Iqiniso: Ukuvikela inkululeko, intando yeningi, kanye nokuphila ngokwalo, kufezwa kangcono ngamandla angenamandla. Ukubusa okungaphenduki kwezwe kuphela kulabanye kudinga udlame nempi.
Kuye kwaba yinto engavamile ukuba abenzi bempi babhengeze izimpi zabo njengezifisa, futhi inqubomgomo evamile yokuthi yonke impi ingenwa yokugcina. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili ukuze ujabule kakhulu futhi uthuthuke. Kungenzeka ukukhombisa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwanoma iyiphi impi ethile, empeleni, isenzo sokugcina, ukuthi ezinye izindlela eziphakeme zikhona. Ngakho-ke, uma impi ivikelekile kuphela njengesenzo sokugcina, impi ayinakwenzeka.
Ngayiphi impi eyenzekayo, ngisho nangamaningi angayitholi, ingatholakala abantu abakholelwa ngaleso sikhathi, nangemva kwalokho, ukuthi impi ngayinye ikhona noma iyadingeka. Abanye abantu abaqinisekisile ukuthi kukhona izimpi eziningi ezidingekayo, kodwa bathi impi eyodwa noma ezimbili esikhathini esidlule kwakudingeka ngempela. Futhi abaningi balondoloza ukuthi impi ethile esikhathini esizayo kungenzeka ukuthi iyadingeka - okungenani ngakolunye uhlangothi lwempi, ngaleyo ndlela idinga ukugcinwa unomphela kwezempi ukulungele ukulwa.
Impi Akuyona "Ukuzivikela"
UMnyango Wezempi wase-US waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela ngo-1947, futhi kuvamile emazweni amaningi ukukhuluma ngeminyango yezimpi eyeyakho nangazo zonke ezinye izizwe ngokuthi “ukuzivikela.” Kepha uma leli gama linencazelo ethile, alinakwelulwa ukumboza ukwenziwa kwempi okuhlaselayo noma impi enolaka. Uma “ukuzivikela” kusho okuthile ngaphandle kokuthi “ukoniwa,” bese ukuhlasela esinye isizwe “ukuze bangakwazi ukusihlasela kuqala” noma “ukuthumela umyalezo” noma “ukujezisa” ubugebengu akuvikeli futhi akudingekile.
Ku-2001, uhulumeni waseTalban e-Afghanistan wayezimisele ukubuyisela u-Osama bin Laden phezu kwesizwe sesithathu ukuba azolwe ngamacala e-United States athi wayezokwenza. Esikhundleni sokuphishekela ukushushiswa komthetho ngamacala obugebengu, i-United States ne-NATO bakhetha impi engekho emthethweni edale umonakalo owedlula ukwedlula ubugebengu, kuthiwa ngemuva kokuthi uBin Laden ushiye lesi sizwe, waqhubeka nokudutshulwa kukaBin Laden, futhi waqhubeka enzima kakhulu ukulimala e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, emazweni ase-United States nase-NATO, nasekubusweni komthetho.
Ngokombiko womhlangano ngoFebhuwari 2003 phakathi kukaMengameli waseMelika uGeorge W. Bush noNdunankulu waseSpain, uBush uthe uMengameli uSaddam Hussein uzimisele ukuphuma e-Iraq, nokuya ekuthunjweni, uma ekwazi ukugcina $ 1 billion. Umbusi ovunyelwe ukubaleka nge $ 1 billion akuwona umphumela omuhle. Kodwa lesi sipho asizange sibonakaliswe emphakathini wase-US. Kunalokho, uhulumeni kaBush wathi impi yayidingeka ukuvikela i-United States ngokumelene nezikhali ezazingekho. Esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane, abantu base-Iraq babone ukulahlekelwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, izigidi zenza ababaleki, ingqalasizinda yesizwe sabo kanye nemfundo kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo ezibhubhiselwe, ukukhululeka komphakathi okulahlekile, ukubhujiswa kwemvelo okukhulu, nezifo zezifo nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa - konke okwakudla i-United States $ 800 billion, hhayi ukubala izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ngokwezindleko zokunyuka kwamafutha, ukukhokhelwa kwezintshisekelo zesikhathi esizayo, ukunakekelwa kwezilwane, kanye nokulahlekelwa amathuba - ukungalokothi kubhekane nabafileyo nabalimele, ukwanda kwezemfihlo zikahulumeni, umonakalo emhlabeni kanye nomkhathi wayo, kanye nokulimala kokuziphatha kokwamukela umphakathi ukuthunjwa, ukuhlushwa nokubulala.
Funda futhi: Inganekwane: I-China Iyingozi Yezempi
Ukulungiselela Impi Akuyona "Ukuzivikela"
Umqondo ofanayo ongathi ukuhlasela esinye isizwe “ukuzivikela” kungasetshenziswa ukuzama ukuthethelela ukumiswa kwamasosha unomphela kwesinye isizwe. Umphumela, kuzo zombili lezi zimo, awunamphumela, ukhiqiza izinsongo kunokuba uziqede. Ezizweni ezingaba ngu-196 emhlabeni, i-United States inezikhali okungenani i-177. Idlanzana lezinye izizwe nazo zinenani elincane kakhulu lamasosha abekwe phesheya. Lokhu akuwona umsebenzi wokuzivikela noma odingekayo noma izindleko.
Umbutho wezempi ozivikelayo uzoba nonogada wasogwini, onogada basemngceleni, izikhali ezilwa nezindiza, namanye amabutho akwazi ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni. Iningi lezindleko zempi, ikakhulukazi amazwe acebile, liyacasula. Izikhali phesheya kwezilwandle, nasolwandle zingazivikeli. Amabhomu nemicibisholo ebhekise kwezinye izizwe ayizivikeli. Amazwe amaningi acebile, kufaka phakathi lawo anezikhali eziningi ezingasebenzi ukuzivikela, achitha imali engaphansi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 100 minyaka yonke emasosheni abo. Imali eyengeziwe eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 900 eletha ukusetshenziswa kwezempi yaseMelika kuze kufike ku- $ 1 trillion minyaka yonke ayifaki lutho lokuzivikela.
Ukuzivikela Akudingeki Ukubandakanya Ubudlova
Ekuchazeni izimpi zakamuva e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq njengabantu abangasivikela, siye sabona umbono we-Afghans ne-Iraqis? Ingabe ukuzivikela ukulwa emuva lapho kuhlaselwa? Ngempela, kunjalo. Lona incazelo yokuzivikela. Kodwa, ake sikhumbule ukuthi ngabagqugquzeli bempi abaye bathi ukuzivikela kwenza impi ilungile. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuzivikela, ngokuphindaphindiwe kaningi kunalokho, ukuphikiswa okungekho emthethweni. Izinganekwane zamaqhawe amasonto zikhomba ukuthi isenzo esingenasivikelo sibuthakathaka, singenzi lutho futhi asikwazi ukusebenza ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezinkulu zenhlalo. Amaqiniso bonisa okuphambene nalokho. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi isinqumo esihlakaniphile kunazo zonke se-Iraq noma se-Afghanistan kwakuyoba ukuphikisana okungenasidingo, ukungabambisene, nokukhalela ubulungiswa bomhlaba wonke.
Isinqumo esinjalo sikholisa kakhulu uma sicabanga ngesizwe esinjenge-United States, esinamandla amakhulu okulawula izinhlangano zomhlaba ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, zisabela ekuhlaselweni okuvela phesheya. Abantu base-United States benqaba ukwamukela igunya langaphandle. Amaqembu oxolo aphesheya angajoyina ukuphikiswa okungenabudlova. Ukujeziswa okuhlosiwe nokushushiswa kungahlanganiswa nengcindezi yamazwe omhlaba. Kunezinye izindlela zokwenza ubudlova obukhulu.
Nalu uhlu lokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwesenzo esingahlomile esingahlomile esikhundleni sempi.
Impi Yenza Wonke Umuntu Avikeleke
Umbuzo obalulekile, noma kunjalo, akusiyo indlela isizwe esihlaselwe okufanele siphendule ngayo, kepha kanjani ukuvimbela isizwe esinobudlova ekuhlaseleni. Enye indlela yokusiza ukwenza lokhu kungaba ukusabalalisa ukuqwashisa ukuthi impi eyenza abantu babe yingozi kubantu kunokubavikela.
Ukwenqaba leyo mpi kuyadingeka akufani nokuhluleka ukubona ukuthi kukhona okubi emhlabeni. Empeleni, impi idinga ukubalwa njengenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni. Akukho lutho olubi ukuthi impi ingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela. Futhi ukusebenzisa impi ukuvimbela noma ukujezisa ukwenza impi kuveze ukwehluleka okukhulu.
Imfundiso yezempi ingasenza sikholwe ukuthi impi ibulala abantu ababi abadinga ukubulawa ukusivikela kanye nenkululeko yethu. Eqinisweni, izimpi zakamuva ezihilela izizwe ezicebile ziye zababulala izingane ezine, abadala, nabahlali abahlala ezizweni ezihluphekile. Futhi ngenkathi "inkululeko" isebenze njengesizathu sezimpi, izimpi ziye zakhonza njengoba ukulungiswa kokukhululeka kwenkululeko yangempela.
Umqondo wokuthi ungathola amalungelo ngokunika amandla uhulumeni wakho ukuba asebenze ekusithekeni futhi abulale izinombolo ezinkulu zabantu kuphela umsindo onengqondo uma impi iyithuluzi lethu kuphela. Uma konke onakho kunesando, zonke izinkinga zibukeka njengezipikili. Ngakho izimpi ziyimpendulo yazo zonke izingxabano zangaphandle, futhi izimpi eziyingozi ezihudula isikhathi eside zingaphelelwa ngokuzikhulisa.
Izifo ezingavinjelwa, izingozi, ukuzibulala, ukuwa, ukuminza, nesimo sezulu esishisayo kubulala abantu abaningi e-United States nezinye izizwe eziningi ukwedlula ubuphekula. Uma ubuphekula bukwenza kudingeke ukuthi kutshalwe imali eyi- $ 1 trillion ngonyaka kumalungiselelo empi, isimo sezulu esishisayo senza kudingeke senzeni?
Inkolelo yesongelo elikhulu lamaphekula lithengiswa ngokweqile yi-ejensi efana ne-FBI evame ukukhuthaza, ukuxhasa, nokufaka abantu abangenakukwazi ukubeka izinsongo zobuphekula ngokwabo.
A ukutadisha izisusa zangempela ngoba izimpi zenza kucace ukuthi isidingo asikwazi neze ukufaka inqubo yokwenza izinqumo, ngaphandle kwezingcaphephe zomphakathi.
"Ukulawulwa Kwabantu" ngokuMisa-Ukubulala Akuyona Isisombululo
Phakathi kwalabo abaqaphela ukuthi impi ilimaza kangakanani, kukhona esinye isizathu sokuqanjwa kwalesi sikhungo esiyingqayizivele: impi iyadingeka ekulawuleni abantu. Kepha amandla eplanethi ukukhawulela inani labantu aqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokusebenza ngaphandle kwempi. Imiphumela izoba mibi. Isixazululo kungaba ukuthi sitshale enye yengcebo enkulu manje elahlwe empini ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuphila ezizinzile esikhundleni salokho. Umqondo wokusebenzisa impi ukuqeda izigidigidi zamadoda, abesifazane kanye nezingane ucishe unikeze izinhlobo ezingacabanga ukuthi lowo mcabango awukufanele ukulondolozwa (noma okungenani akufanelekile ukugxeka amaNazi); ngenhlanhla abantu abaningi abakwazi ukucabanga noma yini emangalisa kangaka.
- Impi Yezwe II ayengenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMpi Yezwe I, ngaphandle kokungazibuwula kokuqala iMpi Yezwe I kanye nendlela yokuqeda ukulwa neMpi Yezwe I eyabangela abantu abaningi abahlakaniphile ukuba babikezele iMpi Yezwe II endaweni, noma ngaphandle kwezimali zikaWall Street yeJalimane yamaNazi amashumi eminyaka (njengenqunyiwe kumakominisi), noma ngaphandle kohlanga lwempi nezinqumo eziningi ezimbi ezingadingeki ziphindwe esikhathini esizayo.
- Uhulumeni wase-US akazange ahlaselwe ngokuhlaselwa okungalindelekile. UMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wayethembise buthule uChurchill ukuthi i-United States izosebenza kanzima ukuvusa iJapan ekutheni ihlasele. I-FDR yazi ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kuyeza, futhi ekuqaleni yabhala isimemezelo sempi yokulwa neJalimane neJapane kusihlwa ePearl Harbor. Ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, i-FDR yayakhe izisekelo e-US nezilwandle eziningi, zathengisa izikhali eBrits ngezisekelo, zaqala okusalungiswa, zakha uhlu lwabo bonke abantu baseJapan baseMelika ezweni, zanikeza izindiza, abaqeqeshi nabashayeli bezindiza eChina , yafaka unswinyo olunzima eJapan, futhi yazisa amasosha ase-US ukuthi impi neJapan iyaqala. Utshele abeluleki bakhe abaphezulu ukuthi ulindele ukuhlaselwa ngoDisemba 1, okuyizinsuku eziyisithupha zokuphumula. Nakhu okungena kudayari kaNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson kulandela umhlangano owawungoNovemba 25, 1941, eWhite House: “UMongameli wathi amaJapane ayedume ngokuhlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso futhi wathi singahlaselwa, isibonelo ngoMsombuluko ozayo. ”
- Impi yayingesizo ezomuntu futhi ayizange ifakwe ngisho kanjalo kuze kube yilapho iphelile. I-United States iholele izingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke lapho kwenziwa khona isinqumo sokungamukeli ababaleki abangamaJuda, nangenxa yezizathu ezicacile zobandlululo, nangaphandle kwesimangalo sikaHitler sokuthi uzobathumela noma ikuphi emikhunjini yokunethezeka. Kwakungekho iphosta ekucela ukuthi usize uMalume Sam ukusindisa amaJuda. Umkhumbi wababaleki abangamaJuda abavela eJalimane waxoshwa eMiami ngabakwa-Coast Guard. Izwe laseMelika nezinye izizwe zenqabile ukwamukela ababaleki abangamaJuda, futhi iningi lomphakathi wase-US lasisekela leso sikhundla. Amaqembu oxolo abuza uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill nonobhala wakhe wezangaphandle ngokuthumela amaJuda eJalimane ayobasindisa batshelwa ukuthi, yize uHitler angavuma kahle lolu hlelo, kungaba yinkinga enkulu futhi kudinga imikhumbi eminingi kakhulu. I-US ayizange yenze umzamo wokuxhumana noma wezempi ukusindisa izisulu emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi. U-Anne Frank unqatshelwe i-visa yaseMelika. Yize leli phuzu lingahlangene nakancane necala lesazi-mlando esibucayi seWWII njengeMpi Yobulungiswa, liyisisekelo sezinganekwane zase-US ukuthi ngizofaka lapha indinyana ebalulekile evela kuNicholson Baker:
"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala waseBrithani wangaphandle, owayesebenziwe yiChurchill ngokuphatha imibuzo mayelana nababaleki, wabhekana nomuntu oyedwa wezithunywa ezibalulekile, wathi noma yikuphi ukuzamazama kokuthola amaJuda avela eHitler kwakungenakwenzeka. Lapho ehamba eya e-United States, i-Edene yabika ngokuqondile uCordell Hull, unobhala wezwe, ukuthi ubunzima obunzima ngokubuza uHitler kumaJuda ukuthi "uHitler angase asithathele noma yimuphi umnikelo onjalo, futhi akukhona nje imikhumbi eyanele kanye nezindlela zokuhamba emhlabeni ukuzobhekana nazo. ' UChurchill wavuma. Ephendula impendulo eyodwa, wathi: 'Ngisho noma singayithola imvume yokuhoxisa wonke amaJuda,' ukuthutha yedwa kuveza inkinga ezoba nzima ukuxazululwa. ' Ukuthunyelwa nokuthutha okwanele? Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, abaseBrithani babebalekele cishe amadoda angama-340,000 emabhishi aseDunkirk ngezinsuku ezingu-9 kuphela. I-US Air Force inezinkulungwane eziningi zezindiza ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngisho ne-armistice emfushane, ama-Allies angabaleka ngendiza futhi athumele ababaleki ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu emkhakheni waseJalimane. "[vii]
Mhlawumbe kuya embuzweni othi "Inhloso Efanele" ukuthi uhlangothi "oluhle" lwempi aluzange lunikeze ithuba lokuthi yini engaba yisibonelo esiyinhloko sobubi bohlangothi "olubi" lwempi.
- Impi yayingavikeleki. I-FDR yaqamba amanga ukuthi inebalazwe lamacebo amaNazi wokudweba iNingizimu Melika, ukuthi wayenomgomo wamaNazi wokuqeda inkolo, ukuthi imikhumbi yase-US (ngokusiza ngokuqondile amabutho aseBrithani empini) yahlaselwa amaNazi ngokungenacala, ukuthi iJalimane yayisongela i-United States.[viii] Icala lingenziwa ukuthi i-US idingekile ukungena empini eYurophu ukuvikela ezinye izizwe, ezazingenelela ukuvikela ezinye izizwe, kodwa icala lingenziwa ukuthi i-US ikhulise ukubhekwa kwezizwe, yandisa impi, futhi okwenze umonakalo omkhulu kunalokho okwakwenzekile, ngabe i-US ayenzanga lutho, azama ukudibanisa, noma utshalwa imali yokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukumangalela ukuthi umbuso wamaNazi wawungakhula ngelinye ilanga kufaka ukuthi umsebenzi wase-United States ulandelwa kakhulu futhi awukhombiswa yiziphi izibonelo zangaphambili noma ezilandelayo ezivela kwezinye izimpi.
- Manje sisazi kabanzi kakhulu futhi ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ukuthi ukumelana nokungapheli komsebenzi nokungabi nabulungisa kungase kube nokuphumelela-futhi leyo mpumelelo kungenzeka ukuthi ihlale-kunokumelana nokuhlukumezeka. Ngalolu lwazi, singabheka emuva emiphakathini emangalisayo yezenzo ezingezona ukuphikisana namaNazi awakungakhethi kahle noma akhiwe ngaphesheya kwempumelelo yawo yokuqala.[ix]
- Impi Enhle ibingawalungele amasosha. Njengoba ayentula ukuqeqeshwa kwanamuhla nesimo sengqondo esihle sokulungiselela amasosha ukuba ahlanganyele esenzweni esingokwemvelo sokubulala, amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 ama-US namanye amabutho eMpini Yezwe II awazange azidubule “izitha” zawo.[X] Ukuthi ama-veterans we-WWII aphathwe kangcono ngemva kwempi kunamanye amasosha ngaphambi noma kusukela, kwaba umphumela wenkinga eyenziwe iBusus Army ngemuva kwempi yangaphambilini. Lawo maqhawe athole ikholeji yamahhala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nempesheni kwakungeyona ngenxa yemfanelo yempi noma ngenye indlela umphumela wempi. Ngaphandle kwempi, wonke umuntu wayenganikwa ikholeji yamahhala iminyaka eminingi. Uma sinikeze bonke abantu namuhla ikholeji yamahhala, kuzodinga okungaphezu kwezingxoxo zeHollywoodized World War II ukuze bathole abantu abaningi eziteshini zokuqasha ezempi.
- Izikhathi eziningana inani labantu ababulawa emakamu aseJalimane babulawa ngaphandle kwabo empini. Abaningi balabo bantu babeyizizwe. Isilinganiso sokubulala, ukulimaza, nokubhubhisa senze i-WWII ibe yinto ebaluleke kunazo zonke abantu abaye bazenzele yona ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngicabanga ukuthi labo ababambisana nabo "baphikisana" nokubulawa okuncane kakhulu emakamu. Kodwa lokho akunakulungiselela ukwelashwa okwakungaphezu kwesifo.
- Ukwandisa impi ukufaka ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwabantu kanye namadolobha, okufika ekugcineni kwamadolobhana okungenakunqotshwa kwamanye amazwe kuthatha iWWII ngaphandle kwemiklamo evikelekile yabaningi abaye bavikela ukuqala kwayo-futhi kufanelekile. Ukufuna ukuzinikela okungekho emthethweni futhi ukufuna ukwandisa ukufa nokuhlupheka kwenza umonakalo omkhulu futhi washiya ifa elibi futhi elihle.
- Ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu kuthiwa kuvikelwa ohlangothini "oluhle" empini, kepha hhayi ohlangothini "olubi". Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili awukaze uqhamuke njengokucabanga. Izwe laseMelika belinomlando omude njengombuso wobandlululo. Amasiko ase-US okucindezela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ukuqeda ukuqothulwa kwabantu baseMelika baseMelika, futhi manje abaseMelika baseJapan asebephambene nakho kwaveza izinhlelo ezithile ezazikhuthaza amaNazi aseJalimane — lokhu kwakuhlanganisa amakamu amaMelika Omdabu, kanye nezinhlelo zama-eugenics nokuhlolwa kwabantu okwakukhona ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, futhi emva kwempi. Olunye lwalezi zinhlelo lubandakanya ukunika ugcunsula kubantu baseGuatemala ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuqulwa kwecala laseNuremberg.[xi] Isosha lase-US laqasha amaNazi aphezulu ekupheleni kwempi; zivumelane ngqo.[xii] I-US ihlose umbuso wezwe obanzi, ngaphambi kwempi, phakathi nayo, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. AmaNazi aseJalimane namuhla, enqatshelwe ukuzulazula ifulegi lamaNazi, ngezinye izikhathi avule ifulege ye-Confederate States of America esikhundleni salokho.
- Uhlangothi "oluhle" "lwempi enhle," iqembu elenza ukubulala okukhulu futhi lifela uhlangothi olunqobile, kwakuyiSoviet Union yamakhomanisi. Lokho akwenzi impi inqobe ubukhomanisi, kepha kungcolisa izindaba zaseWashington nezaseHollywood zokunqoba “kwentando yeningi.”[xiii]
- Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba ayikapheli. Abantu abajwayelekile e-United States babengenayo imali yabo yentela kuze kube yiMpi Yezwe II futhi lokho akukaze kumiswe. Kwakufanele kube okwesikhashana.[xiv] Izisekelo ezise-WWII-era ezakhiwe emhlabeni jikelele azikaze zivaliwe. Amabutho ase-US awazange ashiye eJalimane noma eJapane.[xv] Kukhona okungaphezu kwe-100,000 US neBrithani amabhomu asele ehlabathini eJalimane, abulala.[xvi]
- Ukubuyela emuva eminyakeni engu-75 ezweni elingenakhokliya, elingama-colonial of structures, imithetho, kanye nemikhuba ehluke ngokuphelele ukuze kulungiswe ukuthi yikuphi okuye kwaba yizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu e-United States eminyakeni ngayinye kusukela kuyisenzo esiyinqaba sokuzikhohlisa okungukuthi ' t uzame ukulungiswa kwanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elincane. Ngicabanga ukuthi nginezinombolo ze-1 nge-11 ezingalungile ngokuphelele, futhi usadingeka ukuthi uchaze ukuthi umcimbi ovela kuma-1940 okuqala uvumela kanjani ukulahla amaRandi ayi-trillion angu-2017 empini yempi okungenzeka isetshenziselwe ukondla, ukugqoka, ukwelashwa nokuhlala izigidi zabantu, nokuvikela imvelo emhlabeni.
[vii] Impi engasekho: Emakhulu Eminyaka Eminyaka Yama-American Antiwar Nokubhala Ukuthula, ehlelwe nguLawrence Rosendwald.
[viii] UDavid Swanson, Impi Ngamanga, Edition Second (Charlottesville: Izincwadi Zomhlaba Nje, 2016).
[ix] Ibhuku nefilimu: Amandla Angaphezu Kakhulu, http://aforcemorepowerful.org
[X] UDave Grossman, Ekubulaweni: Izindleko Zengqondo Zokufunda Ukubulala Empi naseNhlanganweni (I-Back Bay Books: i-1996).
[xi] UDonald G. McNeil Jr., I-New York Times, "US Apologizes for Testing Syphilis eGuatemala," Okthoba 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html
[xii] U-Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: Uhlelo Lwemfihlo Yobunhloli olwenza abaSazi BamaNazi eMelika (Little, Brown kanye neNkampani, i-2014).
[xiii] U-Oliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Umlando we-Untold we-United States (Amabhuku Egalari, i-2013).
[xiv] USteven A. Bank, uKirk J. Stark, noJoseph J. Thorndike, Impi Nemali (I-Urban Institute Press, i-2008).
[xv] RootsAction.org, "Suka Emgodini weNewstop. Vala i-Ramstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254
[xvi] UDavid Swanson, "I-United States Ivele Ihlaselwe Ibhomu EJalimane," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134
Imibhalo Yamuva:
