I-Nuclear Deterrence iyinkolelo-mbono. Futhi i-Lethal One kuleyo.

Esezingeni lakhe I-Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (I-1989), uLawrence Freedman, umphathi we-Britain wezomlando kanye nabososayensi bezamasiko, uphethe ngokuthi: 'UMbusi uDeterrence kungenzeka anganazingubo, kodwa usenguMbusi.' Naphezu kobunqunu bakhe, lo mbusi uyaqhubeka nokuphikisana, ethola ukuhlonishwa okungamfanele, ngenkathi ebeka umhlaba wonke engozini. Ukwemukelwa kweNyukliya ngumqondo owaba umbono onamandla wokubulala, oqhubeka unomthelela naphezu kokulahlwa ngokwengeziwe.

Ngakho-ke, kwavinjwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, okuyilungiselelo elibonakala linengqondo lapho ukuthula nozinzo kwakufanele kuqhamuke ngokusongelwa kokubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe (iMAD, ngokufanele ngokwanele).

UWinston Churchill uyichaze ku-1955 ngesimo sobuntu: 'Ukuphepha kuzoba ingane eqinile yokwethuka, futhi kusinde amawele aqothulwe.'

Okusemqoka ukuthi, ukunqanyulwa akuzange kube isu elicashile nje kuphela, kodwa nezizathu lapho ohulumeni bezithethelele ngokwabo izikhali zenuzi. Wonke uhulumeni manje ophethe izikhali zenuzi uthi anciphisa ukuhlaselwa ngokusongela kwabo ukuziphindisela okuyinhlekelele.

Ngisho nokuhlolwa kafushane, nokho, kwembula ukuthi ukwenqaba akuyona into ekucindezelayo ukude njengoba kuchazwa idumela lawo. Kwinoveli yakhe Ama-ambassadors(I-1903), uHenry James wachaza ubuhle obuthile 'njengetshe elikhazimulayo futhi elinzima', wavele wacwazimula futhi ethuthumela, wengeza ngokuthi 'okubonakala sengathi konke kuyabonakala ngomzuzwana owodwa kwabonakala kukujula okulandelayo'. Umphakathi ukhuliswe ukubukeka okukhazimulayo komhlaba, ngokuthembisa kwawo amandla, ezokuphepha nezokuphepha. Kepha okuye kuthiwe njengokujulile kwecebo lokujula kungqubuzana kalula lapho kwenziwa ukucutshungulwa okubucayi.

Ake siqale ngokubheka umnyombo womcabango wokwahlulela: ukuthi usebenzile.

Abameli bokuvinjezelwa kwenyukliya bathi kufanele sibonge iqiniso lokuthi impi yezwe yesithathu iye yagwenywa, noma ngabe ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla amakhulu - i-US ne-USSR - kwaba phezulu kakhulu.

Abanye babaxhasi baze balondoloze lokho kuvimbela ukuthi kubeke isisekelo sokuwa kweSoviet Union kanye nokwehlulwa kobukhomanisi. Kulokhu kutshelwa, ukunqotshwa kwenuzi yaseNtshonalanga kuvimbele i-USSR ukuthi ihlasele intshonalanga Yurophu, futhi kukhulule umhlaba osongelweni lobushiqela bamaKhomanisi.

Kukhona, noma kunjalo, kukhona ukuphikisana okuphoqayo okubonisa ukuthi i-US kanye ne-Soviet Union yangaphambili bagwema impi yezwe ngezizathu eziningana ezingenzeka, ikakhulukazi ngoba alukho uhlangothi olwalufuna ukuya empini. Ngempela, i-US kanye neRussia ayikaze ilwe impi ngaphambi kwenkathi yenuzi. Ukhipha izikhali zenuzi njengesizathu esenza ukuthi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ingashisi kufana nokuthi ithi imoto eyi-junkyard, ngaphandle kwenjini noma amasondo, ayikaze ilahle inkatho kuphela ngoba akekho owavula ukhiye. Ngokunengqondo, ayikho indlela yokubonisa ukuthi izikhali zenuzi zagcina ukuthula phakathi kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, noma ukuthi zikwenza manje.

