Umthombo wesithombe: u-Anti T. Nissinen
Ibhalwe ngu-Alfred de Zayas, I-CounterPunch, Ngo-September 15, i-2022
Kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani osopolitiki baseNtshonalanga kanye nabezindaba abajwayelekile behluleka ukubona ubungozi obukhona ababubeke eRussia futhi ngokunganaki kithina sonke. Ukuphikelela kwe-NATO kulokho okubizwa ngenqubomgomo yayo ebizwa ngokuthi “umnyango ovulekile” kuwumqondo ophusile futhi ayizinaki ngokukhululekile izithakazelo ezisemthethweni zokuphepha zaseRussia. Alikho izwe elingabekezelela ukwanda okunjalo. Impela akuyona i-US uma ngokuqhathanisa iMexico ingalingeka ukuthi ijoyine umfelandawonye oholwa yiChina.
I-NATO ibonise lokho engingakubiza ngokuthi ukungahambisani necala kanye nokwenqaba kwayo ukuxoxisana nesivumelwano sokuphepha saseYurophu yonke noma ngisho nasemhlabeni wonke saba uhlobo lokucasula, oluqala ngokuqondile impi ekhona e-Ukraine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi le mpi ingafinyelela kalula ekubhujisweni kwenuzi.
Akukhona okokuqala ukuthi isintu sizithole sibhekene nenkinga enkulu ebingavinjelwa ngokugcina izithembiso ezanikwa umufi uMikhail Gorbachev ngulowo owayenguNobhala Wezangaphandle eMelika uJames Baker.[1] kanye nezinye izikhulu zase-US. Ukwanda kwe-NATO esempumalanga kusukela ngo-1997 kubonwe ngabaholi baseRussia njengokwephulwa okukhulu kwesivumelwano esibalulekile sezokuphepha esinezingqinamba ezikhona. Kuye kwabonwa njengengozi eyanda njalo, “usongo lokusetshenziswa kwamandla” ngezinjongo ze-athikili 2(4) ye-UN Charter. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nengozi enkulu yokungqubuzana kwenuzi, njengoba iRussia inezikhali ezinkulu zenuzi kanye nezindlela zokuletha izikhali zenuzi.
Umbuzo obalulekile ongabuzwa abezindaba abajwayelekile uthi: Kungani sivusa amandla enuzi? Ingabe silahlekelwe umqondo wethu ngezilinganiso? Ingabe sidlala uhlobo "lwe-roulette yaseRussia" ngesiphetho sezizukulwane ezizayo zabantu emhlabeni?
Lona akuwona nje umbuzo wepolitiki, kodwa kakhulu indaba yezenhlalo, ifilosofi kanye nokuziphatha. Abaholi bethu ngokuqinisekile abanalo ilungelo lokubeka izimpilo zabo bonke abantu baseMelika engozini. Lokhu ukuziphatha okungenademokhrasi kakhulu futhi kufanele kugxekwe abantu baseMelika. Maye, abezindaba abajwayelekile bebelokhu besabalalisa inkulumo-ze emelene nesiRashiya amashumi eminyaka. Kungani i-NATO idlala lo mdlalo oyingozi kakhulu "we-va banque"? Singaphinde sibeke engozini izimpilo zabo bonke abantu baseYurophu, abase-Asia, abase-Afrika kanye nabaseLatin America? Ngoba nje "singabahlukile" futhi sifuna ukungaguquki mayelana "nelungelo" lethu lokwandisa i-NATO?
Ake siphefumule kakhulu futhi sikhumbule ukuthi umhlaba wawuseduze kangakanani ne-Apocalypse ngesikhathi senhlekelele yezikhali ezicitshwayo zaseCuba ngo-Okthoba 1962. Siyabonga uNkulunkulu ukuthi kwakukhona abantu ababenamakhanda apholile e-White House futhi uJohn F. Kennedy wakhetha ukuxoxisana ngokuqondile amaSoviet, ngoba isiphetho sesintu sisezandleni zakhe. Ngangingumfundi wasesikoleni esiphakeme e-Chicago futhi ngikhumbula ngibuka izinkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kuka-Adlai Stevenson III no-Valentin Zorin (engahlangana naye eminyakeni eminingi kamuva lapho ngiseyisikhulu esiphezulu se-UN samalungelo abantu e-Geneva).
