NguDavid Vine, Septhemba 9, 2020
Kusukela Umhlangano Wokubika Ophenyayo
Izimpi uhulumeni wase-US azilwile selokhu kwahlaselwa ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, ziphoqe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 - mhlawumbe nabangaba yizigidi ezingama-59 - emakhaya abo, ngokusho kombiko osanda kukhishwa waseAmerican University kanye Izindleko zeProject Yempi yaseBrown University.
Kuze kube manje, akekho owaziyo ukuthi zingaki izimpi ezibalekile. Ngempela, iningi labantu baseMelika cishe alazi ukuthi imisebenzi yokulwa yase-US yenzeke hhayi e-Afghanistan, Iraq naseSyria kuphela, kodwa nase- 21 ezinye izizwe selokhu uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush amemezela impi yomhlaba wonke yokwesaba.
IPentagon, uMnyango Wezwe noma enye ingxenye kahulumeni wase-US ayikulandelanga ukufuduka. Izazi nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, njenge-ejensi yababaleki yeZizwe Ezihlangene, UNHCR, Banikeze imininingwane ethile mayelana nababaleki nabantu abafudukele ngaphakathi (IDPs) emazweni ngamanye asempini. Kepha le datha inikeza ukubalwa kwephoyinti lesikhathi kunenani eliqoqayo labantu abashiye amakhaya kusukela izimpi ziqala.
Ekubalweni kokuqala kohlobo lwayo, American University's Umtholampilo Womphakathi We-Anthropology ulinganisela ukuthi izimpi eziyisishiyagalombili ezinodlame kakhulu amasosha ase-US azisungule noma abamba iqhaza kusukela ngo-2001 - e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, e-Libya, e-Pakistan, e-Philippines, e-Somalia, e-Syria nase-Yemen-akhiqize ababaleki abayizigidi eziyi-8 nabafuna ukukhoseliswa kanye nezigidi ezingama-29 ezibalekele ngaphakathi abantu.
Abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-37 abashiye amakhaya abo bangaphezu kwalabo abashiywa dengwane yinoma iyiphi impi noma inhlekelele kusukela okungenani ngo-1900, ngaphandle kweMpi Yezwe II, lapho abantu abayizigidi ezingama-30 kuya kweziyi-64 noma ngaphezulu bebaleka emakhaya abo. Izigidi ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa zidlula labo abashiywa dengwane ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I (cishe izigidi eziyishumi), ukwahlukaniswa kweNdiya nePakistan (izigidi eziyi-10) kanye nempi yaseMelika eVietnam (izigidi eziyi-14).
Ukususa abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 ngu okulinganayo ukususa cishe bonke abahlali besifundazwe saseCalifornia noma bonke abantu baseTexas naseVirginia behlangene. Lesi sibalo sicishe silingane nenani labantu base- Canada. Izimpi zase-United States zangemva kuka-9/11 zidlale indima enganakiwe ekubhebhezeleni ukuphindeka okuphindwe kabili kwababaleki kanye nabantu abalekele ngaphakathi emhlabeni wonke phakathi kuka-2010 no-2019, kusukela Izigidi ezingama-41 kuya kwezi-79.5.
Izigidi zibalekele iziteleka zasemoyeni, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, ukuqhuma kwezikhali, ukuhlaselwa ezindlini, ukuhlaselwa nge-drone, izimpi zezibhamu nokudlwengulwa. Abantu babalekele ukucekelwa phansi kwemizi yabo, omakhelwane, izibhedlela, izikole, imisebenzi kanye nemithombo yokudla namanzi endawo. Babalekele ukususwa ngenkani, ukusongelwa ngokubulawa kanye nokukhucululwa ngokobuhlanga okwenziwe yizimpi zase-US e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq ikakhulukazi.
Uhulumeni wase-US akayena kuphela onesibopho sokususa amakhaya abantu abayizigidi ezingama-37; amasosha aseTaliban, amaSunni kanye namaShia, i-Al-Qaida, iqembu lamaSulumane kanye nabanye ohulumeni, amasosha nabalingisi nabo bathwele umthwalo.
Izimo zobuphofu esezivele zikhona, ushintsho kwezemvelo olubangelwa ukufudumala komhlaba kanye nolunye udlame kube nomthelela ekuxosheni abantu emakhaya abo. Kodwa-ke, izimpi eziyisishiyagalombili ocwaningweni lwe-AU yilezo uhulumeni wase-US athwala umthwalo wokuziqalela, wokukhuphuka njengombutho omkhulu wokulwa noma ukubhebhethekisa, ngeziteleka ze-drone, ukwelulekwa enkundleni yempi, ukwesekwa kwempahla, ukuthengiswa kwezikhali nolunye usizo.
Ngokukhethekile, i Umtholampilo Womphakathi We-Anthropology ilinganisela ukufuduswa kwe:
- Ama-Afghani ayizigidi ezi-5.3 (amele ama-26% wabantu ababengaphambi kwempi) selokhu kwaqala impi yase-US e-Afghanistan ngo-2001;
- 3.7 million Pakistanis (3% of the pre-war population) selokhu i-US yahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001 ngokushesha kwaba yimpi eyodwa ewela umngcele iye enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePakistan;
- Abantu basePhilippines abayizigidi eziyi-1.7 (2%) selokhu amasosha aseMelika ajoyina uhulumeni wasePhilippines empini yakhe eyadlula amashumi eminyaka U-Abu Sayyaf kanye namanye amaqembu abavukeli ngo-2002;
- AbaseSomalia abayizigidi ezingama-4.2 (46%) selokhu amabutho ase-US aqala ukuxhasa uhulumeni waseSomalia owaziwa yi-UN olwa ne Izinkantolo ZamaSulumane (ICU) ngo-2002 futhi, ngemuva kuka-2006, uphiko lwamabutho olwahlukana ne-ICU I-Al Shabaab;
- Ama-Yemenis ayizigidi ezingama-4.4 (24%) selokhu uhulumeni wase-US aqala ukubulawa kwe-drone kwabasolwa ngamaphekula ngo-2002 futhi wasekela impi eyayiholwa yiSaudi Arabia ngokumelene nenhlangano yamaHouthi kusukela ngo-2015;
- 9.2 million Iraqis (37%) selokhu kwahlasela kwa-US okuholwa yi-2003 kanye nempi kanye nempi yangemva kuka-2014 neqembu lamaSulumane;
- AbaseLibya abayizigidi eziyi-1.2 (19%) selokhu uhulumeni waseMelika nowaseYurophu bangenelela odabeni luka-2011 lokulwa noMoammar Gadhafi obhebhethekisa impi yombango eqhubekayo;
- AmaSyria ayi-7.1 (37%) selokhu uhulumeni wase-US aqala ukulwa ne-Islamic State ngo-2014.
Iningi lababaleki abavela ezimpini ezikucwaningo abalekele emazweni angomakhelwane eMiddle East enkulu, ikakhulukazi iTurkey, iJordani neLebanon. Cishe isigidi esisodwa safika eJalimane; amakhulu ezinkulungwane abalekela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kanye nase-United States. Iningi labantu basePhilippines, abaseLibya kanye nabaseYemen bashiye amakhaya abo emazweni abo.
I-Public Anthropology Clinic isebenzise idatha ethembeke kakhulu yamazwe omhlaba etholakalayo, evela ku- UNHCR, lo Isikhungo Sokubheka Ukudonswa Kwangaphakathi, lo I-International Organisation for Migration futhi I-UN Office Yokuxhumaniswa Kwezisebenzi Zokusiza. Njengoba kunikezwe imibuzo mayelana nokunemba kwedatha yokufuduka ezindaweni zempi, indlela yokubala ibiyindlela elandelanayo.
Izibalo zababaleki nabafuna ukukhoseliswa kalula zingaphindeka izikhathi eziyi-1.5 kuya kwezi-2 kunalokho okutholakele, okukhipha abantu abayizigidi ezingama-41 kuye kweziyizi-45. AbaseSyria abashiye amakhaya abo abayizigidi eziyi-7.1 bamele kuphela labo abaleke ezifundazweni ezinhlanu zaseSyria lapho amabutho ase-US anakho balwa futhi bahlinzwa kusukela ngo-2014 nokuqala kwempi yase-US ne-Islamic State eSyria.
Indlela elandelanayo engathathi hlangothi ingafaka abafuduki abavela kuzo zonke izifundazwe zaseSyria kusukela ngonyaka we-2014 noma ngo-2013 lapho uhulumeni wase-US eqala ukuxhasa amaqembu abavukeli baseSyria. Lokhu kungathatha inani lifike phakathi kwezigidi ezingama-48 kanye nezigidi ezingama-59, ngokuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sokufuduka kweMpi Yezwe II.
Ukulinganiselwa kwezigidi ezingama-37 zomtholampilo nakho kuyadla ngoludala ngoba akubandakanyi izigidi ezibalekile phakathi nezinye izimpi zangemva kuka-9/11 nezingxabano ezibandakanya amabutho ase-US.
Amasosha empi ase-US, iziteleka ze-drones kanye nokuqashwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi, ukuthengiswa kwezikhali nolunye usizo oluxhasa uhulumeni kudlale indima ezingxabanweni amazwe afaka IBurkina Faso, iCameroon, iCentral African Republic, iChad, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, iKenya, iMali, iMauritania, iNiger, iNigeria, iSaudi Arabia (exhumene nempi yaseYemen), iSouth Sudan, iTunisia ne-Uganda. EBurkina Faso, ngokwesibonelo, babekhona Ama-560,000 ashiye amakhaya ngaphakathi abantu ekupheleni kwe-2019 phakathi nokuvukelwa kombuso okwandayo.
Umonakalo odalwe ukufuduka ubukhulu kuwo wonke amazwe angama-24 lapho kutshalwe khona amasosha ase-US. Ukulahlekelwa ngumuzi nomphakathi, phakathi kokunye ukulahlekelwa, inabantu abampofu hhayi nje kwezomnotho kepha nangokwengqondo, ngokwenhlalo, ngamasiko nakwezepolitiki. Imiphumela yokufuduka inwebeka ekusingatheni imiphakathi kanye namazwe, angabhekana nemithwalo yokusingatha ababaleki kanye nalabo abadingiswe ngaphakathi, kubandakanya ukwanda kwezingxabano zomphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi ebamba izivakashi ivame ukuzuza ekufikeni kwabantu abasele dengwane ngenxa yokuhlukahlukana okukhulu komphakathi, ukwanda komsebenzi wezomnotho kanye nosizo lwamazwe omhlaba.
Vele, ukufuduka kumane kuyisici esisodwa sokubhujiswa kwempi.
E-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan nase Yemen kuphela, balinganiselwa ku-755,000 kuya ku-786,000 izakhamizi kanye nempibafe ngenxa yokulwa. Abanye abasebenzi bezempi base-15,000 base-US kanye nosonkontileka bafe ezimpini zango-9/11. Ukufa okuphelele kuzo zonke izinhlangothi e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan nase Yemen kungafinyelela Izigidi ezi-3-4 noma ngaphezulu, kubandakanya nalabo asebashona ngenxa yezifo, indlala nokungondleki okubangelwa izimpi. Inani lalabo abalimele nabahlukumezekile lifinyelela ku- amashumi ezigidi.
Ekugcineni, umonakalo odalwe yimpi, kufaka phakathi izigidi ezingama-37 kuya kweziyi-59 ezibalekile, akunakulinganiswa. Ayikho inombolo, noma ngabe inkulu kangakanani, engabamba ubukhulu bomonakalo odalekile.
Imithombo esemqoka: UDavid Vine, I-United States of War: Umlando Womhlaba Wonke Wezingxabano Ezingapheli zaseMelika, kusuka eColumbus kuya e-Islamic State (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020); UDavid Vine, "Uhlu Lwamasisekelo Amasosha aseMelika Kwelinye Izwe, 1776-2020," e-American University Ingobo yomlando yocwaningo lwedijithali; Umbiko Wokwakheka Kwesisekelo: Unyaka Wezezimali 2018 Isisekelo; Isifinyezo Semininingwane Yempahla Yempahla Yangempela (Washington, DC: UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US, 2018); UBarbara Salazar Torreon noSofia Plagakis, Izimo Zokusetshenziswa Kwamasosha Ase-United States Kwamanye Amazwe, 1798–2018 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2018).
Qaphela: Ezinye izisekelo zihlala ingxenye ka-2001-2020. Ekuphakameni kwezimpi zase-US e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, kwakukhona izisekelo ezingaphezu kwe-2,000 phesheya.
