NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Ngo-September 29, i-2014
Ngeke sazi ukuthi yini iMusteite, kepha ngithambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi kuzosiza uma senze njalo. Ngisebenzisa leli gama ukusho “ukuba nobudlelwano obuthile kwezepolitiki zika-AJ Muste.”
Nganginabantu abangitshele ukuthi nginguMusteite lapho nganginomqondo ongacacile wokuthi wayengubani u-AJ Muste. Ngangibona ukuthi kwakungukuncoma, futhi ngokwesimo engangikuthatha kusho ukuthi ngangingumuntu ofuna ukuqeda impi. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngikuhlanza lokho njengokuncoma okuningi. Kungani kufanele kubhekwe njengokuncomekayo ikakhulukazi noma ngokweqile ukufuna ukuqeda impi? Lapho othile efuna ukuqeda ngokuphelele futhi aqede ngokuphelele ukudlwengulwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwezingane noma ubugqila noma obunye ububi, asibabizi njengabahlukumezi ngokweqile noma sibancome njengabangcwele. Kungani impi ihlukile?
Kungenzeka ukuthi impi ingase ingafani, ukuthi ingasuswa ngokuphelele, ingacabanga kakhulu ukuthi ngithatha isandla sesithathu kusuka ku-AJ Muste, njengoba abaningi bethu sithatha okuningi kuye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyazi noma cha. Ithonya lakhe liphelele phezu kwemibono yethu yokusebenza nokuhlela kanye namalungelo omphakathi nokusebenza ngokuthula. Biography yakhe entsha, I-American Gandhi: AJ Muste kanye noMlando Wezidakamizwa Ekhulwini Lamashumi Amabini nguLeilah Danielson kufanelekile ukufundwa, futhi unginike uthando olusha ngoMuste naphezu kwencwadi yakhe engenalo uthando.
UMartin Luther King Jr. utshele umbhali wezincwadi waseMuste ngaphambilini, uNat Hentoff, "Ukugcizelelwa kwamanje kwezenzo zokungabi nodlame ngqo emkhakheni wobudlelwano bobuhlanga kubangelwe kakhulu yi-AJ kunanoma ngubani omunye ezweni." Futhi kwaziwa kabanzi ukuthi ngaphandle kukaMuste ngabe ngekade kwakhiwa umfelandawonye obanzi kangaka wokulwa nempi yaseVietnam. Izishoshovu eNdiya zimbize ngo “Gandhi waseMelika.”
I-American Gandhi yazalwa ngo-1885 futhi yafuduka nomndeni wayo eneminyaka engu-6 kusukela eHolland kuya eMichigan. Wafunda eHolland, eMichigan, edolobheni elifanayo esilifunda emakhasini ambalwa okuqala I-Blackwater: Ukukhuphuka Kwebutho Lamasosha Anamandla Kunabo Bonke Emhlabeni, nasekolishi kamuva laxhaswa kakhulu yiPrince Family, lapho kwavela khona iBlackwater. Izindaba zombili uMuste noPrince ziqala ngeDutch Calvinism futhi zigcina zihlukane kakhulu njengoba ungacabanga. Ngokubeka engcupheni yokuncoma abakuthandayo abangamaKristu kunoma iyiphi indoda, ngicabanga ukuthi ayikho indaba - futhi nempilo - ebingazukuhlupheka ukube inkolo ishiywe ngaphandle.
UMuste ngabe akazange aphikisane nami, ngoba uhlobo oluthile lwenkolo lwalungumgogodla wokucabanga kwakhe esikhathini esiningi sempilo yakhe. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I wayengumshumayeli futhi eyilungu leFellowship of Reconciliation (FOR). Waphikisana nempi ngo-1916 lapho impi ephikisayo yamukeleka. Futhi ngenkathi iningi lonke lezwe lisemgqeni ngemuva kukaWoodrow Wilson futhi ngokulalela wayithanda impi ngo-1917, uMuste akazange ashintshe. Wamelana nempi nokubuthelwa empini. Usekele umzabalazo wenkululeko yomphakathi, njalo ehlaselwa ngesikhathi sezimpi. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yakhiwa ngozakwabo bakaMuste ngo-1917 ukuphatha izimpawu zempi, njengoba kunjalo nanamuhla. UMuste wenqabile ukushumayela esekela impi futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isonto lakhe, esho encwadini yakhe yokwesula ukuthi isonto kufanele ligxile ekwakheni "izimo ezingokomoya okufanele zivimbe impi futhi zenze zonke izimpi zingacabangi." UMuste waba yivolontiya ne-ACLU egqugquzela abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza nabanye abashushiswa ngenxa yokuphikisana nempi eNew England. Wabuye waba yiQuaker.