Ngo-1962 i-UN yasindisa umhlaba ngokunikeza inkundla lapho ukungezwani kungaxazululwa khona ngokuthula. Kuyinhlekelele ukuthi uNobhala Jikelele wamanje u-Antonio Guterres wehlulekile ukubhekana nengozi edalwe ukwanda kwe-NATO ngesikhathi esifanele. Wayengase kodwa ahluleke ukwenza lula ukuxoxisana phakathi kweRussia namazwe e-NATO ngaphambi kukaFebhuwari 2022. Kuyihlazo ukuthi i-OSCE yehlulekile ukuncenga uhulumeni wase-Ukraine ukuthi kufanele asebenzise Izivumelwano zaseMinsk - pacta sunt servanda.
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi amazwe angathathi hlangothi njengeSwitzerland ahluleka ukukhulumela isintu ngesikhathi kusengenzeka ukunqanda ukubheduka kwempi. Ngisho namanje, kubalulekile ukuyimisa impi. Noma ubani owandisa impi wenza ubugebengu obuphikisana nokuthula nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Ukubulala kufanele kuphele namuhla futhi sonke isintu kufanele sisukume sifune Ukuthula MANJE.
Ngikhumbula inkulumo yokuqala kaJohn F. Kennedy e-American University eWashington DC mhla ziyi-10 kuNhlangulana 1963.[2]. Ngicabanga ukuthi bonke osopolitiki kufanele bafunde lesi sitatimende esihlakaniphe ngokuphawulekayo futhi babone ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuxazulula impi ekhona e-Ukraine. USolwazi uJeffrey Sachs waseColumbia University eNew York wabhala incwadi enokuqonda ngayo.[3]
Lapho etusa ikilasi elalithweswa iziqu, uKennedy wakhumbula incazelo kaMasefield yenyuvesi ngokuthi “indawo lapho labo abazonda ukungazi bengase balwele ukwazi, lapho labo abathola iqiniso bengase balwele khona ukwenza abanye babone.
Kennedy wakhetha ukuxoxa “ngesihloko esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni: ukuthula komhlaba. Hlobo luni lokuthula engiqonde lona? Hlobo luni lokuthula esilufunayo? Hhayi a I-Pax Americana ephoqelelwe emhlabeni ngezikhali zempi zaseMelika. Hhayi ukuthula kwethuna noma ukulondeka kwesigqila. Ngikhuluma ngokuthula kwangempela, uhlobo lokuthula okwenza ukuphila emhlabeni kuzuze ukuphila, uhlobo oluvumela abantu nezizwe ukuba bakhule futhi babe nethemba futhi bakhele izingane zabo ukuphila okungcono—hhayi nje ukuthula kubantu baseMelika kodwa ukuthula kwabo bonke. amadoda nabesifazane—hhayi nje ukuthula esikhathini sethu kodwa ukuthula kuze kube phakade.”
U-Kennedy wayenabeluleki abahle abamkhumbuza ukuthi "impi ephelele ayinangqondo ... enkathini lapho isikhali senuzi esisodwa siqukethe cishe izikhathi eziyishumi amandla okuqhuma alethwa yizo zonke ibutho lomoya elihlangene eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Akunangqondo enkathini lapho ubuthi obubulalayo obukhiqizwa ukushintshaniswa kwezikhali zenuzi buyothwalwa umoya namanzi nomhlabathi nembewu iye emagumbini akude omhlaba nasezizukulwaneni ezingakazalwa.”
