Ukubuthwa Kwezempi Emhlabeni Wonke

NguCJ Hinke
Ikhishwe kusuka Ama-Radicals amahhala: Izikhulu Zokulwa Ejele nguCJ Hinke, ozayo kusukela ku-Trine-Day ku-2016.

Ngokumangalisayo, esikhathini se-21st, cishe ingxenye yesigodi sezwe senza ukubhaliswa kwezempi. Ngokusho kwe-Wikipedia, amazwe angalolu hlu angase aqhubeke nokuphoqelela ukubhaliswa kwezempi.

Kuzo zonke izimo, ukubhaliswa kuyadingeka kepha insizakalo yempi ingase ingabi; lo mkhuba ngokuqinisekile uzokhipha abaningana abenqabayo. Kwezinye izimo, ezinye izinhlobo zezinsizakalo zikazwelonke ziphoqelekile futhi ziphinde zenze ukwenqaba kwemigomo.

Amazwe anenkanyezi * ahlonza izinhlinzeko zokusebenza okunye noma ukuphika ngenxa kanembeza ukuthi ukukhululwa kuzoba nomphumela wokuphika ngokuphelele; kwezinye izimo, ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza lingumthethosisekelo. Ukwehluleka kukahulumeni ukuhlinzeka ngenkani ngenxa kanembeza noma insizakalo ehlukile yephula imihlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene, Isimemezelo Sezizwe Zomuntu Amalungelo Abantu (Isigaba 18) neSivumelwano Samazwe Emalungelo Amalungelo Abantu Nezombangazwe (Isigaba 18), cishe cishe zonke lezi zizwe ziyiqembu.

UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezizwe Ezihlangene wango-1978 wawucacile eSinqumweni sawo esingu-33/165 esasinakana “ilungelo labo bonke abantu lokwenqaba ukuya empini noma emaphoyiseni.” Ngo-1981, i-UNHRC yaphinde yasekela ukwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza ku-Resolution 40 yayo (XXXVII). Ngo-1982, lokhu kwaphindwa kwabikwa kuSolution 1982/36.

Isimemezelo seZizwe Ezihlangene NgamaLungelo Amalungelo Ezizwe A / RES / 53 / 144 saqala ngo-1984 futhi samukelwe ngokomthetho ku-1998 yi-General Assembly ngomnyaka we-50th we-Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UN Human Rights Commission ngoMashi 5, 1987 kuSolution 1987/46 yanquma ukuthi “ukwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza kufanele kubhekwe njengendlela efanele yokusebenzisa ilungelo lenkululeko kanembeza nenkolo.” Lokhu kwagcizelelwa kabusha ku-UNHCR Resolution 1989/59, lapho kuthiwa “wonke amazwe angamalungu anesibopho sokukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo kanye nokufeza izibopho abazenze ngaphansi kwezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zamalungelo abantu, i-Charter of the United Nations kanye umthetho wobuntu ”futhi“ wacela amazwe angamalungu ukuba anikeze ukukhoseliswa noma indlela ephephile eya komunye uMbuso ”kulabo abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Isixazululo se-UNHCR sika-1991 1991/65 saqaphela “indima yentsha ekuthuthukiseni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nendaba yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza.”

Isixazululo se-UNHRC sika-1993 1993 / 84 sasicacile ngokukhumbuza amaLungu aseLungu wezinqumo zangaphambilini ze-UN.

Lokhu kwaphinda kuphindwe ku-1995 yi-UNHCR Resolution 1995 / 83 ehlonipha "ilungelo lomuntu wonke lokungavumi ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza njengendlela yokusebenzisa ngokusemthethweni ilungelo lokukhululeka kwengqondo, unembeza nenkolo."

