U-Alice Slater
ISivumelwano Sokungavikeleki Kwenzalo ka-1970 (i-NPT), sanwetshwa isikhathi esingaziwa ngo-1995 lapho sesizophelelwa yisikhathi, inqobo nje uma amazwe amahlanu ezikhali zenuzi nawo athatha amandla e-veto kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha (P-5)- US, Russia, I-UK, iFrance ne-China- "izoqhuba izingxoxo ngokwethembeka"[i] yokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ukuze kuthengwe uxhaso lomhlaba wonke ngalesi sivumelwano, izikhali zenuzi zithi "zenza ibhodwe libe mnandi" ngesivumelwano sikaFaustian esithembisa ukuthi izikhali ezingezona ezenuzi "ilungelo elingenakuphikwa"[Ii] kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi amandla enuzi “anokuthula,” kanjalo ewanika izihluthulelo zemboni yamabhomu. [Iii] Wonke amazwe emhlabeni asayine isivumelwano esisha ngaphandle kwe-India, Pakistan, ne-Israel, eqhubeke nokwakha izikhali zenuzi. INorth Korea, eyilungu le-NPT, yasebenzisa ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe eyaluthola “ngelungelo layo elingenakuhlukaniswa” lamandla enuzi futhi yasishiya isivumelwano ukuze yenze awayo amabhomu enuzi. Namuhla kunezifunda eziyisishiyagalolunye zezikhali zenuzi ezinamabhomu e-17,000 emhlabeni, i-16,000 yawo ise-US naseRussia!
Engqungqutheleni Yokubuyekeza Nokwelulwa Kwe-NPT yango-1995, inethiwekhi entsha yama-NGO, i-Abolition 2000, yacela izingxoxo ezisheshayo zesivumelwano sokuqeda izikhali zenuzi kanye nesigaba sokuphuma kwamandla enuzi. [Iv]IQembu Elisebenzayo labameli, ososayensi kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo babhala i-Model Nuclear Weapons Convention[V] ukubeka zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo okufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele izikhali zenuzi. Yaba ngumbhalo osemthethweni we-UN futhi yacashunwa esiphakamisweni sikaNobhala Jikelele u-Ban-ki Moon sika-2008 soHlelo Olunamaphuzu Amahlanu Lokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali Zenuzi. [vi]Isandiso esingapheli se-NPT sasidinga Izinkomfa Zokubuyekeza njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, kube nemihlangano yeKomidi Lokulungiselela phakathi.
Ngo-1996, i-NGO World Court Project yafuna I-Advisory Opinion eNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwebhomu. INkantolo inqume ngazwi linye ukuthi kunesibopho samazwe ngamazwe "sokuphothula izingxoxo mayelana nokuchithwa kwezikhali zenuzi kuzo zonke izici zayo", kodwa ngokudumazayo yathi izikhali "azikho emthethweni ngokuvamile" futhi yathi ayikwazanga ukunquma ukuthi kuzoba semthethweni noma cha. sebenzisa izikhali zenuzi “lapho ukusinda kombuso kusengozini”. [vii]Naphezu kwemizamo emihle kakhulu yama-NGO ekufuneni izithembiso eziqhubekayo ezanikezwa yi-P-5 ekubuyekezweni kwe-NPT okwalandela, inqubekelaphambili mayelana nokuchithwa kwezikhali zenuzi yamiswa. Ngo-2013, i-Egypt yaphuma emhlanganweni we-NPT ngoba isithembiso esenziwa ngo-2010 sokubamba ingqungquthela mayelana ne-Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone eMpumalanga Ephakathi (WMDFZ) sasingakatholakali, nakuba isethembiso se-WMDFZ sasingakafiki. inikezwe izifundazwe zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi njengendlela yokuxoxisana ukuze zithole ivoti lazo lokwelulwa okungapheli kwe-NPT cishe eminyakeni engama-20 ngaphambili ngo-1995.
Ngo-2012, i-International Committee of the Red Cross yenza umzamo ongakaze ubonwe wokufundisa umhlaba ukuthi akukho ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni okukhona kokusetshenziswa nokubamba izikhali zenuzi naphezu kwemiphumela eyinhlekelele yobuntu eyayizobangelwa impi yenuzi, ngaleyo ndlela ivuselele ukuqwashisa umphakathi. mayelana nezingozi ezimbi zokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi. [viii] Isinyathelo esisha, Umkhankaso Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wokuqeda Izikhali zeNuclear (ICAN) [ix]yasungulwa ukuze kwaziwe imiphumela eyinhlekelele kukho konke ukuphila emhlabeni uma kwenzeka kugqashuka impi yenuzi, kungaba ngengozi noma ngomklamo, kanye nokungakwazi kohulumeni kunoma yiliphi izinga ukusabela ngokwanele. Bafuna kuvalwe ngokomthetho izikhali zenuzi, njengoba nje umhlaba wawuvimbe izikhali zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji, kanye namabhomu agqitshwayo kanye nezikhali eziningi. Ngo-1996, ama-NGOs ngokubambisana nezizwe ezinobungane, eholwa yiCanada, ahlangana e-Ottawa, ekuphambukeni okungakaze kube khona kwezikhungo ezivinjiwe ze-UN ukuze kuxoxiswane ngesivumelwano sokuvala amabhomu agqitshwayo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "Inqubo ye-Ottawa" eyasetshenziswa futhi yiNorway ngo-2008, ngenkathi isingathe umhlangano ngaphandle kwenkundla ye-UN evinjiwe yokuxoxisana ukuze kunqandwe ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zamaqoqo.[X]
INorway iphinde yathatha ucingo lwe-International Red Cross ngo-2013, yabamba iNgqungquthela ekhethekile mayelana Nemiphumela Yobuntu Yezikhali Zenuzi. Umhlangano wase-Oslo wenzeke ngaphandle kwezilungiselelo ezijwayelekile zesikhungo njenge-NPT, iNgqungquthela Yokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali e-Geneva kanye neKomidi Lokuqala Lomhlangano Omkhulu, lapho inqubekelaphambili mayelana nokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi iqhwa ngoba amazwe ezikhali zenuzi azimisele kuphela ukuthatha isinyathelo. izinyathelo zokungabhebhetheki, ngenkathi yehluleka ukuthatha noma yiziphi izinyathelo ezizwakalayo zokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Lokhu, naphezu kwezithembiso eziningi ezingenalutho ezenziwe phezu komlando we-44 we-NPT, futhi cishe iminyaka engu-70 ngemva kokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-1945 e-Hiroshima nase-Nagasaki. I-P-5 yaduba ingqungquthela yase-Oslo, yakhipha isitatimende esihlanganyelwe ithi kuzoba "ukuphazamiseka" ku-NPT! Izizwe ezimbili zezikhali zenuzi zifikile—i-India nePakistan, ukujoyina izizwe eziyi-127 eza e-Oslo kanye nalezo zizwe ezimbili zezikhali zenuzi zaphinde zathamela ingqungquthela yalo nyaka yokulandela eyayiphethwe yiMexico, nezizwe eziyi-146.
Kukhona uguquko emoyeni kanye noguquko ku-zeitgeist endleleni izizwe nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezibhekana ngayo nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Bahlangana ngokubambisana ngamanani amakhulu futhi ngokuzimisela okukhulayo kuxoxiswane ngesivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi esingavimbela ukuba khona, ukuhlola, ukusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokutholwa kwezikhali zenuzi njengokungekho emthethweni, njengoba nje umhlaba wenze ngezikhali zamakhemikhali nezamagciwane. Isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa sizoqala ukuvala igebe esinqumweni seNkantolo Yomhlaba ehlulekile ukunquma ukuthi izikhali zenuzi zazingekho emthethweni kuzo zonke izimo, ikakhulukazi lapho ukusinda kombuso kwakusengozini. Le nqubo entsha isebenza ngaphandle kwezinhlaka zezingxoxo ze-UN ezikhubazekile, okokuqala e-Oslo, bese kuba seMexico lapho kuhlelwe umhlangano wesithathu e-Austria., wona kanye lo nyaka, hhayi eminyakeni emine kamuva ngo-2018 njengoba kwahlongozwa ukunyakaza okungahlangene kwamazwe ahlulekayo ukuqonda isidingo esiphuthumayo sokusheshisa ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi, futhi akakaze athole ukuthengwa okuvela ku-P-5 ophikayo. Ngempela, i-US, France kanye ne-UK azizange zizihluphe ngisho nokuthumela ummeleli ohloniphekile emhlanganweni wokuqala wezinga eliphezulu emlandweni wezinhloko zezwe kanye nongqongqoshe bangaphandle ukuze bakhulume ngokuchithwa kwezikhali zenuzi eMhlanganweni-Jikelele we-UN ekwindla edlule. Futhi baphikisana nokusungulwa kwe-UN Open Ended Working Group for Nuclear Disarmament eyahlangana e-Geneva ngohlelo olungakahleleki nama-NGO kanye nohulumeni, behluleka ukuvela emhlanganweni owodwa owawubanjwe ehlobo lika-2013.
E-Nayarit, e-Mexico, uSihlalo waseMexico uthumele i-Valentine emhlabeni ngoFebhuwari 14, 2014 lapho ephetha amazwi akhe ngenhlokomo nenjabulo enkulu yezithunywa zikahulumeni eziningi kanye nama-NGO abekhona ethi:
Izingxoxo ezinabile neziphelele ngomthelela wobuntu wezikhali zenuzi kufanele ziholele ekuzibophezeleni kwamazwe kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukufinyelela izindinganiso nezinkambiso ezintsha zamazwe ngamazwe, ngokusebenzisa ithuluzi elibopha ngokomthetho. Kungumbono kaSihlalo ukuthi iNkomfa ye-Nayarit ibonise ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile sokuqala inqubo yezobunxusa ehambisana nalo mgomo. Inkolelo yethu ukuthi le nqubo kufanele ihlanganise isikhathi esinqunyiwe, incazelo yenkundla efaneleke kakhulu, kanye nohlaka olucacile noluqinile, okwenza umthelela wobuntu wezikhali zenuzi ube umnyombo wemizamo yokuqeda izikhali. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo. Umgubho weminyaka engama-70 wokuhlasela kwe-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki uyingqopha-mlando efanele yokufeza umgomo wethu. I-Nayarit iyiphuzu lokungabuyi (ugcizelelwe wengezwe).
Umhlaba usuqalile inqubo yase-Ottawa yezikhali zenuzi engaqedwa maduze nje uma sibumbene futhi sigxile! Esinye isithiyo esiba sobala empumelelweni yokuzuza isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa esivunywe kabanzi yisikhundla “sesambulela senuzi” njengeJapan, Australia, South Korea kanye namalungu e-NATO. Basekela ngokusobala ukukhishwa kwezikhali zenuzi kodwa basathembele “ekuvimbeleni izikhali zenuzi” okubulalayo, inqubomgomo ekhombisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthi amadolobha ase-US ashise amadolobha futhi acekele phansi iplanethi yethu esikhundleni sabo.
Ukufinyelela isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa okuxoxiswene ngaso ngaphandle kwezizwe zezikhali zenuzi kuzosinika ithuba lokuzibamba esivumelwaneni sazo sokuxoxisana ngokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi ngesikhathi esifanele ngokuzihlazisa ngokungagcini nje ngokuhluleka ukuhlonipha i-NPT kodwa nokubukela phansi izikhali zenuzi ngokuphelele. "ukholo oluhle" isithembiso sokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Bayaqhubeka nokuhlola nokwakha amabhomu amasha, izikhungo zokukhiqiza, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidingo ngenkathi uMama Womhlaba ehlaselwa ngokulandelana kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuhlolwa okubucayi”, njengoba lezi zifundazwe eziphula umthetho ziqhubeka nokuqhumisa i-plutonium ngaphansi komhlaba eNevada naseNovaya. Izingosi zokuhlola ze-Zemlya. Ukuphikelela kwe-P-5 ngenqubo “yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo”, esekelwa ezinye “zezifundazwe zezambulela” zenuzi, esikhundleni sokuxoxisana ngokuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kukhombisa ubuzenzisi babo obumangalisayo njengoba bengagcini nje ngokwenza izinto zibe zesimanje futhi bathathe indawo yezikhali zabo, empeleni basakaza izimboni zamabhomu enuzi emhlabeni wonke ngendlela yama-reactors enuzi ukuze kuzuze uhwebo, ngisho "nokwabelana" lobu buchwepheshe obubulalayo ne-India, iqembu elingelona i-NPT, umkhuba ongekho emthethweni owephula umthetho owenqatshelwe we-NPT wokwabelana nobuchwepheshe benuzi nezifunda ukuthi yehlulekile ukujoyina isivumelwano.
Ngomhlangano olandelayo oza e-Austria, Disemba 7th futhi 8th of kulo nyaka, kufanele sibe namaqhinga ekuqhubekiseleni phambili umfutho wokuvinjelwa okusemthethweni. Sidinga ukuthola ohulumeni abengeziwe ukuthi bavele eVienna, futhi senze izinhlelo zokuthi kube nokuvela okukhulu kwama-NGOs ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuthi aphume ngaphansi kwesambulela sawo esihlazozayo futhi ajabulele iqembu elikhulayo lezizwe ezifuna ukuthula emizamweni yethu yokulwela ukuthula. qeda inhlupho zenuzi!
Bheka umkhankaso we-ICAN ukuze uthole ukuthi ungabamba iqhaza kanjani e-Vienna. www.icanw.org
[i] "Ngamunye wabaHlanganyeli esiVumelweni bazibophezela ukulandela izingxoxo ngokwethembeka ezinyathelweni ezisebenzayo eziphathelene nokuqedwa komjaho wezikhali zenuzi kusenesikhathi kanye nokwehliswa kwezikhali zenuzi, kanye nesivumelwano sokuhoxiswa kwezikhali okujwayelekile nokuphelele."
[Ii] I-athikili IV: Akukho lutho kulesi Sivumelwano oluzohunyushwa ngokuthi luthinta ilungelo elingenakwephucwa lawo wonke Amaqembu ESivumelwano lokuthuthukisa ucwaningo, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi ngezinjongo ezinokuthula ngaphandle kokubandlululwa…”
[V] Ukuvikela Ukusinda Kwethu: http://www.disarmsecure.org/