Mhlawumbe ukuthula kwakukhona phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili eziphezulu ngoba nje zazingenangxabano eyayisusa impi ebhubhisa kakhulu, noma eyayijwayelekile.

Akunabufakazi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ubuholi baseSoviet bake bacabanga ukuzama ukunqoba intshonalanga Yurophu, kuncane kakhulu ukuthi babuvinjwe impi yezempi yenuzi yaseNtshonalanga. Thumela i-facto ukuphikisana - ikakhulukazi okungalungile - kungaba yimali yama-pundits, kepha akunakwenzeka ukufakazela, futhi akunikezi sisekelo esiqinile sokuhlola isimangalo esiphikisayo, sithola ukuthi kungani kukhona okuthile hhayi kwenzeka.

Ngama-colloquial, uma inja ingakhonkothi ebusuku, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi akekho noyedwa ohamba ngasendlini? Abathandi bezokuthambisa banjengentokazi efafaza amakha utshani bayo njalo ekuseni. Lapho umakhelwane odidekile ebuza ngale ndlela engajwayelekile, uphendule wathi: 'Ngiyakwenza ukugcina izindlovu zingahambi.' Umakhelwane ubhikishe wathi: 'Kepha azikho izindlovu phakathi kwamamayela we-10,000 lapha,' umphathisishizi wase-perfume waphendula wathi: "Uyabona, kuyasebenza! '

Akufanele sihalalisele abaholi bethu, noma inkolelo-mbuso yokwenqabela, izikhali zamandla amancane kakhulu, ngoba sigcina ukuthula.

Esingakusho ukuthi, njengoba kwenzeka namhlanje ekuseni, labo abanamandla okuqothula impilo abakwenzi lokho. Kodwa lokhu akusiduduzi ngokuphelele, futhi umlando awukhuthazi. Isikhathi 'sokuthula senyukliya', sisuka eMpini Yezwe Yesibili kuya Ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, sahlala ngaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 yahlukanisa iMpi Yomhlaba yokuQala neBili; ngaphambi kwalokho, bekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwe-40 yokuthula okuhlobene phakathi kokuphela kweMpi kaFranco-Prussian (1871) kanye neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914), kanye neminyaka ye-55 phakathi kweMpi kaFranco-Prussian kanye nokwehlulwa kukaNapoleon eWaterloo (1815 ).

Ngisho naseYurophu ebiyimpi, amashumi eminyaka ukuthula akukaze kube njalo. Isikhathi ngasinye, lapho ukuthula kuphela futhi impi elandelayo iqala, impi yayihilela izikhali ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi - ezazizofaka izikhali zenuzi ngokulandelayo. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuqiniseka ukuthi izikhali zenuzi azisetshenziswanga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi azikho yini izikhali ezinjalo. Akunasizathu sokucabanga ukuthi ukuba khona kwezikhali zenuzi kuzovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abadedeli ukucekelwa phansi kwezikhali zenuzi kungenzeka ukuthi sikhombise ukuthi i-Emperor Deterrence ayinazingubo - ezizovula ithuba lokuphinda kungene enye into efanelekile.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuthula kwe-post-1945 i-US-Soviet kufike 'ngamandla', kepha lokho akudingeki ukuthi kunqandwe amandla enuzi. Kuyinto engenakuphikwa futhi ukuthi ukuba khona kwezikhali zenuzi ekuqwashisweni kwe-hair-trigger okwazi ukufinyelela ezweni lakubo ngemizuzu kwenziwe izinhlangothi zombili zahlangana.

I-Cuban Missile Crisis ye-1962 - lapho, ngawo wonke ama-akhawunti, umhlaba wasondela empini yenuzi kunanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi - awufakazi ekusebenzeni kahle kokuvinjwa: le nkinga yenzeka ngenxa yezikhali zenuzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi sisindiswe empini yenuzi hhayi ngenxa yokuvinjwa kodwa yize kunjalo.

Ngisho noma unamacala ohlangothini olulodwa nje, izikhali zenuzi azizithintanga ezinye izindlela zempi. Ukuvukelwa kwamaShayina, Cuba, I-Irani kanye neNicaragua konke kwenzeka yize i-US ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi yaxhasa ohulumeni ababhukuqa. Ngokufanayo, i-US yalahlekelwa iMpi yaseVietnam, njengoba iSoviet Union yalahleka e-Afghanistan, yize womabili la mazwe engaphethe izikhali zenuzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezingalo ezijwayelekile nezingcono kuneziphikisayo. Futhi izikhali zenuzi azisizanga iRussia empini yayo engaphumelelanga yokulwa namavukelambuso amaChechen e-1994-96, noma e-1999-2000, lapho izikhali ezivamile zaseRussia zichitha ukuhlupheka kweRiphabhliki yaseChechen.

Izikhali zenuzi ayizisizanga i-US ukufeza izinhloso zayo e-Iraq noma e-Afghanistan, ezibe yisehluleki senhlekelele ebizayo yezwe elinezikhali zenuzi eziphambili kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize inempi yayo yezikhali zenuzi, i-US ihlala yesaba ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula asekhaya, okungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwa ngezikhali zenuzi kunokuba kungafunwa.

Ngamafuphi, akukho semthethweni ukuphikisa ukuthi izikhali zenuzi ziyekile iyiphi uhlobo lwempi, noma ukuthi bazokwenza njalo ngokuzayo. Ngesikhathi sempi ebandayo, uhlangothi ngalunye lwalubambana ngezimpi ezijwayelekile: amaSoviet, ngokwesibonelo, eHungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), nase-Afghanistan (1979-89); amaRussia aseChechnya (1994-96; 1999-2009), Georgia (2008), Ukraine (2014-yamanje), kanye neSyria (2015-yamanje); kanye ne-US in Korea (1950-53), Vietnam (1955-75), Lebanon (1982), Grenada (1983), Panama (1989-90), Persian Gulf (1990-91), yangaphambili Yugoslavia (1991- I-99), Afghanistan (2001-yamanje), ne-Iraq (2003-yamanje), ukusho nje amacala ambalwa.

Futhi izikhali zabo azikuvimbanga ukuhlaselwa kwezwe enezikhali zenuzi ngabaphikisi bezenuzi. E-1950, i-China yema iminyaka eyi-14 kusuka ekwakheni nasekuzisebenziseni izikhali zayo zenuzi, kanti i-US yayinomvikeli we-athomu owakhiwe kahle. Yize kunjalo, njengoba impi yaseKorea yayiguqukela eNyakatho, leyo nhlangano yase-US ayizange ivimbele iChina ekuthumeleni amasosha angaphezu kwe-300,000 ngaphesheya koMfula i-Yalu, okuholele ekuthini kube nesiphithiphithi enhlonhlo yaseKorea eyihlukanise kuze kube namuhla, futhi kuholele ekutheni kube nokuma okuyingozi okuyingozi okungalungiswa emhlabeni.

Ku-1956, i-United Kingdom ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi yaxwayisa i-Egypt engeyona eyezikhali zenuzi ukuthi yenqabe ukwenza izwe i-Suez Canal. Akusizanga ngalutho: i-UK, iFrance ne-Israel bagcina ukuhlasela iSinayi ngamabutho ezejwayelekile. Ku-1982, i-Argentina yahlasela iziqhingi eziphethwe yiFalkland Islands eBrithani, yize i-UK yayinezikhali zenuzi kanti ne-Argentina ayizange.

Ngemuva kokuhlasela okuholwa yi-US e-1991, i-Iraq ehlome ngezikhali ayizange ivinjelwe ekubambeni imicibisholo yakwaScud kwa-Israel ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi, engazange iphindisele, noma ngabe yasebenzisa izikhali zayo zenuzi ukuvuselela iBaghdad. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo bekungamzuzisa kanjani umuntu. Ngokusobala, izikhali zenuzi zase-US azizange zivimbele ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula e-US kwe-11 Septhemba 2001, njengoba nje amasosha enuzi ase-UK naseFrance engakuvimbanga ukuhlaselwa ngamaphekula okuphindaphindayo kulawo mazwe.

Ukuqunjelwa, ngamafuphi, akuvimbi.

Iphethini ijulile futhi ibanzi ngokwendawo. IFrance ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi ayikwazanga ukunqoba i-Algerian National Liberation Front engeyona eyezi-nyukiliya. Izikhali zenuzi zase-US azizange zivimbele e-North Korea kusuka ekubambeni umkhumbi wokuqoqa ubuhlakani baseMelika, i-USS Pueblo, ku1968. Ngisho nanamuhla, lesi sikebhe sisezandleni zaseNyakatho Korea.

Izindiza zaseMelika azikwazanga ukunika amandla iChina ukuthola iVietnam ukuthi iqede ukuhlasela kwayo iCambodia e1979. Futhi izikhali zenuzi zase-US azizange zimise ama-Irani Revolutionary Guards ekuthumbeni abameli be-US futhi bababambe abathumbi (i-1979-81), njengoba ukwesaba izikhali zenuzi zase-US kungazange kunikeze amandla i-US nabalingani bayo ukuthi baphoqelele i-Iraq ukuba ibuyele eKuwait ngaphandle kokulwa I-1990.

In Izikhali Zenuzi kanye ne-Coercive diplomacy (I-2017), ososayensi bezepolitiki uTodd Sechser noMatthew Fuhrmann bahlola izingxabano zezwe ze-348 ezenzeka phakathi kwe-1919 ne-1995. Basebenzise ukucubungula izibalo ukubona ukuthi amazwe ahlomile aphumelela ngokwedlula amazwe ajwayelekile ekuphoqeleleni abaphikisi bawo ngesikhathi sengxabano. Babengekho.

Hhayi lokho kuphela, kepha izikhali zenuzi azizange zikhuthaze labo abangabazo ukwengeza izimfuno; uma kukhona, la mazwe ayekade ngandlela thile Ngaphansi iphumelele ukuthola indlela yabo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlaziya kucishe kube okumnandi. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwamacala ambalwa kakhulu lapho izinsongo ezivela ezweni elihlome ngezikhali zenuzi zaqoshwa ngokuthi ziphoqe umuntu ophikisayo kwakuyimpikiswano yase-US, e-1961, ukuthi iDominican Republic ibambe ukhetho lwentando yeningi kulandela ukubulawa kombusi wobushiqela uRafael Trujillo, kanye nokubulawa imfuno yaseMelika, e1994, kulandela impi yaseHaiti, ukuthi amakoloni aseHaiti abuyisele uJean-Bertrand Aristide amandla. Ku-1974-75, i-China yenuzi yaphoqa iPortugal engeyona eyezivimbi ukuthi inikeze isimangalo sayo kwiMacau. Lezi zibonelo zifakiwe ngoba abalobi babefuna ngokweqiniso ukucubungula wonke amacala lapho izwe elihlome ngezikhali zenuzi lafika ngendlela ye-vis-non-nyuklea. Kepha akekho obukelayo ongathi ukuboshwa kwePortugal noma iDominican Republic ngezikhali zenuzi zaseChina noma zaseMelika.

Konke lokhu kusikisela nokuthi ukutholakala kwezikhali zenuzi yi-Iran noma iNorth Korea akunakwenzeka ukuthi la mazwe akwazi ukucindezela abanye, noma ngabe 'okuhloswe' kwabo kuhlome ngezikhali zenuzi noma ezejwayelekile.

Kuyinto eyodwa ukuphetha ukuthi ukunqotshwa kwe-nyukliya akuyekelanga amandla, futhi futhi akunikanga amandla okubumbana - kepha ubungozi baso obungajwayelekile bukhona ukwedelela.

Okokuqala, ukwenqatshelwa ngezikhali zenuzi kuthembekile. Iphoyisa elihlome ngesikhali senuzi ebelinomgogodla belingenakukwazi ukunqanda umphangi: 'Yima egameni lomthetho, noma sizosiqhumisa sonke!' Ngokufanayo, phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ojenene be-NATO bakhala ngokuthi amadolobha aseNtshonalanga Jalimane angaphansi kwamakhilogrethi amabili - okusho ukuthi ukuvikela iYurophu ngezikhali zenuzi bekuzowubhubhisa, ngakho-ke isimangalo sokuthi iRed Army izonqanyulwa izindlela zenyukliya empeleni emangalisayo. Umphumela waba ukucaciswa kwezikhali zamasu amancane, anembe ngokwedlula zonke ezingahle zisebenziseke futhi, ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wakhe osenkingeni ubengathembeka ngokwengeziwe. Kodwa izikhali ezisetshenzisiwe ezisebenziseka kakhulu, futhi ezithembeke kakhudlwana njengezinto zokuvimbela, zinesibopho sokusetshenziswa.

Okwesibili, ukunqwabelana kudinga ukuthi i-arriers yohlangothi ngalunye ihlale ingenakuhlaselwa, noma okungenani lokho kuhlaselwa kungavinjelwa uma isisulu sinokugcina amandla okuziphindiselela 'okwesibili.' Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma kunjalo, imicibisholo yenuzi isibe ngokunemba ngokwengeziwe, ikhulisa ukukhathazeka ngokuba sengozini kwalezi zikhali esitelekeni 'sokulwa'. Kafushane nje, amazwe enuzi ngokwedlule aya ngokuya akwazi ukuqondisa izikhali zenuzi zesitha sakho ukuba zibhujiswe. Ku-Arhente ehlanekezelayo yokweyisa, lokhu kubizwa ngokuba sengozini yokuqinisa, ngokuthi 'ukubekeka engcupheni' kubhekisele kuzikhali zenuzi ezihlosiwe, hhayi abantu bakhona. Umphumela ocacile wezikhali zenyukliya eziqonde ngokwengeziwe kanye nengxenye 'yokulimazeka engozini' yokuqothula theory ukukhulisa amathuba okuthi kube nesiteleka sokuqala, kuyilapho futhi kukhulisa ingozi yokuthi ohlaselayo ongaba isisulu, esaba isehlakalo esinjalo, angahle alingwe ngaphambi kokuqalisa ngesiteleka sayo sokuqala. Isimo okuholele kuso - lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lubona khona amathuba asethuthukayo ekulweni kuqala - alusazakali.

Okwesithathu, inkolelo-mbono yokunqanda ukuthathwa kwenhliziyo ithatha ukucabanga okuhle kwabathatha izinqumo. Kubikwa ukuthi labo abaneminwe yabo kuzithombisi zenuzi bangabadlali abanengqondo futhi abazokuhlala bezolile futhi bengaphili ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo. Kuthatha nokuthi abaholi bayohlala belawula amandla abo nokuthi ngaphezu kwalokho, bayohlala belawula imizwa yabo, benze izinqumo ngokubalwa kwezindleko ezinhle nezinzuzo eziwusizo. I-Deterrence theory iyagcizelela, ngamafuphi, ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye luyolesabisa ibhulukwe kolunye ngethemba lemiphumela emibi kakhulu, engacabangeki, bese luziphethe ngokucophelela okukhulu nangokucacile. Cishe yonke into eyaziwayo mayelana nesayensi yezengqondo yabantu iphakamisa ukuthi lokhu akunangqondo.