I-UNHCR yaphinde yakwenza lokho ngo-1998 yi-UNHCR Resolution 1998/77 eyasho futhi ukuthi “iZwe, ngokomthetho nangokusebenza kwabo, akumele libandlulule labo abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza maqondana nemibandela noma imibandela yokusebenza kwabo, noma yimuphi umnotho, ezenhlalo, amasiko, ezomphakathi noma amalungelo ezombusazwe, ”kukhumbuza izifundazwe ngohlelo oluphoqelelwe lokwenza umsebenzi wezempi, lapho lolo lungiselelo lungakenziwa khona, ngezincomo zalo zokuthi zinikeze abantu abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi ohambelana nezizathu zokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza, -umuntu olwayo noma ongeyena umphakathi, ozimisele umphakathi hhayi owokujezisa, ”futhi“ ugcizelela ukuthi amazwe kufanele athathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokunqanda ukufaka abantu abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza nokujeziswa kaninginingi ngokwehluleka ukwenza inkonzo yezempi, futhi uyakhumbula lokho Akekho ozoba necala noma ajeziswe futhi ngecala aseligwetshwe ngalo ekugcineni noma watholakala engenacala ngenxa yama-accor ukudansa nomthetho nenqubo yokujezisa ezweni ngalinye. ”

Ngo-2001, uMkhandlu WaseYurophu wathi “Ilungelo lokwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza liyisisekelo esiyisisekelo selungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo” phambi koMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN. Ngo-1960, wonke amazwe ayizizwe zombuso we-European Union abhalisela ukuya empini ngaphandle kwase-Andorra, e-Iceland, e-Ireland, eLiechtenstein, eMalta, eMonaco naseSan Marino. Ukubhaliswa manje sekuqediwe emazweni angama-25 e-EU, kwasala izifunda eziyi-15 zisaphoqelela ukubuthelwa empini. I-Azerbaijan, iBelarus, iGrisi neTurkey ayinikezeli enye insizakalo yama-CO.

Ngo-2002, i-UNHRC yamukela iSolution 2002/45 eyacela ukuthi “Amazwe abuyekeze imithetho nemikhuba yawo yamanje maqondana nokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza” ngokweSolution 1998/77 nokubheka imininingwane ebekwe embikweni weKhomishani Ephakeme. Ngo-2004, i-UNHCR yamukela i-Resolution 2004/35 yokuvikela abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza futhi, ngo-2006, i-UNHRC Resolution 2/102 yaxhaswa amazwe angama-33 angamalungu e-UN. Ngo-2006, i-UNHCR yakhipha i-Analytical Report 4/2006/51, “Mayelana Nemikhuba Emihle Ephathelene Nabenqaba Ukuya Empini Ngenxa Kanembeza.”

Ku-2012, i-UN Human Rights Council ithembele ngaphambi kwe-UN General Assembly Resolution 20 / 12, "Ukugqugquzela nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu" ... "kubandakanya ukuphikisana nenkohlakalo nokuxhaswa yi-34 United States Member States, eziningi zazo ezizimele. Lesi siqondiso sisanda kuphinda siphindwe yi-UN Human Rights Council sika 2013 Resolution 24 / 17, ebhekisela ku-2012 Resolution 20 / 12 ye-UNHRC.

I-HRC iphinde ishicilele "Imihlahlandlela yokuVikela kwamazwe angaphandle no-10" mayelana nezicelo zababaleki ngenxa yenqaba ngenxa kanembeza kanye nezidumbu. Abaningi abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza baye bafaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa emazweni asithathu basebenzisa i-Article 1A (2) ye-1951 UN Convention kanye / noma i-1967 Protocol on Status of Refugees.

Ukubukezwa kwamakhasi amaningi okufundisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwemizamo yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngenxa yokwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza, ngomhlangano kanye nezwe, kungatholakala lapha.

U-Amnesty International ubala zonke iziboshwa zase-CO njengezi "ziboshwa zanembeza."

Ingabe kukhona abezombusazwe abalalelayo noma lokhu konke kungumsebenzi we-lip kuphela?

Iminqopho yokuhlathulula "ukuphunyuka" kuhlanganisa abacebile abakhokhela abafaka indawo bona benze umsebenzi wabo wezempi. Wonke amazwe anamabutho anamabutho aphuma empini. Ukusiza noma ukufihla abadobi nakho kuyicala lobugebengu.

Wonke amazwe anezinombolo ezincane zoFakazi BakaJehova nabanye abaphikisi bamasonto. Abezombusazwe baxhaphaza abancane nabuthakathaka. Sisekela zonke izindlela zokwenqaba umsebenzi wezempi kokubili komphakathi kanye nokufihla.

