Ukunyakaza Okuningi Okuya Empini Yomthetho: Njengoba Kuchazwe kuDavid Swanson's "Impi Ayisekho: Icala Lokuqedwa"

Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni ka-2017, ngibambe iqhaza kulokho okwakungivulele amehlo esifundweni sekilasi esiku-inthanethi samasonto ayisishiyagalombili esiqhutshwa yinhlangano ekhulayo yamazwe ngamazwe elwa nezimpi e-US, World Beyond War (WBW). Ngenqwaba yezimoto zokufundisa, okuhlanganisa imibhalo eshicilelwe kanye nezingxoxo zevidiyo nezethulo, isifundo sanikeza ulwazi kanye nemibono eyayicindezela izingqikithi ezintathu ezinkulu: 1) “Impi iyintukuthelo okufanele iqedwe ngenxa yokuzicabangela komuntu siqu”; 2) Ukuphikiswa komphakathi okungenalo udlame ngokwemvelo kusebenza kakhulu kunokuvukela umbuso okuhlomile ukuze kuzuzwe ushintsho oluhlala njalo lwezepolitiki nezenhlalo; kanye no-3) "Impi empeleni ingaqedwa futhi ithathelwe indawo enye i-Global Security System enikezwe amandla okulamula nokuphoqelela izixazululo ezinokuthula ezingxabanweni zamazwe ngamazwe." Ngemva kokufunda okuqukethwe kwesifundo esinikezwa esigabeni ngasinye kwamaviki angu-XNUMX, abafundi baphendule ngamazwana kanye nendatshana eyabelwe yona eyafundwa futhi yaphawulwa abanye abafundi nabafundisi bezifundo. Ukufundwa kwengemuva kwesonto lokugcina lesifundo kuhlanganisa ende. ingxenye encwadini Impi Ayisekho: Icala Lokuqedwa (2013), ebhalwe ngumqondisi we-WBW, uDavid Swanson. Ezindimeni zakhe njengesishoshovu esimelene nempi, intatheli, umsakazi, nombhali oqavile, kanye noqokwe kathathu kuNobel Peace Prize, iSwanson isibe ngomunye wabagqugquzeli bokulwa nempi abaziwayo emhlabeni.

Inhloso yami lapha ukufingqa nokuphawula ngeNgxenye IV yeSwanson's Impi Ayisekho: Icala Lokuqedwa, enesihloko esithi “Kufanele Siqede Impi.” Le ngxenye yencwadi inikeza umbono obanzi we World Beyond War's multifaceted, futhi njalo ukuthuthukisa, anti-impi mission. Ngamazwi kaSwanson, lowo mkhankaso umele into entsha: “hhayi umnyakazo wokuphikisa izimpi ezithile noma izikhali ezintsha ezicasulayo, kodwa umnyakazo wokuqeda impi ngokuphelele.” Ukwenza lokho, uthi, kuzodinga imizamo “yemfundo, inhlangano, neyokushisekela, kanye nezinguquko zesakhiwo [okungukuthi].”

ISwanson ikwenza kucace ukuthi le mizamo izoba yinde futhi ibe nzima, ngoba izobandakanya ukuguqula imibono yamasiko aseMelika ejulile isuka ekwamukelweni okungagxeki okubanzi kwezimpi ezigunyazwe abaholi bezwe, iye ekuzimiseleni ukulwela ukuqedwa kwayo yonke impi. Uphawula ukuthi inkimbinkimbi yezempi yezimboni yaseMelika isiza ekugcineni umphakathi ujabule “usesimweni sempi esihlala njalo sokufuna izitha.” Lokhu ikwenza “ngamakhono abasakazi benkulumo-ze, ukukhohlakala kwezombangazwe zethu, nokuhlanekezelwa kanye nokwenza buthaka kwezinhlelo zethu zemfundo, ezokuzijabulisa nezokubandakanya umphakathi.” Isikhungo esifanayo, uthi, futhi senza buthaka ukuqina kwesiko lethu “ngokusenza singaphepheki kangako, sicekele phansi umnotho wethu, siphuce amalungelo ethu, sidicilele phansi indawo esihlala siphila kuyo, sabe imali yethu inyukele phezulu, ilulaze isimilo sethu, futhi sinikeze abacebe kakhulu. isizwe emhlabeni sisezingeni eliphansi ngokudabukisayo ekulindelweni ukuphila, inkululeko, nekhono lokuphishekela injabulo.”

Naphezu kwentaba ephakeme okudingeka siyikhuphuke, iSwanson igcizelela ukuthi akukho okunye esingakwenza ngaphandle kokuzama ukuqeda impi. Kokubili impi ngokwayo kanye nokulungiswa kwayo okuqhubekayo kucekela phansi imvelo futhi kuphambukisa izinsiza emzamweni odingekayo wokulondoloza isimo sezulu esihlalekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho izimpi seziqalile, ziyaziwa ukuthi kunzima ukuzilawula-futhi, uma kubhekwa ukutholakala kwezikhali zenuzi ezingawela ezandleni ezingalungile, leso simo sinengozi ye-apocalypse.

Ukuhlela kanye nemfundo Yizinto eziza kuqala

Ukusiza ukuguqula umbono womphakathi kusukela ekwamukelweni kwempi kuye kwabaphikisayo, iSwanson ibona ukuhlela isishoshovu kanye nemfundo njengento eza kuqala. Uveza ukuthi sekunobufakazi obuningi imizamo enjalo engasebenza. Ngo-2013, ngokwesibonelo, imibuthano yezishoshovu kanye nemibhikisho yasiza ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamasosha ase-US eSyria kulandela ukuhlasela kwegesi, okubikwa ukuthi kugunyazwe nguhulumeni waseSyria, endaweni eyinqaba yamavukelambuso eyabulala izakhamuzi eziningi. Imibhikisho ephikisana nempi yasekelwa imibono evezwe ekuvoteni komphakathi, ngaphakathi kwezempi nakuhulumeni, naphakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

In Impi Ayisekho: Icala Lokuqedwa, i-Swanson ibhekisela ezinhlelweni eziningi zezishoshovu nezemfundo ezingasiza ekuguquleni izimo zengqondo zamasiko aseMelika zisuka ekwamukelweni kwempi ziye ekuphikisaneni. Phakathi kwazo kubalwa ukwakhiwa koMnyango Wokuthula ozobhalansisa lo mnyango osuvele ubizwa ngokuthi “wezokuvikela”; ukuvala amajele; ukuthuthukiswa kwabezindaba abazimele; ukushintshana kwabafundi namasiko; kanye nezinhlelo zokulwisana nezinkolelo ezingamanga, ukucabanga okucwasa ngokwebala, ukucwaswa kwabokufika kanye nobuzwe. ISwanson iyaphikelela, nokho, ukuthi, ekwenzeni lezi zinto, kumele sihlale sigxilisa amehlo ethu emklomelweni omkhulu. Uthi “le mizamo izophumelela kuphela uma ihlangene nokuhlasela okungenabudlova okuqondile ekwamukelweni kwempi.”

ISwanson iphinde inikeze izincomo eziningi zokwakha inhlangano esebenza ngempumelelo yokuqeda impi. Kufanele silethe kukho, uthi, zonke izinhlobo zochwepheshe-abahlakaniphile, izazi zezimiso zokuziphatha, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, izazi zezomnotho, izazi zezemvelo, njll.–abayizimbangi zemvelo, noma okufanele babe, abamelene bemvelo bezempi nezimboni (noma “uhulumeni wezempi-wezimboni. ”) inkimbinkimbi. Uyaphawula futhi ukuthi ezinye izikhungo zomphakathi-ngokwesibonelo, iNgqungquthela YeziMeya zaseMelika, ephoqe ukuthi kwehliswe ukusetshenziswa kwezempi, kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi ezibuyisela emuva ukuguqula izimboni zempi zibe izimboni zokuthula-sezivele zingabambisene ekulweni nempi. Kodwa uthi izinhlangano ezinjalo kufanele zidlulele ngalé nje kokwelapha izimpawu zezempi emizamweni yokuyisusa ngezimpande zayo.

Omunye wemibono kaSwanson yokuqwashisa umphakathi ngokuthi impi ingaqedwa ingishaya njengokudala kakhulu. Ukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kohulumeni bentando yeningi beqiniso emazingeni wendawo, izifundazwe, kanye nezifunda, ukuze kugxiliswe kubantu abathintwe yibo ngokuqondile umuzwa wamandla abo ukusiza ukudala izimo zomphakathi ezizoba neqhaza ekulolongeni izimpilo zabo. . Nakuba engachazwanga, incazelo yakhe esobala iwukuthi ukuvuswa kwalo mqondo kungadlulela kulokho okulindelekile ezindabeni zempi nokuthula emazingeni kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe.

Ukufinyelela Uhulumeni uqobo Ngomlayezo othi “End-To-War”

Ngokusekelwe kulokho engikufunde esifundweni se-inthanethi se-WBW, isu elibonakala lisebenza kimi lokukhulisa inhlangano ehloselwe ukuphikiswa okudumile kwempi ukuze futhi yamukele uhulumeni uqobo kuwukuphishekela izinhloso ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzama zonke izindlela eziphumelelayo ezaziwa ngokukhulula abantu baseMelika abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ekwamukelweni ngokunganaki kwempi nezempi, okubenza esikhundleni salokho bazibophezele abasekeli bokuqedwa kwempi; futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenzisana nanoma yibaphi abantu kanye namaqembu ezishoshovu ezihlangene abahlanganyela, noma abeze ukuzohlanganyela, lo mbono emikhankasweni eminingi nezenzo ezenzelwe ukucindezela uhulumeni waseMelika ukuthi athathe izinyathelo zokuqeda impi njengesikhungo. yokuphepha kwezwe-mhlawumbe kuqale ngokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ukucindezelwa okunjalo kukahulumeni empeleni manje kungenziwa ngogqozi lobufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi izinhlangano ezidumile ezisekelwe emasu okumelana nobudlova ezenzweni zikahulumeni noma izinqubomgomo okukholakala ukuthi azilungile noma azinangqondo zinethuba elihle lokuphumelela. Ngokusekelwa okuyisisekelo okufika kumaphesenti angu-3.5 abantu, ukunyakaza okunjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungakhula kuze kufike ezingeni elibucayi nokuzibophezela lapho intando ethandwayo ingeke isakwazi ukumelana nayo.

Ngokwenothi elincane le-sanguine, kufanele futhi kukhulunywe ukuthi kungase kuthathe iminyaka ukwakha ukusekelwa okuyisisekelo kwenhlangano yokuphela kwempi ukuya esixukwini esibucayi esidingekayo ukuze sibe nethuba lokuqinisekisa uhulumeni waseMelika ukuthi amukele. ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwempi njengomgomo. Futhi, ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba uSwanson ngokwakhe esho, kuzothatha iminyaka eminingi ukuqedela inqubo yokukhishwa kwezikhali okuqinisekisiwe komhlaba wonke okuyisandulela esidingekayo kunoma yisiphi isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esibophayo sokuqeda hhayi kuphela ukwenza impi kodwa nokuqhubeka nokulungiselela impi.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi esinwetshiwe sokudonsela phansi, amathuba okuqhubeka nezimpi eziningi azoqhubeka—mhlawumbe neyodwa ebeka engcupheni yokuhlasela kwe-athomu ezweni laseMelika. Kungethenjwa ukuthi, esimweni esinjalo, inhlangano yokuphela kwempi izobe isithuthuke ngokwanele ukusiza ukucindezela uhulumeni ukuthi okungenani ayeke ukulwa impi ethile. Noma ngabe lowo mphumela ufinyelelwa, noma kunjalo, izishoshovu zenhlangano akumele zikhohlwe ukuthi ukumisa impi eseduze akufani nokuzimisela nokuzibophezela ekuqedeni yonke impi njengomgomo. Lokho kuphetha, kukhuthazwe ngu World Beyond War, kufanele kube umgomo wawo wonke umuntu oyizondayo impi, ngoba, kuze kube yilapho ifinyelelwa, umbuso wezempi uyophikelela futhi amandla ezimpi ezengeziwe azohlala.

Imikhankaso Emine Yezishoshovu Yokusiza Ukudiliza Ibutho Lezempi kanye Nendlela Elungele Ukubhekana Nempi

Esigabeni esithi “Kumele Siqede Impi” ingxenye Yempi Ayisekho: Icala Lokuqedwa, iSwanson ikwenza kucace ukuthi kuzothatha okungaphezu kwemibuthano, imibhikisho, kanye nokufundisa-ins ukususa uhulumeni waseMelika ekwamukeleni kwakhe impi kuye endaweni. ukuzibophezela ngokuzithandela ekuqedweni kwayo. Ngokubhekela lokho, uphakamisa amasu amane angenza ukuthi uhulumeni azame ukulwa nempi angabi lula futhi angavikeleki.

1) Qondisa Kabusha Ukushushiswa Okuhlobene Nempi kusuka Ezigebengwini Zezempi kuya kubakhi Bempi

USwanson uthi, uma siqhubeka nokushushisa izigebengu zempi kuphela, hhayi izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisiholela empini ngokungemthetho, abalandela lezo zikhulu bazoqhubeka nebhizinisi njengenjwayelo, ngisho nalapho kubhekene nomphakathi okhula ngokuphawulekayo. ukungezwani nempi. Ngeshwa, iSwanson ikhomba, ukushushisa izikhulu zaseMelika ngokudala impi ngokungemthetho kwenziwa kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika lisamukela ngokunganaki isinqumo sikahulumeni sokulwa nanoma yisiphi isizwe noma iqembu alichaza ngokuthi “isitha.” Ngenxa yalokho, alikho ilungu leCongress elifuna ukugcina umusa womphakathi elizovotela ukugxeka u-"Commander in Chief" waseMelika ngokudala impi yobugebengu, nakuba sona kanye isenzo sokuyisa izwe empini ngaphandle kwemvume yeCongress sesivele siphula umthetho. womthetho woMthethosisekelo.

Uma sibheka emuva, iSwanson iyavuma ukuthi ukwehluleka kweCongress ukugxeka uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngokuhlasela kwakhe i-Iraq ngobugebengu manje sekuvimbele kakhulu ukuthweswa icala kwalabo abamlandelayo. Yize kunjalo uyawuvikela umbono wokuthi ukushushiswa kumele kulungiswe njengesivimbelo sokudala impi ngokungemthetho, njengoba ekholelwa ukuthi umengameli wonakaliswe kakhulu amandla akhe angaphikiswa manje okulwa kangangokuthi noma isiphi isicelo sokuyiyeka singawela ezindlebeni ezingezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthi, kungalindeleka ukuthi uma noma yimuphi umongameli ethweswe icala ngokufaka izwe empini ngokungemthetho, abamlandelayo bayoba ncane kakhulu umkhuba wokuthatha ithuba elifanayo.

2) Kudingeka Sikhiphe Impi, Hhayi Ukumane “Siyivimbele”

Ngokombono kaSwanson, ukumane “ukuvimbela” izenzo ezimbi ezenziwa abantu abaphethe kubonakale kungasebenzi kuwo wonke umlando. Isibonelo, asidingi imithetho emisha ukuze “sivimbele” ukuhlukunyezwa, njengoba vele akukho emthethweni ngaphansi kwenani lemithetho. Esikudingayo yimithetho esebenzayo yokushushisa abahlukumezi. Sidinga futhi ukwedlula imizamo “yokuvimbela” impi. I-UN ikwenza lokho kakade, kodwa ngaphandle kwezimpi "zokuzivikela" noma "ezigunyazwe yi-UN" zihlala zixhashazwa ukuze kulungiswe izimpi ezinonya.

Okudingwa umhlaba, iSwanson ikholelwa ukuthi, yiNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene eguquliwe noma entsha evimbela zonke izimpi ngokuphelele, noma ngabe zinolaka olusobala, ezivikela ngokuphelele, noma ezithathwa “njengempi nje” ngabahlukumezi bayo. Ugcizelela iphuzu, nokho, ukuthi amandla e-UN noma noma yisiphi isikhungo esifanayo sokuphoqelela ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwempi kungafezwa kuphela uma izinhlaka zangaphakathi ezifana noMkhandlu Wezokuphepha wamanje zingabandakanywa. Ilungelo lokuphoqelela ukuvinjelwa kwempi lingase libe sengozini yokuba khona kwendikimba yesigungu esiphezulu lapho noma yiziphi idlanzana lamazwe anamandla lingakwazi ngokwezimfuno zalo ezicatshangelwayo zokuzizuzisa izwe lonke ukusekela ukuphoqelelwa okunjalo.

3) Ingabe Kufanele Sicabange Kabusha Isivumelwano Se-Kellogg-Briand?

Ngaphandle kwe-UN, i-Swanson ngokusobala ibona i-1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact njengesisekelo esikhona esingase sisekelwe futhi sisebenzise isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esiphelile sokuqeda impi. I-Kellogg-Briand Pact yokuqeda impi, esayinwe amazwe angama-80, isasebenza ngokusemthethweni kuze kube namuhla, kodwa ibinganakwa ngokuphelele kusukela ekuphathweni kukaFranklin Roosevelt. Lesi sivumelwano siyakugxeka ukungenela impi ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe futhi sibophezela abasayinayo ukuthi balahle impi njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo ebudlelwaneni babo nabanye. Kudinga futhi ukuthi abasayinileyo bavume ukuxazulula zonke izingxabano noma izingxabano ezingase ziphakame phakathi kwabo—kunoma yiluphi uhlobo noma umsuka—ngezindlela ezinokuthula kuphela. Isivumelwano kwakufanele sisetshenziswe ngokugcwele ngezinyathelo ezintathu: 1) ukuvala impi kanye nokuyicwasa; 2) ukusungula imithetho eyamukelekile yobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe; kanye 3) nokudala izinkantolo ezinamandla okuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokudabukisayo, isinyathelo sokuqala kuphela kwezithathu esake sathathwa, ngo-1928, lapho isivumelwano siqala ukusebenza ngo-1929. Ngokusungulwa kwesivumelwano, ezinye izimpi zagwenywa futhi zaphela, kodwa izikhali nobutha kwaqhubeka kabanzi. Njengoba i-Kellogg-Briand Pact isasebenza ngokomthetho, kungase kushiwo ukuthi isimiso samanje se-UN esivimbela impi empeleni “siyimizuzwana” nje.

4) Sidinga Uhlelo Lokuhlenga Lomhlaba Wonke, Hhayi Impi, Ukuze Silwe Nobuphekula

Namuhla, okungenani e-United States, ukuya empini ngokuyinhloko kusho ukuqhuba iziteleka zamabhomu kanye ne-drone ukuze kucekelwe phansi amaphekula, amakamu kanye nezindawo. Kodwa, njengoba iSwanson ikubona, ukumisa ubuphekula obuphethwe yi-hydra kanye nokukhula kwabo okuqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke kusho ukwenza "izinto ezinkulu" eziningi ezibhekana nezimbangela zabo.

Ngokombono kaSwanson, “i-Global Marshall Plan” inganikeza inkundla eyinhloko yokuqeda ubumpofu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokunciphisa ukukhanga kobuphekula, okusebenza njengesinyathelo sezinsizwa eziningi ezikhungethwe ukuphelelwa ithemba okubangelwa ubumpofu kanye nokuphika ukuzibusa okuvamile. ukuthuthukiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Swanson iphawula, iMelika inemali engaphezu kokwanele ukuxhasa uhlelo olunjalo. Ilele ezindlekweni zamanje zonyaka zama- $ 1.2 trillion ekulungiseleleni impi, kanye ne- $ 1 trillion yentela esingeyona manje, kodwa kufanele kube, ukuqoqa ezigidigidini nezinkampani.

Ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Global Marshall Plan "iyinto enkulu" ku World Beyond War I-ajenda, i-Swanson ibeka icala layo ngale mibandela elula: Ungathanda ukusiza ukuqeda indlala yezingane emhlabeni noma uqhubeke nempi yeminyaka engu-16 manje e-Afghanistan? Kungabiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ngonyaka ukuqeda indlala emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-100 zamaRandi ukuxhasa amasosha ase-US ngomunye unyaka e-Afghanistan. Kungabiza kuphela amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 ngonyaka ukuhlinzeka umhlaba ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Kodwa namuhla, ngokuphambene, sisebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ngonyaka ohlelweni olulodwa lwezikhali olungasizi amasosha angafuni nokulufuna.

Sekukonke, i-Swanson iveza, ngemali iMelika manje eyichitha empini, singahlinzeka ngezinhlelo eziningi ezisebenzayo zokuhlangabezana nezidingo zangempela zabantu kusukela emfundweni kuya ekuqedeni ubumpofu nezifo ezinkulu-kokubili e-US nasemhlabeni jikelele. Uyavuma ukuthi abantu baseMelika manje abasenayo intando yezombangazwe yokuketula uhlelo lwethu lwamanje olunikezelwe ezithakazelweni ezikhethekile zabambalwa kulowo ohlangabezana nezidingo zangempela zabantu abaningi. Nokho, uyagcizelela ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-Global Marshall Plan singakwazi ukukwenza ngokuphelele, futhi ukuphakama kwalo kokuziphatha okuphakeme ngaphezu kwalokho esikwenzayo ngemali efanayo manje kufanele kuqhubeke kusishukumisela ukuba siphishekele futhi sikufune.

Eminye Imicabango Engiphetha Eyami

Esimweni sohlelo lukaDavid Swanson lohlelo lwesishoshovu lokuqeda impi, ngingathanda ukwengeza eyami imicabango mayelana nokuthi kungani umphumela oyimpumelelo waleyo phrojekthi ubalulekile.

Okokuqala, uma kubhekwa izici zenkathi yethu yesimanje yezobuchwepheshe, impi cishe ayinakungenwa yinoma yimaphi amandla amakhulu ngesizathu okufanele simenyezelwe obala: ukuthi kuyadingeka njengendlela yokugcina yokuvikela izithakazelo ezibalulekile zezwe. E-US, ikakhulukazi, impi iyindawo yokugcina yohlelo lwezikhungo zamandla ezixhumene ezinhloso yazo kuwukugcina ukuvelela kwezwe kwezomnotho namasu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuze kufezwe leyo njongo, iMelika minyaka yonke isebenzisa imali eningi kwezempi kunezizwe eziyisishiyagalombili ezilandelayo zihlangene. Iphinde igcine izizinda zamasosha emazweni ayi-175; izigaba imibukiso evusa inkanuko yezikhali ezingase zisondele ezizweni eziyizimbangi; uhlale efaka amademoni abaholi bezwe abangenabungane noma abaphelelwe yithemba; igcina inqwaba yezikhali, kuhlanganise nezikhali zenuzi; igcina ibutho labahleli bempi lihlale lifuna izicelo ezintsha zalezo zikhali; futhi yenza izigidigidi nezigidigidi zamaRandi njengomthengisi wezikhali ohamba phambili emhlabeni. I-US manje futhi yenza ngezindleko ezinkulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zayo zenuzi, naphezu kokuthi leyo phrojekthi izokhuthaza amazwe engeziwe ukuthi azenzele izikhali zenuzi kodwa ngeke ibe nomthelela emaqenjini amaphekula angewona wombuso amele okuwukuphela kwebutho elingokoqobo. ingozi eMelika.

Ukwenza zonke lezi zinto ukulungiselela impi akungabazeki ukuthi kuphumelela ekubambeni izimbangi ezinkulu zezwe, noma izitha, njengeChina, iRussia ne-Iran, kodwa kwenza okuncane ukusiza ukunqoba izitha okuwukuphela kwazo i-US ebambene nazo ezingxabanweni zezikhali-ikakhulukazi. , amaqembu amaphekula eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kuleyo nkundla, icala elihle alisho ngempela ukuzivikela okuhle. Esikhundleni salokho, kudala ukucasuka, i-blowback, nenzondo, okusebenze njengamathuluzi okuqasha okwandisa nokwandisa usongo lwamaphekula olubhekiswe eMelika nabalingani bayo emhlabeni wonke. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-US kwama-drones kuyimbangela enkulu yenzondo. Lokhu kuboniswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu baseMelika, obuvumela abaqhubi bayo ukuthi babulale ngokunyenya ngaphandle kwengozi kubo, kukhulula ukwenziwa kwempi kwanoma yikuphi ukusikisela kwempi yobuqhawe. Futhi, ngokubulawa okungenakugwenywa kwezakhamuzi ezingenacala, kanye namaphekula asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nabaholi bawo, ukuhlasela kwe-drone kumele kubonakale kuyisenzo esidlulele sokungahloniphi isithunzi sabantu abaphila ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwabo-labo abasePakistan mhlawumbe. isibonelo esiyinhloko.

Njengoba kubonakala kulo mdwebo, ukulwa kwangempela kwempi yi-US kuwumsebenzi oyize futhi, emhlabeni wenuzi, okubi kakhulu okungase kubulale. Okuwukuphela kwenzuzo izwe eliyithola emandleni alo okwenza impi ukwesatshiswa kwabangase babe izitha ezingase zime endleleni yesithakazelo salo esikhulu ekugcineni nokwandisa amandla omhlaba. Leyo nzuzo ayifiki nje kuphela ngezindleko zokuziphatha, kodwa ngezindleko zezimali zikahulumeni zokuzibonela ezingase zisetshenziselwe injongo eyakhayo yokwakha iMelika engcono nokusiza ekwakheni umhlaba ongcono.

Ngivumelana noDavid Swanson futhi World Beyond War ukuthi impi, kanye nokulungiselelwa kwempi, kufanele kuvinjwe njengamathuluzi okuphepha kuzo zonke izizwe zomhlaba. Kodwa ukwenza lokho, ngicabanga ukuthi okungenani izinguquko ezimbili ezibalulekile emqondweni wabaholi bomhlaba zibalulekile. Esokuqala siwukuqashelwa yibo bonke ohulumeni bezizwe ukuthi, ezweni lanamuhla lenuzi, impi ngokwayo iyingozi kakhulu kuhulumeni nasemphakathini wawo kunokwehluleka ukunqoba noma ukwesabisa noma yisiphi isitha esizilahlayo. Okwesibili ukuzimisela okuhambisana nalokhu kwalabo hulumeni ukumisa ububanzi bobukhosi bezwe labo kuze kufike ezingeni elidingekayo ukuze bamukele ukulamula okubophayo kwenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe egunyaziwe yanoma yiziphi izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ezingenakuxazululeka noma zangaphakathi kwamazwe abangase bahileleke kuzo. Ukuzidela okunjalo bekungeke kube lula, njengoba ilungelo lobukhosi obungafanelekile belilokhu liyimfanelo eyinhloko yemibuso yezizwe kuwo wonke umlando. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvinjwa okunengqondo kobukhosi akuphumi embuzweni, njengoba ukuzinikela ekuthuleni, okudinga ukunqanyulwa okunjalo, kuyinani eliyinhloko ezinhlelweni zezinkolelo zawo wonke amasiko athuthukile. Uma kubhekwa izinto ezihilelekile-ukuzikhethela phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthula nempilo ehloniphekile kubo bonke, futhi, ngakolunye, umhlaba osongelwa ukucekelwa phansi kwenuzi noma imvelo-singathemba ukuthi abaholi bezizwe bazokhetha ukubuyisana maduze. ukungezwani kwabo ngokucabanga kunobudlova.