Ngo-1919 uMuste wazithola engumholi wesiteleka sabasebenzi bezindwangu abangu-30,000 1920 eLawrence, eMassachusetts, efunda emsebenzini - nasolayini bamaphikishi, lapho aboshwa khona futhi wahlaselwa ngamaphoyisa, kodwa wabuyela ngokushesha kulayini. Ngesikhathi umzabalazo unqotshwa, uMuste wayengunobhala jikelele wabasebenzi abasanda kumiswa be-Amalgamated Textile Workers of America. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, wayeqondisa iBrookwood Labor College ngaphandle kwaseKatonah, eNew York. Maphakathi nawo-1926s, njengoba uBrookwood ephumelela, uMuste wayesengumholi wenhlangano yezabasebenzi eqhubekayo ezweni lonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, wasebenza ekomidini eliphezulu le-FOR kazwelonke kusukela ngo-1929-99 kanye nasekomidini likazwelonke le-ACLU. U-Brookwood ulwe kanzima ukuvala ukwahlukana okuningi kwaze kwaba yilapho i-American Federation of Labor ikubhubhisa ngokuhlaselwa okuvela ngakwesokudla, yasiza kancane ngokuhlaselwa kusuka kwesobunxele ngamaKhomanisi. UMuste wasebenzela umsebenzi, wasungula i-Conference for Progressive Labour Action, futhi wahlela eNingizimu, kodwa "uma kufanele sibe nesimilo enhlanganweni yezabasebenzi," esho, "kumele sibe nezinga lobumbano, futhi, uma kufanele sibe nakho lokho, okulandelayo, ukuthi, asikwazi ukuchitha sonke isikhathi sethu siphikisana futhi silwa - mhlawumbe amaphesenti angama-100 esikhathi, kodwa hhayi amaphesenti ayi-XNUMX. ”
Umbhali wezincwadi zikaMuste ulandela leyo ndlela yokulinganisa yamaphesenti angama-99 ezahlukweni eziningi, ehlanganisa impikiswano yezishoshovu, ukuhlelwa kwabangasebenzi, ukwakhiwa kwe-American Workers Party ngo-1933, kwathi ngo-1934 kwaba nesiteleka se-Auto-Lite eToledo, e-Ohio, lokho kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-United Auto Workers. Abangasebenzi, ukujoyina isiteleka egameni labasebenzi, bekubaluleke kakhulu empumelelweni, futhi ukuzibophezela kwabo ekwenzeni njalo kungenzeka kusize abasebenzi ukuthi bathathe isinqumo sokuteleka kwasekuqaleni. UMuste wayephakathi kwakho konke lokhu futhi ephikisana ngokuqhubekayo ne-fascism ngale minyaka. Isiteleka sokuhlala phansi eGoodyear e-Akron sasiholwa yilabo ababengabafundi baseMuste.
UMuste wayefuna ukubeka phambili umzabalazo wobulungiswa bezinhlanga nokusebenzisa amasu amaGandhian, ephikelela ekuguqulweni kwesiko, hhayi uhulumeni kuphela. “Uma sifuna ukuba nezwe elisha,” kusho yena, “kumele sibe namadoda amasha; uma ufuna inguquko, kufanele ushintshe. ” Ngo-1940, uMuste waba ngunobhala kazwelonke we-FOR futhi waqala umkhankaso weGandhian wokulwa nokubandlululwa, waletha abasebenzi abasha kubandakanya uJames Farmer noBayard Rustin, nokusiza ekutholeni iCongress of Racial Equality (CORE). Izenzo ezingenabudlova abaningi abazibandakanya nama-1950s nama-1960s zaqala ngawo-1940. Uhambo Lokubuyisana lwandulela i-Freedom Rides ngeminyaka eyi-14.
UMuste wabikezela ukuthi kuzokwanda iMilitary Industrial Complex nobudlova obabusebusweni beMpi Yezwe II yasemelika ngo-1941. Endaweni lapho abantu baseMelika abaningi, ngisho nombhali wakhe wezincwadi, waqonda khona, uMuste wathola ubuhlakani bokuqhubeka nokuphikisana nempi phakathi nezwe lesibili. impi, egqugquzela ukuvikela okungenabudlova kanye nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle enokuthula, yokubambisana nenomusa, evikela amalungelo amaJapan aseMelika, futhi ephikisana nokuhlaselwa okubanzi kwenkululeko yomphakathi. "Uma ngingeke ngithande uHitler, angikwazi ukuthanda nhlobo," kusho uMuste, echaza amandla amakhulu okusakazeka kokuthi umuntu kufanele athande izitha zakhe, kodwa ukwenza njalo esimweni sokuqala lapho cishe bonke abanye abantu, kuze kube namuhla, besekela ngokulunga kodlame olunonya nenzondo.
Vele, labo ababephikisana neMpi Yezwe I kanye nokuxazululwa okubi okwakuyiqeda, nokwanda kobuFascism iminyaka - futhi ngubani owayengabona ukuthi ukuphela kweMpi Yezwe II kuzoletha ini, futhi ngubani owabona okungaba khona ngamasu eGandhian - kumele babe nesikhathi esinzima kunabaningi ekwamukeleni ukuthi impi yayingenakugwemeka futhi iMpi Yezwe II yathethelelwa.
Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi uMuste akazange aneliseke ngokubuka uhulumeni wase-US enza impi ebandayo nombuso womhlaba wonke ngokuhambisana nokubikezela kwakhe. UMuste uqhubekile nokuphokophela emuva ebhekele sonke isikhungo sempi, wathi, “zona kanye izindlela amazwe azisebenzisayo ukuzihlinzeka 'ngokuzivikela' noma 'ukuphepha' okusobala noma okwesikhashana kuyisithiyo esikhulu ekutholeni ukuphepha okuhlangene okuhlala njalo. Bafuna imishini yamazwe omhlaba ukuze umncintiswano wezikhali ze-athomu uphele; kodwa umncintiswano wezikhali ze-athomu kufanele ume noma umgomo womhlaba wonke uhlehliswe lapho umuntu engakwazi ukufinyelela khona. ”
Kwakukhona kule nkathi, i-1948-1951 ukuthi uMLK Jr. wayeya kwi-Crozer Theological Seminary, ekhuluma izinkulumo, futhi efunda izincwadi ngu-Muste, okwakuzomtshela emsebenzini wakhe, futhi obani ababengadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni umphakathi abaholi bamalungelo ukuphikisa impi eVietnam. UMuste wasebenza neKomiti Yezinkonzo Zama-American Friends, nezinye izinhlangano eziningi, kuhlanganise neKomidi lokuMisa ukuhlolwa kwe-H-Bomb, eyayizoba iKomidi likaZwelonke leSane Nuclear Policy (SANE); kanye ne-World Peace Brigade.
UMuste waxwayisa ngempi yaseMelika eVietnam ngo-1954. Wahola ukuphikisana nayo ngo-1964. Wazabalaza ngempumelelo enkulu ukukhulisa umfelandawonye olwa nempi ngo-1965. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, walwa neqhinga lokuchelela abaphikisi bempi umzamo wokuthola isikhalazo esibanzi. Ukholelwe ukuthi "ukwehlukaniswa" kuletha "ukuphikisana nokwehluka" ebusweni futhi kwavumela amathuba okuphumelela okukhulu. UMuste waba ngusihlalo weKomidi Lokugqugquzela uNovemba 8 (MOBE) ngo-1966, ehlela isenzo esikhulu ngo-Ephreli 1967. Kepha lapho ebuya ohambweni oluya eVietnam ngoFebhuwari, enikeza izinkulumo ngohambo, futhi engalali ubusuku bonke ebhala ukumenyezelwa kombukiso ka-Ephreli , waqala ukukhononda ngobuhlungu beqolo futhi akazange aphile isikhathi eside.
Akazange ayibone inkulumo yeNkosi eRiverside Church ngo-Ephreli 4. Akazange azibonele ukugqugquzelwa kwabantu abaningi noma imingcwabo eminingi kanye nezikhumbuzo kuye. Akazange abone ukuthi impi iphelile. Akazange abone umshini wempi nokuhlela impi kuqhubeka sengathi kuncane okufundiwe. Akazange akubone ukuhlehla kokungalingani kwezomnotho kanye nobushoshovu obunenqubekela phambili emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Kepha u-AJ Muste wayekade ekhona phambilini. Wayebone ukuqhuma kwama-1920s nango-1930 futhi waphila ukusiza ukuletha inhlangano yokuthula yama-1960s. Ngenkathi, ngo-2013, ingcindezi yomphakathi isiza ukumisa ukuhlaselwa kwemicibisholo eSyria, kepha akukho lutho oluhle olwathatha indawo yayo, kwathi ukuhlaselwa kwemicibisholo kwaqalwa ngonyaka olandelayo ngokumelene nolunye uhlangothi empini yaseSyria, uMuste wayengeke athuke. Isizathu sakhe kwakungekhona ukuvimbela impi ethile kepha ukuqedwa kwesikhungo sempi, imbangela yomkhankaso omusha e2014 World Beyond War.
Yini esingayifunda kumuntu onjengoMuste owabekezela isikhathi esanele ukubona eminye, kodwa hhayi yonke, yemibono yakhe eguqukayo ihamba phambili? Akazange azihluphe ngokhetho noma nokuvota. Ubeke phambili isenzo esingaqondile esinodlame. Wazama ukwakha umfelandawonye obanzi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi abantu ababengavumelani naye futhi bephikisana ngemibuzo ebalulekile kepha abavumelana ngodaba olubalulekile olusondele. Kodwa-ke wafuna ukugcina lawo manyano engahambisani nezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu. Wayefuna ukuqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zabo njengezizathu zokuziphatha futhi anqobe abaphikisi ngokuhlakanipha nangokomzwelo, hhayi ngenkani. Usebenze ukuguqula imibono yomhlaba. Usebenze ekwakheni ukunyakaza komhlaba wonke, hhayi nje okwasekhaya noma kuzwelonke. Futhi-ke, wayefuna ukuqeda impi, hhayi nje ukufaka enye impi esikhundleni seyimbi. Lokho bekusho ukulwa kanzima nempi ethile, kepha ukwenza lokho ngendlela ehlose ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda imishini engemuva kwayo.
Angisiye uMusteite omuhle impela. Ngivumelana nokuningi, kodwa hhayi konke. Ngiyazenqaba izizathu zakhe zenkolo. Futhi angifani kakhulu no-AJ Muste, entula amakhono akhe, izintshisekelo zakhe, amakhono akhe, kanye nempumelelo yakhe. Kodwa ngizizwa ngisondelene naye futhi ngikwazisa kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukubizwa ngokuthi uMusteite. Futhi ngiyabonga ukuthi u-AJ Muste nezigidi zabantu abawazisa umsebenzi wakhe ngandlela thile bawudlulisela kimi. Ithonya likaMuste kubantu bonke abaziyo, njengoMartin Luther King, Jr., kanye nabantu ababenethonya kubantu wonke umuntu owaziyo, njengoBayard Rustin, lalibalulekile. Usebenze nabantu abasasebenza enhlanganweni yokuthula njengoDavid McReynolds noTom Hayden. Usebenze noJames Rorty, ubaba womunye wosolwazi bami basekolishi, uRichard Rorty. Wachitha isikhathi e-Union Theological Seminary, lapho abazali bami babefunda khona. Wayehlala endaweni eyodwa, uma kungenjalo, lapho ngahlala khona isikhashana ku-103rd Street naseWest End Avenue eNew York, kanti uMuste ngokusobala wayeshade nowesifazane omuhle ogama lakhe lingu-Anne owayedlula ngo-Anna, njengami. Ngiyamthanda umfana. Kepha okunginikeza ithemba ukuthi izinga le-Musteism likhona kangakanani esikweni lethu lonke, nokuthi kungenzeka ngelinye ilanga sonke sibe ama-Musteites.