U-Kennedy kanye nomanduleli wakhe u-Eisenhower bakugxekile kaningi ukusetshenziswa kwezigidigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke ezikhalini, ngoba lezi zindleko aziyona indlela ephumelelayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthula, okuyisiphetho esinengqondo esidingekayo samadoda anengqondo.
Ngokungafani nabalandela u-Kennedy e-White House, u-JFK wayenomuzwa wokuba ngokoqobo kanye nekhono lokuzigxeka: “Abanye bathi akusizi ukukhuluma ngokuthula komhlaba noma umthetho womhlaba noma ukuchithwa kwezikhali emhlabeni—futhi ngeke kusize ngalutho kuze kube yilapho uMbuso uqhubeka. abaholi baseSoviet Union baba nesimo sengqondo esikhanyiselwe kakhudlwana. Ngethemba ukuthi bazokwenza. Ngikholwa ukuthi singabasiza bakwenze. Kodwa futhi ngikholelwa ukuthi kufanele sihlole kabusha isimo sethu sengqondo—njengabantu ngabanye nanjengeSizwe—ngoba isimo sethu sengqondo sibaluleke njengesabo.”
Ngakho-ke, uphakamise ukuthi kuhlolwe isimo se-US mayelana nokuthula ngokwako. “Abaningi bethu bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka. Abaningi kakhulu bacabanga ukuthi akuyona into yangempela. Kodwa lokho kuyingozi, inkolelo yokuhlulwa. Kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi impi ayinakugwenywa—ukuthi isintu siyobhujiswa—ukuthi sibanjwe amandla esingakwazi ukuwalawula.” Wenqaba ukwamukela lowo mbono. Njengoba atshela abathweswe iziqu e-American University, “Izinkinga zethu zenziwe ngabantu—ngakho-ke, zingaxazululwa ngumuntu. Futhi umuntu angaba mkhulu njengoba efuna. Ayikho inkinga yokudalelwa komuntu edlula abantu. Ingqondo yomuntu nomoya kaningi kuxazulule okubonakala kungaxazululeki—futhi sikholelwa ukuthi bangakwazi futhi….”
Ukhuthaze izethameli zakhe ukuba zigxile ekuthuleni okusebenziseka kalula, okungafinyeleleka kakhudlwana, okusekelwe ekuguqukeni okungazelelwe kwemvelo yomuntu kodwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kancane kancane ezikhungweni zabantu—ochungechungeni lwezenzo ezibambekayo nezivumelwano eziphumelelayo ezithakazelisa bonke abathintekayo. : “Awukho ukhiye owodwa, olula walokhu kuthula–ayikho indlela enkulu noma ewumlingo ezosetshenziswa amandla oyedwa noma amabili. Ukuthula kwangempela kumelwe kube umphumela wezizwe eziningi, ingqikithi yezenzo eziningi. Kufanele ibe namandla, inganyakazi, ishintshe ukuze ihlangabezane nenselele yesizukulwane esisha ngasinye. Ngoba ukuthula kuyinqubo—indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga.”
Ngokwami, ngiphatheke kabi ngokuthi amazwi kaKennedy aqhelelene kakhulu nezinkulumo esizizwa namuhla kubo bobabili uBiden kanye noBlinken, okulandisa kwabo okungokunye kokuzigxeka - i-caricature emnyama nemhlophe - akukho nhlanzi ye-JFK's humanistic and pragmatic. indlela yobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngiyakhuthazwa ukuthi ngiphinde ngithole umbono we-JFK: “Ukuthula komhlaba, njengokuthula komphakathi, akudingi ukuthi umuntu ngamunye athande umakhelwane wakhe–kudinga kuphela ukuthi bahlale ndawonye ngokubekezelelana, bahambise izingxabano zabo ukuze kuxazululwe kahle futhi ngokuthula. Futhi umlando usifundisa ukuthi ubutha phakathi kwezizwe, njengabantu ngabanye, abuhlali phakade.”