In IWundlu Elimnyama ne-Grey Falcon: Uhambo Oludlula Yugoslavia (1941), URebecca West waphawula ukuthi: 'Ingxenye yethu kuphela enobuhlakani: kuphela ingxenye yethu ethanda ubumnandi kanye nosuku olude lenjabulo, ifisa ukuhlala kuma-90 ethu futhi ifa ngokuthula…' 'Akudingi ukuhlakanipha kwe-arcane ukwazi lokho abantu bavame ukwenza ngokungaziphathi kahle, intukuthelo, ukuphelelwa yithemba, ubuhlanya, inkani, ukuziphindiselela, ukuziqhenya kanye / noma ukuqiniseka okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni ezithile - njengalapho zombili izinhlangothi ziqiniseka ukuthi impi ayinakugwenywa, noma lapho izingcindezi zokugwema ukulahlekelwa ubuso ziqine kakhulu - isenzo esingacabangi, kubandakanya nesibulalayo, singabonakala silungele, futhi asinakuvinjwa.

Lapho eyalela ukuthi kuhlaselwe ePearl Harbour, ungqongqoshe wezokuvikela waseJapan waphawula ukuthi: 'Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukuvala amehlo futhi weqe endaweni yesakhiwo seThempeli laseKiyomizu [indawo edume ngokuzibulala].' Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe yokuQala, uKaiser Wilhelm II waseJalimane wabhala emngceleni wombhalo othi: 'Noma singabhujiswa, iNgilandi okungenani izolahlekelwa yiNdiya.'

Ngenkathi esemgungundweni wakhe, phakathi nezinsuku zokugcina kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, u-Adolf Hitler wayala lokho abenethemba lokuthi kuzoba ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kweJalimane, ngoba wayenomuzwa wokuthi amaJalimane 'ahlulekile' kuye.

Cabanga futhi, njengomongameli wase-US okhombisa izimpawu zokugula kwengqondo, futhi izitatimende nama-tweets awo ngokwesabekayo ahambisana nomqondo wokuwohloka komqondo noma i-psychosis yangempela. Abaholi bakazwelonke - abahlome ngezikhali zenuzi noma cha - abavikelekile ekuguleni kwengqondo. Kodwa, inkolelo-mbono yokwehluleka ukwedlula lokhu ibeka ngenye indlela.

Okokugcina, ayikho nje indlela yokuthi abaholi bezempi noma bamasosha bazi ukuthi izwe labo selibuthele indawo enele yokuphehla umlilo wamandla enuzi ukwanelisa isidingo sokuba 'nesibambiso esisebenzayo'. Isibonelo, uma uhlangothi olulodwa luzimisele ukuqothulwa ekulweni, alunakugwenywa, kungakhathalekile ukuthi luphindiselwe. Ngenye indlela, uma uhlangothi olulodwa luqinisekile ngobunye bokungeneka bodwa, noma ukungabi nandaba kwayo nokulahleka kwempilo, akunasibalo sezikhali esinganela. Hhayi lokho kuphela, kepha inqobo nje uma izikhali zokuqongelela zenza imali kosonkontileka bezokuvikela, futhi uma nje kuklanywa, kukhiqizwa futhi kuthunyelwa 'izizukulwane' ezintsha zezinto zezinhlelo zentuthuko yenuzi, iqiniso mayelana nokuqothula umbono liyohlala lingaziwa. Ngisho isibhakabhaka asisiwona umkhawulo; amasosha afuna ukubeka izikhali emkhathini wangaphandle.

Okwenzeka njengezikhali zenuzi futhi kusebenza nezidingo ezingokomfanekiso, ezingokwengqondo, ngokubonisa ukufezekiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kwesizwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela kudluliselwe emthethweni kubaholi nakwamanye amazwe abangavikelekile, lapho-ke futhi, ayikho indlela enengqondo yokusungula ubuncane (noma ukufaka ubukhulu) usayizi we-arcane yomuntu. Ngesinye isikhathi, izengezo ezingeziwe noma kunjalo ziqhamuka nomthetho wokuncipha kwembuyiselo, noma njengoba uWinston Churchill asho, bavele 'benze i-rubble bounce'.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukonakala kokuziphatha kuyinto oxymoron. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ziyazi ukuthi impi yenuzi ayisoze yahlangabezana nemigomo ebizwa ngokuthi 'yempi' nje. E-1966, uMkhandlu WesiBili waseVictoria waphetha: 'Noma yisiphi isenzo sempi esasihlose ngokungakhethi ekubhujisweni kwamadolobha wonke noma ezindaweni ezinabile kanye nezixuku sazo kuyicala elimele uNkulunkulu nomuntu uqobo. Kufanela ukulahlwa ngokungacwasi nokungazethembi. ' Futhi encwadini yabefundisi e-1983, ababhishobhi bamaKhatholika baseMelika bangeze: "Lokhu kulahlwa, ekugweba kwethu, kuyasebenza nasekusebenziseni ukuziphindisela kwezikhali ezihlasela amadolobha ezitha ngemuva kokuba ezethu sezihlaselwe. ' Baqhubeke bathi, uma okuthile kungaziphathi kahle ukwenza, kusho ukuthi futhi kukuziphatha kabi ukusongela. Kumyalezo oya kwi-2014 Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons, uPapa uFrancis uthe: "Ukuvinjwa kwenyukliya kanye nosongo lokubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe ngeke kube yisisekelo sokuziphatha kobumbano nobumbano obunokuthula phakathi kwabantu kanye nezindawo. '

UMkhandlu WabaBhishobhi wase-United Methodist udlulela ngale kwabalingani babo abangamaKatolika, baphetha nge-1986 ukuthi: 'UDeterrence akasafanele asithole isibusiso samasonto, noma kube njengewaranti yesikhashana yokulungiswa kwezikhali zenuzi.' In Impi Yobulungisa (1968), isazi semithetho yamaProthestani, uPaul Ramsey, ucele abafundi bakhe ukuthi bacabange ukuthi izingozi zomgwaqo edolobheni elithile ziye zancishiswa zaze zaba zero, ngemuva kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi wonke umuntu wayecelwe ukuba ahlwabele usana olusha olusanda kuzalwa kuyo yonke imoto.

Mhlawumbe into eyethusa kakhulu mayelana nokuvinjwa kwenyukliya izindlela zayo eziningi zokwehluleka. Ngokuphikisana nalokho okucatshangwa kabanzi, okuncane kakhulu kungenzeka 'ukuhlaselwa ukuphuma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka' (BOOB). Okwamanje, kunezingozi ezinkulu ezihambisana nempi evamile yempi, ukusetshenziswa ngengozi noma okungagunyaziwe, ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo (yize kungaphikiswa ukuthi iyiphi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi kungaba okungenangqondo) noma i-alamu yamanga, eye yenzeka kaningi ngokwesabekayo, futhi ingaholela 'ekubuyiselweni' ekuhlaseleni okwenzekile. Kube nezingozi eziningi 'zokuphuka zomcibisholo' - ukwethulwa ngephutha, ukudubula, ukweba noma ukulahleka kwesikhali senuzi - kanye nezimo lapho imicimbi efana nomhlambi wamarhanisi, ipayipi legesi eliqhekekile noma amakhodi wekhompiyutha angalungile ahunyushwe ngokuthi ukwethulwa kombumbulu onobutha.

Lokhu okungenhla kuchaza okunye kokungapheleli nezingozi ezicacile ezibangelwa ukwenqatshelwa, ukugcwaliseka kwemfundiso okusebenzisa i-computer yenuzi, isoftware, ukuthunyelwa, ukunqwabelana nokukhuphuka. Ukuhlehlisa umqondo - i-verging ku-theology - yokuthola amandla ngeke kube lula, kepha futhi ngokuphila ngaphansi kwesongo lokuqothulwa komhlaba wonke. Njengoba imbongi TS Eliot yake yabhala, ngaphandle kokuthi ungaphezu kwekhanda lakho, wazi kanjani ukuthi umude kangakanani? Futhi uma kukhulunywa ngokuvinjezelwa kwenuzi, sonke siphezu kwamakhanda ethu.