Amazwe amakwe ngesheke √ abhalwe ohlwini lweMpi yamaHlathi "Ucwaningo lwezwe lokubhalisa futhi ukwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. "

Ngizibandakanye amazwe lapho ukubhaliswa kuhlala khona komthetho kodwa okwamanje akuphoqelelwe. Lezi zibalo, lapho zitholakale khona, zingabonakali ngokunembile izinombolo zangempela zokulahla; izibalo zivela ku-1993-2005. Ezimweni eziningi, izifiki zakwamanye amazwe nazo zifanelekile ukubhalisa, ikakhulukazi i-USA.

Angizange ngifake "i-press-gang" yokuphoqelelwa ukuphoqelelwa ngamapulitari ezihlubuki. Umkhuba uvame emazweni lapho kukhona khona ukuphikisana okunjalo.

Sicela wazi ukuthi akukho lwazi olurekhodiwe emazweni amaningi. Umbhali ubiza abafundi ukuthi banikeze noma yiluphi ulwazi oluthe xaxa ukwenza lolu cwaningo luphelele.

Lona i-Wall of Shame ye-21st leminyaka leminyaka, amaqiniso angamaqiniso awenza izigqila ezigqilazayo.

√ Abkhazia
√ Albania * - Phinda ukushushiswa
√ Algeria
√ Angola
√ I-Armenia * - babalekele i-16,000; Ukushushiswa koFakazi BakaJehova okwasekelwa yiNkantolo Yamalungelo Abantu yase-EU (2009)
√ Austria *
√ I-Azerbaijan * - 2,611 (2002) ejele
√ IBelarus * - 30% yenqaba ukubuthelwa empini; Abagibeli be-1,200-1,500 evader / deserters ngonyaka; Ama-99% wababhalisile abazishaya abagulayo, baya ecasha
√ Benin
√ Bhutan
√ IBolivia - babaleki abangama-80,000; Abadingisiwe abangakapheli nababaleki phesheya
√ Bosnia *
√ Brazil *
√ Bermuda *
√ Burundi
√ Cape Verde
√ Republic of Central African Republic
√ IsiKhadi *
IChile - 10,000 engabhalisiwe
√ China
√ IColombia * - 50% yokubalekela okusalungiswa; Ukubhaliswa okuphoqelelwe, ama-CO abekwe icala lokushiya; Ukungalaleli kwamasosha namaphoyisa nokushiya abantu abangu-6,362 bekhonza
√ Congo *
√ Cuba
√ ICuraçao ne-Aruba
√ eKyprus
√ IDenmark * - abangafuni ukwakhiwa okungama-25 ngonyaka
√ Republic Dominican Republic
√ I-Ecuador - i-10% yendawo eyihlane
√ IGibhithe - 4,000 abangabaqambi bokuqanjwa
√ El Salvador * - Abadingisiwe kanye nababaleki phesheya
√ Equatorial Guinea
√ I-Eritrea - iziboshwa eziyishumi nambili ezisalungiswa, ukuqulwa kwamacala ngasese, ukuboshwa okungapheli, ukuhlukunyezwa; Akukho ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukufa kwabantu esitokisini; Ukubulawa kwejele nokufingqwa kokubaleka ezweni; Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, inkonzo engapheli; Kubuyisa ubuzwe, izincwadi zebhizinisi nezokushayela, amapasipoti, izitifiketi zomshado, omazisi bakazwelonke, ukwenqatshwa kwama-visa okuphuma; OFakazi BakaJehova abathathu basejele ngaphandle kokubekwa icala noma ukuqulwa kwecala iminyaka engu-12 +
√ Estonia *
√ I-Finland * - iziboshwa ezi-3 ezi-absolutist
√ Gabon
√ IGeorgia * - 2,498 ogwadule
√ Germany *
√ Ghana
√ IGrisi * - Amakhulu abenqabayo okusalungiswa emphakathini, abaphikisi beGulf Wars; Phinda ukushushiswa; Ngemuva kokuvalelwa ejele, ukumiswa kweminyaka emihlanu kwamalungelo omphakathi: kwenqatshelwe ukuvota, ukhetho ePhalamende, ukusebenza kuhulumeni,