I-JFK igcizelele ukuthi kumele sibekezele futhi sithathe umbono ongacacile wobuhle bethu kanye nobubi bezitha zethu. Wakhumbuza izilaleli zakhe ukuthi ukuthula akudingeki kube yinto engenakwenzeka, futhi impi akufanele igwenywe. Ngokuchaza umgomo wethu ngokucace kakhudlwana, ngokuwenza ubonakale ulawuleka futhi uqhelelene kakhulu, singasiza bonke abantu ukuba bawubone, bathole ithemba kuwo, futhi baqhubekele kuwo ngokungenakuvinjelwa.”
Isiphetho sakhe kwaba ithimba labavakashi: “Ngakho-ke, kufanele siphikelele ekufuneni ukuthula ngethemba lokuthi izinguquko ezakhayo phakathi kweqembu lamaKhomanisi zingase zilethe izixazululo ezibonakala zingaphezu kwethu manje. Kufanele siphathe izindaba zethu ngendlela yokuthi kube yintshisekelo yamaKhomanisi ukuvumelana ngokuthula kwangempela. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngenkathi sivikela izintshisekelo zethu ezibalulekile, amandla enuzi kumele agweme lokho kungqubuzana okuletha isitha ekukhetheni ukuhlehla okuyihlazo noma impi yenuzi. Ukwamukela lolo hlobo lwenkambo enkathini yenuzi kungaba ubufakazi bokuqothuka kwenqubomgomo yethu-noma isifiso sokufa esihlangene somhlaba. ”
Abathweswe iziqu e-American University bamshayela ihlombe u-Kennedy ngo-1963. Ngingafisa sengathi wonke umfundi wasenyuvesi, wonke umfundi wesikole samabanga aphezulu, wonke amalungu eCongress, zonke izintatheli zingayifunda le nkulumo futhi zizindle ngemithelela yayo emhlabeni NAMUHLA. Ngifisa sengathi bangayifunda i-New York Times kaGeorge F. Kennan[4] Indatshana ka-1997 elahla ukwanda kwe-NATO, umbono kaJack Matlock[5], inxusa lokugcina lase-US e-USSR, izixwayiso zezazi zase-US uStephen Cohen[6] kanye noSolwazi John Mearsheimer[7].
Nginovalo lokuthi emhlabeni wamanje wezindaba ezingamanga nokulandisa okuguquliwe, emphakathini wanamuhla ohlanzwe ingqondo, uKennedy angasolwa ngokuba “umshwelezeli” waseRussia, ngisho imbuka lamagugu aseMelika. Nokho, isiphetho saso sonke isintu manje sisengozini. Futhi esikudingayo ngempela enye i-JFK e-White House.
U-Alfred de Zayas unguprofesa wezomthetho e-Geneva School of Diplomacy futhi wasebenza njengochwepheshe ozimele we-UN ku-International Order 2012-18. Ungumbhali wezincwadi eziyishumi nanye ezihlanganisa "Ukwakha I-World Order Elungile" i-Clarity Press, 2021, kanye ne "Counting Mainstream Narratives", Clarity Press, 2022.
- https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16117-document-06-record-conversation-between ↑
- https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/american-university-19630610 ↑
- https://www.jeffsachs.org/Jeffrey Sachs, Ukuhambisa Umhlaba: Ukufuna Ukuthula kwe-JFK. I-Random House, 2013. Bheka futhi ku-https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/h29g9k7l7fymxp39yhzwxc5f72ancr ↑
- https://comw.org/pda/george-kennan-on-nato-expansion/ ↑
- https://transnational.live/2022/05/28/jack-matlock-ukraine-crisis-should-have-been-avoided/ ↑
-
“Uma sihambisa amasosha e-NATO emingceleni yaseRussia, lokho kuzosiqinisa impi, kodwa iRussia ngeke ihlehle. Udaba lukhona.” ↑
- https://www.mearsheimer.com/. Mearsheimer, The Great Delusion, Yale University Press, 2018.https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/03/11/john-mearsheimer-on-why-the-west-is-principally-responsible- ngenxa-ye-ukrainian-inhlekelele ↑
Izimpendulo ze-2
Izwe lase-US/ntshonalanga liyahlanya ekunikezeni zonke izikhali abazenzayo. Kumane kwenza impi ibe nzima kakhulu
Angikwazi ukudlulisa ukungenami kwami ngokufunda isihloko sombhali ohlonishwayo!
"Nginovalo lokuthi emhlabeni wamanje wezindaba ezingamanga nezindaba ezilandiswayo, emphakathini wanamuhla ohlakazekile, uKennedy angasolwa ngokuba […]
Kudingekani ukuthi umuntu athi lelizwe (kanye namanye amazwe afana nentando yeningi) alinazo izikole zoquqaba? Ukuthi bafunde ezifundweni zezifundo zamanyuvesi (ngezinye izikhathi zibuthakathaka nakakhulu kunalokho) ezazifundiswa ezikoleni eziphakeme zamazwe ezenhlalakahle (ngoba, "uyazi", kukhona "ubunjiniyela", bese kuba khona (bulungile?) "ubunjiniyela besayensi / obuthuthukisiwe ” (kuye ngokuthi inyuvesi!) … “Abanjiniyela” bafundisa izibalo esikoleni samabanga aphezulu – okungenani ekuqaleni.
Futhi lesi isibonelo “esiphakeme”, izibonelo eziningi ezikhona zimboza imfundo kadoti kanye nosizi lwabantu – emazweni afana neJalimane, iFrance, i-Italy, iSpain – kanye namazwe akhuluma isiNgisi.
Amazinga emfundo asezikoleni zoquqaba afinyelela kude kangakanani ohlwini lwezinto ezibalulekile "Kwesobunxele sangempela"? Ingabe "ukuthula Emhlabeni" "into ebaluleke kakhulu" (ekugcineni komgwaqo)? Injani indlela eya lapho? Uma indawo yokungena kuleyo ndlela ibonakala ingafinyeleleki, ingabe kufanele mhlawumbe siziqhayise ngokuthi lokho “kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu”?
Kulowo ophumelele ku-UN, nginenkinga yokukholelwa ukuthi umbhali akakwazi, ngincamela ukumhlukanisa njengomuntu ongathembekile. Iningi labanye abaphakamisa umbono "wokugezwa kobuchopho" kanye/noma "nenkulumo-ze" kungenzeka - ngokwezinga elithile - abanekhono (bona, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bayakugwema ukuchaza ukuthi kungani bengakhohliswanga!), kodwa lo mbhali kufanele azi kangcono.
"Isiphetho sakhe kwaba ithimba labavakashi: "Ngakho-ke, kufanele siphikelele ekufuneni ukuthula ngethemba lokuthi izinguquko ezakhayo ngaphakathi kweqembu lamaKhomanisi zingase zilethe izixazululo ezibonakala zingaphezu kwethu manje. Kufanele siphathe izindaba zethu ngendlela yokuthi kube yintshisekelo yamaKhomanisi ukuvumelana ngokuthula kwangempela. […]”
Yebo, dlulisela ku-JFK (noma yikuphi lapho engase abe khona) ukuthi "izinguquko ezakhayo ngaphakathi kweblokhi yamaKhomanisi" zenzekile ngempela: elinye lamalungu abo (umdali we-IMO!) manje selinokuziqhayisa/ngaphezu kuka-40% FUNCTIONAL ANALPHABETISM ("kakhulu" iyakhathaza” ubuholi bentando yeningi obugwegwile bezwe!) kanye ne-TRASH SCHOOLS – phakathi kwezinye izibusiso ezingenakubalwa. Futhi nginomuzwa wokuthi AKUKHO nhlobo okuhlukile, kodwa umthetho.
PS
Ingabe umbhali uyazi ukuthi ubani ngempela ophethe?