noma omunye umongameli ukuthi aqale impi yenuzi (uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukuthweswa icala nokushushiswa akumele kukhulunywe maqondana nanoma yini engasho lutho njenge-apocalypse ukuvimbela). Kepha futhi akukaze kwenzeke ukuthi umongameli kuphela akwazi uku-oda ukusetshenziswa kwezindela. Futhi "ibhola" liyi-prop yaseshashalazini. Izithameli umphakathi wase-US. U-Elaine Scarry I-Thermonuclear Monarchy ichaza indlela amandla kamongameli ombuso asuke ngayo enkolelweni yenkinobho yenuzi ekhethekile kaMongameli. Kepha kuyinkolelo yamanga.
U-Ellsberg ulandisa ukuthi amazinga ahlukahlukene abaphathi anikezwe kanjani amandla okuqalisa ama-nukes, ukuthi wonke umqondo wokubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe ngokubuyisela ngokuziphindiselela uncike ekhonweni le-United States lokwethula umshini walo wosuku lwezinhlekelele noma ngabe umongameli akakwazi ukusebenza, nokuthi abanye abezempi babheka omongameli bengakwazi ukukhubazeka ngenxa yemvelo yabo yize besaphila futhi bekholelwa ukuthi kuyilungelo labaphathi bezempi ukuletha ukuphela. Kwakunjalo futhi mhlawumbe kuseyiqiniso naseRussia, futhi mhlawumbe kuyiqiniso enanini elikhulayo lamazwe enuzi. Nangu u-Ellsberg: “Futhi umongameli wangaleso sikhathi noma manje — ukuba namakhodi kuphela adingekayo ukuqalisa noma ukuqhumisa noma yiziphi izikhali zenuzi (awekho amakhodi akhethekile anje abanjwe yinoma imuphi umongameli) —ngokomzimba noma ngenye indlela enokwethenjelwa ukuvikela Amakhosi Ahlangene Abasebenzi noma yimuphi umphathi wamasosha emidlalo yaseshashalazini (noma, njengoba ngichazile, ayalela iposi elisebenza) ukuba akhiphe imiyalo enjalo egunyaziwe. ” Lapho u-Ellsberg ekwazi ukwazisa uKennedy ngegunya u-Eisenhower ayelinikeze amandla okusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi, uKennedy wenqaba ukuguqula inqubomgomo. UTrump, ngasendleleni, kubikwa ukuthi ubemagange kakhulu kuno-Obama ukuthi anikeze igunya lokubulala ngemicibisholo evela ku-drone, kanye nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa nokusatshiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi.
U-Ellsberg ulandisa ngemizamo yakhe yokwenza izikhulu zomphakathi, unobhala "wezokuvikela" kanye nomongameli, bazi ngezinhlelo eziphezulu zempi yenuzi zagcinwa ziyimfihlo futhi zaqanjwa amanga ngamasosha. Le kwakuyindlela yakhe yokuqala yokushaya ikhwela: etshela umongameli ukuthi yini amasosha ayenzayo. Ubuye athinte ukuphikisana kwabanye emasosheni kwezinye zezinqumo zikaMongameli uKennedy, nomholi weSoviet uNikita Khrushchev wesaba ukuthi uKennedy angahle abhekane nokuvukela umbuso. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngenqubomgomo yenuzi, leli qembu lalikhona ngaphambi kokuba uKennedy afike eWhite House. Abaphathi bezindawo ezikude ezivame ukulahlekelwa ukuxhumana baziqonda (bayaqonda?) Ngokwabo ukuba namandla oku-oda zonke izindiza zabo, bephethe izikhali zenuzi, ukuthi basuke ngasikhathi sinye emgaqweni ofanayo egameni lejubane, futhi babe sengozini yenhlekelele uma isivinini sokushintsha indiza. Lezi zindiza bekufanele ziye emadolobheni aseRussia nawaseChina, ngaphandle kohlelo oluhambisanayo lokusinda kwezinye zezindiza ezinqamula indawo. Ini UDkt. Strangelove kungenzeka ukuthi uthole okungalungile bekungafaki okwanele kwama-Keystone Cops.
UKennedy wenqabile ukugxilisa amandla enuzi, kwathi lapho u-Ellsberg etshela uNobhala “Wezokuvikela” uRobert McNamara ngamanxusa aseMelika agcinwe ngokungemthetho eJapan, uMcNamara wenqaba ukubakhipha. Kepha u-Ellsberg ukwazile ukubuyekeza inqubomgomo yempi yenuzi yase-US ukuthi ihlelele kuphela ukuhlasela wonke amadolobha futhi ibheke ekucabangeni indlela yokukhomba kude namadolobha nokufuna ukumisa impi yenuzi eseqalile, ezodinga ukugcina umyalo nokulawula zombili izinhlangothi, ezingavumela umyalo nokulawula okunjalo ukuthi kube khona. Uyabhala u-Ellsberg: “Isiqondisi 'sami' esibuyekeziwe saba yisisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zempi ngaphansi kukaKennedy — zabuyekezwa yimina njengePhini likaNobhala uGilpatric ngo-1962, 1963, futhi nakwezokuphatha likaJohnson ngo-1964. Kubikwe ngabangaphakathi nezazi ukuthi zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlelweni kwempi yeqhinga laseMelika kusukela lapho. ”
I-akhawunti ka-Ellsberg ye-Cuban Missile Crisis iyodwa iyisizathu sokuthola le ncwadi. Ngenkathi u-Ellsberg ekholelwa ukuthi ukubusa kwangempela kwe-US (ngokungafani nezinganekwane mayelana "negebe lemicibisholo") kwakusho ukuthi ngeke kube nokuhlaselwa kweSoviet, uKennedy wayetshela abantu ukuthi bacashe ngaphansi komhlaba. U-Ellsberg wayefuna ukuthi uKennedy atshele u-Khrushchev ngasese ukuthi ayeke ukucupha. U-Ellsberg ubhale ingxenye yenkulumo ebhekiswe kuSekela Nobhala Wezokuvikela u-Roswell Gilpatric okhuphuke esikhundleni sokunciphisa ukungezwani, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi u-Ellsberg ubengacabangi ngokwenziwa yiSoviet Union ngokuzivikela, kaKhrushchev njengokuthopha ngokwamandla okusetshenziswa kwesibili. U-Ellsberg ucabanga ukuthi iphutha lakhe lisize ekuholeleni i-USSR ukubeka imicibisholo eCuba. U-Ellsberg wabe esebhalela uMcNamara inkulumo, elandela iziyalezo, noma wayekholelwa ukuthi kuzoba yingozi, futhi kwaba njalo.
U-Ellsberg ukuphikisile ukukhipha imicibisholo yase-US eTurkey (futhi ukholwa ukuthi akunamthelela ekuxazululeni le nkinga). Ku-akhawunti yakhe, bobabili uKennedy noKhrushchev babezokwamukela noma yisiphi isivumelwano kunempi yenuzi, nokho bafuna impumelelo engcono baze baqonde emaphethelweni ewa. Umuntu waseCuba osezingeni eliphansi udubule ibhanoyi laseMelika, kanti i-US ibingakwazi ukucabanga ukuthi bekungewona umsebenzi kaFidel Castro ngaphansi kwemiyalo eqinile evela kuKhrushchev. Khonamanjalo u-Khrushchev naye wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakungumsebenzi ka-Castro. Futhi uKrushchev wayazi ukuthi iSoviet Union ibeke izikhali zenuzi eziyi-100 eCuba nabaphathi bendawo abagunyaziwe ukuzisebenzisa ekuhlaseleni. UKrushchev uphinde wakuqonda ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho zisetshenziswa, i-United States ingahle ihlasele iRussia ngenuzi. UKrushchev uphuthume ukumemezela ukuthi imicibisholo izosuka eCuba. Nge-akhawunti ka-Ellsberg, wakwenza lokhu ngaphambi kwanoma yisiphi isivumelwano mayelana neTurkey. Ngenkathi wonke umuntu ogudluze le nkinga ngendlela efanele kungenzeka ukuthi wasiza ekusindiseni umhlaba, kufaka phakathi uVassily Arkhipov owenqabile ukwethula i-torpedo yenuzi emikhunjini engaphansi kweSoviet, iqhawe langempela lezindaba zika-Ellsberg, ekugcineni, ngicabanga, uNikita Khrushchev, okhethe ukuthukwa nokuhlazeka okungabikezelwa kunokuqothulwa. Wayengeyona indoda elangazelela ukwamukela ukuthukwa. Kepha-ke, ngisho nalokho kuthuka agcina ekwamukele akukaze kufake ukubizwa nge- "Little Rocket Man."
Ingxenye yesibili yencwadi ka-Ellsberg ifaka umlando oqondakalayo ngokwakhiwa kwamabhomu asemoyeni nokwamukelwa kwabantu abahlatshwa njengezinto ezingezona ezokubulala okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakungaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. (Ngo-2016, ngingaqaphela, umongameli wengxoxo mpikiswano wabuza abazongenela ukhetho ukuthi bangathanda yini ukuqhumisa amakhulu namakhulu ezinkulungwane zezingane njengengxenye yemisebenzi yazo eyisisekelo.) U-Ellsberg uqale asinikeze indaba ejwayelekile yokuthi iJalimane lokuqala laqhumisa ibhomu eLondon, ngonyaka kamuva abantu baseBrithani bahlasela ngamabhomu eJalimane. Kodwa-ke uchaza ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eBrithani, phambilini, ngoMeyi 1940, njengokuziphindisela ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eJalimane eRotterdam. Ngicabanga ukuthi wayengabuyela ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu ngo-Ephreli 12 esiteshini sesitimela saseJalimane, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Oslo ngo-Ephreli 22, nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngo-Ephreli 25 kwedolobha laseHeide, konke okwaholela ezinsongweni zaseJalimane zokuziphindiselela. (Bheka Intuthu Yomuntu nguNicholson Baker.) Kuyiqiniso, iJalimane lalivele liqhume amabhomu ezakhamizi zaseSpain nasePoland, njengoba kwenza iBrithani e-Iraq, India naseNingizimu Afrika, futhi njengoba lalinazo zombili izinhlangothi ngezinga elincane empini yokuqala yezwe. U-Ellsberg ubika ngokwanda komdlalo osolayo ngaphambi kwe-blitz eLondon:
“UHitler wayethi, 'Sizokhokha ikhulu uma uqhubeka nalokhu. Uma ungakuyeki lokhu kuqhuma kwamabhomu, sizoshaya eLondon. ' UChurchill waqhubeka nokuhlasela, futhi emasontweni amabili ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlasela kokuqala, ngoSepthemba 7, iBlitz yaqala — ukuhlasela kokuqala ngamabomu eLondon. Lokhu kwethulwe nguHitler njengempendulo yakhe ekuhlaselweni yiBrithani eBerlin. Ukuhlasela kwaseBrithani nakho kwethulwa njengempendulo yalokho okwakukholakala ukuthi kwakuwukuhlasela ngamabomu kweJalimane eLondon. ”
Impi Yezwe II, nge-akhawunti ka-Ellsberg - futhi ingaphikiswa kanjani? - ngamazwi ami, kwakuwukuqothulwa kohlanga okwenziwa ngamabhanoyi ngamaqembu amaningi. Ukwamukelwa kokuziphatha kwalokhu bekuhlala kunathi kusukela lapho. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuvula amasango ale ndawo yokukhosela, enconywe ngu-Ellsberg, kungaba ukusungula inqubomgomo yokungasetshenziswa kokuqala. Siza ukwenza lokho lapha.