thola ipasipoti noma ilayisense yebhizinisi; Abaningi abathunjiwe bathunjelwa phesheya
√ IGuatemala - ama-CO angama-350, ama-75% wezindawo ezigwadule, ukubulawa okungajwayelekile
√ Guinea
√ Guinea-Bissau
√ IHerzegovina * - Ama-CO ayi-1,500
√ I-Honduras - i-29% yokubalekela okusalungiswa, ama-50% ama-deserters
√ Indonesia
√ I-Iran - Inqwaba yababoshiwe nabadingisiwe, kungenzeka bangabuyi kuze kube ngemuva kweminyaka engama-40
√ I-Iraq - Isijeziso esikhulu sokushiya, ukusika indlebe, ukufaka uphawu ebunzini
√ Israel - Inani elichazayo lama-refuseniks alwa nempi yokuqashwa kwamaPalestine; Ukwenqatshwa okusalungiswa kuqala esikoleni esiphakeme; Ama-CO abhekene nezinkantolo zamasosha-ukulwa, ukuphinda imisho; Abesifazane bangaba ama-CO kodwa hhayi amadoda; Ababaleki abaningi abangasalungiswa, abadingisiwe nababaleki
√ I-Ivory Coast
√ Jordan
√ IKazakhstan - ama-40% abalekela okusalungiswa, ama-3,000 deserters
√ Kuwait - Ukusaba okusalungiswa okusakazekile
√ Kyrgyzstan
√ ILaos - Ukweqa okusalungiswa okusabalele
√ eLatvia *
√ Lebanon
√ Libya
√ Lithuania *
√ Madagascar
√ Mali -
Ukulahla okubanzi
√ Mauritania
√ Mexico
√ IMoldova * - ama-CO ayi-1,675, amakhulu aphikwa
Mongolia
√ IMontenegro * - Ukusaba okusalungiswa okusabalele, kubekwa amacala abalekela ama-26,000; Abadingisiwe abangu-150,000
√ IMorocco - abakwa-2,250 deserters, kubulawe izikhulu ezinhlanu
√ IMozambique - Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, ukushiya abantu abaningi
√ Myanmar *
√Nagorny Karabakh
√ Netherlands * - Ukwenqatshwa komsebenzi e-Afghanistan
√ Niger
√ INyakatho Korea - Isijeziso sokufa sokubalekela ukukhubazeka nokushiya
√ INorway * - ama-2,364 CO, ama-100-200 abenqabayo
√ IParaguay * - Ukubhaliswa ngenkani; Ama-6,000 COs, ama-15% wababhalisiwe
√ I-Peru - Ukubhaliswa okuphoqelelwe
√ IPhilippines - Ababili abangabhalisiwe ngokomlando; Ukubhaliswa ngenkani ngabasizi bezihlubuki
√ IPoland * - AmaRoma Katolika anqabile isikhundla se-CO (IPoland ingu-87.5% wamaKatolika)
I-Qatar - Ukubuyiswa kabusha kwe-2014
√ I-Russia * - ama-1,445 COs minyaka yonke, ukwenqatshwa okungu-17%; Ukuvikelwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme (1996); Buddhist, oFakazi BakaJehova bayakhishwa; Abangu-30,000 abangabaleki abasalungiswa kanye nama-40,000 deserters; Abathunjwa abangakapheli nababaleki
√ Senegal
√ ISerbia * - Ama-CO ayi-9,000; Abangu-26,000 abangabaleki abasalungiswa nabahlubukayo; Abadingisiwe abangu-150,000 phesheya
√ Seychelles
√ ISingapore - Amakhulu owenqabayo oFakazi BakaJehova, ukuvalelwa amasosha izinyanga eziyi-12-24; Phinda imisho; Abenqabayo ngokuphelele bahlawuliswa futhi bagwetshwa
√ Slovenia *
√ ISomalia - Ama-CO abhekwa njengabagwadule
√ ISouth Korea - 13,000 CO iziboshwa, 400-700 ngonyaka; Abenqatshelwe okungu-5,000 XNUMX, phinda imisho; Ababaleki abangakapheli kanye nabadingisiwe phesheya
South Sudan
√ ISpain * - Inqwaba yabenqabayo yomphakathi, abaphikisana neGulf Wars
Srpska * - Ukusaba okusalungiswa okusakazekile nokushiya
√ ISudan - abayizigidi ezi-2.5 zabagijimi abangasalungiswa, ukubhaliswa ngenkani, kubandakanya namanyuvesi; Amadoda aneminyaka yobudala bokubuthwa enqatshelwe ukuhambela phesheya
√ ISwitzerland * - ama-2,000 COs ngonyaka; Abenqabayo abayi-100 ngokuphelele ngonyaka, izigwebo zenyanga eziyi-8-12; Ukulingwa yizinkantolo zamasosha
√ ISyria - amaJuda akhululiwe
√ Taiwan
√ I-Tajikistan - Ukusabalala okusalungiswa okusakazekile nokushiya phansi
√ Tanzania
√ I-Thailand - 30,000 yokubalekela okusalungiswa, izehlakalo zokwenqaba okusalungiswa emphakathini
√ Transdniestria *
√ iTunisia * - Ukubhaliswa okuphoqelelwe, ukusabalala okwandile
√ I-Turkey - abenqabayo abangakapheli abangu-74, phinda imisho; Ama-CO abhekwa njengabantu abalahlayo; Ukuhlukumeza ezempi noma "ukuhlukanisa umphakathi nomsebenzi wezempi" ubugebengu; Ama-60,000 abalekela okusalungiswa ngonyaka; Abaphikisi baboshwa njengabahlubuki; Ababaleki abangakapheli kanye nabadingisiwe phesheya
Terr Izindawo Ezisebenza NgeTurkey - kumenyezelwe ama-COs ayi-14
√ I-Turkmenistan - Ukuphunyuka okubalulekile okusalungiswa, ukushiya okungu-20%, abakwa-2,000 abalahlayo; Ukushaywa, izinsongo zokudlwengulwa
√ Uganda - Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, kufaka phakathi amasosha ezingane; Ukwehlukaniswa okubanzi
√ Ukraine * - Ama-CO enkolo kuphela: ama-Seventh Day Adventist, amaBaptist, ama-Adventist-Reformists, oFakazi BakaJehova, amaKrestu akholisayo; Ama-CO ayi-2,864; Izehlakalo zokwenqatshwa komphakathi ngokuphelele; 10% ukuhambisana, 48,624 okusalungiswa ukweqa; Ababaleki abangakapheli phesheya
I-United Arab Emirates - Iphinde yafaka ukubhaliswa ngonyaka ka-2014
I-United Kingdom - Inkosana yasebukhosini ifuna ukubuthelwa empini ngoMeyi 2015
√ USA * - Amashumi ezigidi zababaleki abangakapheli uhluleka ukubhalisa, behluleka ukubika izinguquko zamakheli; Izinkulungwane zabenqabayo i-absolutist; ukushushiswa okungama-20 kuphela, okugwetshwe kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-35 kuya ezinyangeni eziyisithupha; Izindleko zetulo kulabo abasizayo, abet, abeluleki; Ijele leminyaka emihlanu, inhlawulo engu- $ 250,000; Abenqabayo bezempi kanye nabahlubukayo; Amahlane asolwa ngamacala empi; Abadingisiwe abangasalungiswa
√ Uzbekistan *
√ IVenezuela - Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, ukusabalala okungavunyelwe kanye nokushiya; Abenqabeli bomphakathi abangama-34, abayi-180 be-CO ngonyaka
√ IVietnam - Ukusaba okusalungiswa okusakazekile nokushiya phansi
√ Western Sahara
√ I-Yemen - Ukuphunyuka okubalulekile okusalungiswa nokukhishwa inyumbazane
√ Zimbabwe *

Izinombolo zabamemezeli besikhashana, lapho ziyazi khona, ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni. Kwamanye, kungase kube khona okuncane kuphela. Lokhu okuncane futhi kufanelekile ukuvikelwa-ungaba omunye wabo! Kuzo zonke izizwe ezenza ukubhaliswa kwezempi, kukhona abenqabayo abaqashiwe kanye neziboshwa ezizibophezele. Nomaphi lapho izwe ligcina khona ibutho, kusukela emazweni amaningi kakhulu kuya ekucindezelweni kunabo bonke, banqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza.