Izisekelo Zezempi Azisoze Zasetshenziswa

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Okthoba 13, 2020

Uma, njengami, unomkhuba omubi wokukhomba ukungathembeki kwamacala enzelwe izimpi ezahlukahlukene, bese uqala ukukholisa abantu ukuthi izimpi empeleni azikona ukuqeda izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu ezikhulayo, noma ukuqedwa kwamaphekula abawakhiqizayo, noma ukusabalalisa intando yeningi abayivimbayo, abantu abaningi bazobuza maduzane ukuthi, "Manje-ke, ziyini izimpi?"

Ngalesi sikhathi, kunamaphutha amabili ajwayelekile. Enye ukucabanga ukuthi kunempendulo eyodwa. Okunye ukucabanga ukuthi izimpendulo kumele zonke zibe nomqondo ophusile. Impendulo eyisisekelo engiyinikeze i-gazillion izikhathi ukuthi izimpi zenzelwe inzuzo namandla kanye namapayipi, ukulawulwa kwamafutha ezimbiwa nezindawo nohulumeni, ukubalwa kokhetho, ukuqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi, nezilinganiso zemithombo yezindaba, ukukhokhela "iminikelo" yomkhankaso, i-inertia yohlelo lwamanje, kanye nokuhlanya, ukukhanuka okunamandla kwamandla nobudlova bokucwaswa kwabokufika.

Siyazi ukuthi izimpi azihambelani nobuningi babantu noma ukusweleka kwemithombo noma yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa ngabathile ezifundweni zase-US ukuzama ukubeka icala ngezimpi ezilwa nezisulu zabo. Siyazi ukuthi izimpi azidluli nhlobo ngezindawo zokwenziwa kwezikhali. Siyazi ukuthi izimpi zihlangana ngokuqinile nokuba khona kwamandla okubasa. Kepha zihambisana nokunye futhi okunikeza uhlobo oluhlukile lokuphendula embuzweni wokuthi ziyini izimpi: izisekelo. Ngiqonde ukuthi, sonke saziwa amashumi eminyaka manje ukuthi ama-permawars wakamuva wase-US aqukethe kakhulu ukuhlanganisa amazwe ahlukahlukene anezisekelo, nokuthi izinhloso zifaka phakathi ukunakekelwa kwenani lezisekelo ezithile ezingapheli nezinqolobane zamanxusa ezikhulukazi. Kepha kuthiwani uma izimpi zingashukunyiswa kuphela yinjongo yezisekelo ezintsha, kepha futhi ziqhutshwa engxenyeni ebalulekile ngokuba khona kwezisekelo zamanje?

Encwadini yakhe entsha, Izwe laseMelika, UDavid Vine ucaphuna ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-US Army ekhombisa ukuthi kusukela ngawo-1950, ubusosha base-US buhlangene nezimpi zokuqala ezempi zase-US. Umvini uguqula umugqa usuke ku- Inkambu Yamaphupho ukungabhekisi emkhakheni we-baseball kodwa ezisekelweni: "Uma niwakha, kuzoza izimpi." Umvini ubuye abhale ngezibonelo eziningi zezimpi ezizala izisekelo ezizala izimpi ezizala izisekelo ezingagcini nje ngokuzala izimpi eziningi kodwa futhi zisebenza ukuthethelela izindleko zezikhali eziningi namasosha okugcwalisa izisekelo, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye kukhiqizwa i-blowback - konke lokho okwenza umfutho ubheke kokuningi izimpi.

Incwadi yangaphambilini kaVine yayithi Isizwe Esiyisisekelo: Indlela US Bas Bas Military Ngaphandle Kwezwe Amonakalisa America neMhlaba. Lesi sihloko esigcwele sithi I-United States of War: Umlando Womhlaba Wonke Wezingxabano Ezingapheli zaseMelika, Kusuka eColumbus kuya e-Islamic State. Nokho, akuyona i-akhawunti eningiliziwe yazo zonke izimpi zase-US, ezingadinga izinkulungwane eziningi zamakhasi. Futhi akusikho ukusuka esihlokweni sezisekelo. Kungumlando wezisekelo izindima eziye zadlalwa futhi ezisadlala esizukulwaneni nasekuziphatheni kwezimpi.

Kukhona, emuva kwencwadi, uhlu olude lwezimpi zase-US, nolwezinye izingxabano ngasizathu simbe ezingabizwa ngezimpi. Kuluhlu oluqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-United States kuze kube namuhla, futhi lokho akwenzi sengathi izimpi ezilwa nabomdabu baseMelika bezingekho noma bekungezona izimpi zangaphandle. Kuluhlu olukhombisa izimpi ezikude embulungeni yonke olwandulela ukuphothulwa “kwenjongo ebonakalayo” ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-US, futhi lukhombisa izimpi ezincane ezenzeka ezindaweni eziningi ngasikhathi sinye futhi ngqo ngokuvela kwezimpi ezinkulu kwenye indawo. Kubonisa izimpi ezimfushane nezimpi ezinde ngokwedlulele (njengempi yeminyaka engama-36 yokulwa nama-Apache) ebeka ihlazo izimemezelo eziqhubekayo zokuthi impi yamanje e-Afghanistan iyimpi ende kunazo zonke e-US eyake yaba khona, futhi lokho kuwubuphukuphuku umbono wokuthi eminyakeni eyi-19 edlule yempi yinto entsha nehlukile. Ngenkathi i-DRM Research Service yake yathi i-United States ibinokuthula iminyaka eyi-11 ikhona, ezinye izazi zithi inani elifanele leminyaka yokuthula liyi-zero kuze kube manje.

Amapharadesi amancane asemadolobheni aseMelika afafazwe emhlabeni wonke njengoba izisekelo zamasosha ziyimiphakathi evaliwe kuma-steroids (kanye nobandlululo). Abahlali babo bavikelekile ekushushisweni ngobugebengu ngezenzo zabo ngaphandle kwamasango, kanti abantu bendawo bangeniswa ngaphakathi ukwenza umsebenzi wegceke nokuhlanza. Ukuhamba nezindawo ezinhle kuyizinzuzo ezinhle zokuqashwa kwezempi kanye namalungu eCongress alawula isabelomali emhlabeni jikelele. Kepha umbono wokuthi izisekelo zisebenza ngenhloso yokuvikela, ukuthi zenza okuphambene nalokho u-Eisenhower axwayise ngakho, kumayelana nokubhekana neqiniso. Omunye wemikhiqizo emikhulu yezisekelo zase-US emazweni abanye abantu intukuthelo ebabayo uVine asikhumbuza ngayo izakhamizi zangaphambi kwe-US zazizizwa ngokuhlasela kwamasosha aseBrithani amakoloni aseNyakatho Melika. Lawo mabutho aseBrithani aziphatha ngokungemthetho, futhi amakholoni abhalisa nje izinhlobo zezikhalazo zokuphanga, ukudlwengula nokuhlukumeza abantu abahlala eduze nezizinda zase-US abebezifaka amashumi eminyaka manje.

Izisekelo zamazwe angaphandle zase-US, kude nokuhluma kokuqala ngo-1898, zakhiwa yisizwe esisha eCanada ngaphambi kweSimemezelo Sokuzimela Sika-1776 futhi sakhula ngokushesha sisuka lapho. E-United States kunezindawo zamasosha zamanje noma ezedlule ezingaphezu kwama-800 ezinegama elithi "fort" emagameni abo. Kwakuyizikhungo zamasosha ezabelweni zakwamanye amazwe, njengezinye izindawo eziningi ezingenayo "inqaba" emagameni abo amanje. Babandulela amakholoni abahlali. Bacasula i-blowback. Benza izimpi. Futhi lezo zimpi zakhiqiza izisekelo eziningi, njengoba umngcele waqhutshelwa ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi sempi yokuzibusa ngaphandle kweBrithani, njengasezimpini ezinkulu ezinkulu abantu abaningi abezwile ngazo, i-United States yaqhubeka nokulwa izimpi eziningi ezincane, kulokhu ilwa nabomdabu baseMelika e-Ohio Valley, entshonalanga yeNew York, nakwezinye izindawo. Lapho ngihlala khona eVirginia, izikhumbuzo kanye nezikole zamabanga aphansi kanye namadolobha abizwa ngabantu ababizwa ngokwandisa umbuso waseMelika (kanye nombuso waseVirginia) ngasentshonalanga ngesikhathi se- "American Revolution."

Ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo noma ukwenza impi akukaze kuyeke. Ngempi ka-1812, lapho i-US ishisa iPhalamende laseCanada, ngemuva kwalokho abaseBrithani bashisa iWashington, i-US yakha izisekelo zokuzivikela ezungeze iWashington, DC, ezingazange zifeze izinhloso zazo kude futhi nezisekelo eziningi zase-US emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zokugcina zenzelwe ukona, hhayi ukuzivikela.

Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi yango-1812, i-US Congress yamemezela impi elizweni laseNyakatho Afrika i-Algiers. Kwakungalesosikhathi, hhayi ngonyaka we-1898, lapho uMbutho Wezempi wase-US waqala ukusungula iziteshi zemikhumbi yawo emazwenikazi amahlanu - eyayiyisebenzisa ngesikhathi se-19^th Ikhulu leminyaka ukuhlasela iTaiwan, i-Uruguay, iJapane, iHolland, iMexico, i-Ecuador, iChina, iPanama neKorea.

Impi Yombango yase-US, eyalwa ngoba iNyakatho neNingizimu zazingavumelana kuphela ngokunwetshwa okungapheli kepha hhayi ezincekwini noma ezimeni ezikhululekile zezindawo ezintsha, kwakungeyona nje impi phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu kuphela, kodwa futhi kwakuyimpi eyalwa yiNyakatho neShoshone , UBannock, u-Ute, u-Apache, noNavajo eNevada, e-Utah, e-Arizona naseNew Mexico - impi eyabulala, yanqoba indawo, futhi yaphoqa izinkulungwane ukuba zingene ekamu lokuhlushwa eliqhutshwa amasosha, iBosque Redondo, lohlobo olwaluzogqugquzela kamuva AmaNazi.

Izisekelo ezintsha zazisho izimpi ezintsha ngaphandle kwezisekelo. IPresidio eSan Francisco yathathwa eMexico futhi yayijwayele ukuhlasela iPhilippines, lapho izisekelo zazizosetshenziselwa ukuhlasela iKorea neVietnam. ITampa Bay, ethathwe eSpain, yasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela iCuba. IGuantanamo Bay, ethathwe eCuba, yasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela iPuerto Rico. Njalo njalo. Ngo-1844, ibutho lase-US lase likwazi ukufinyelela emachwebeni amahlanu eChina. I-US-British Shanghai International Settlement ngo-1863 "yabuyiselwa emuva eChinatown" - njengezikhungo zase-US emhlabeni jikelele njengamanje.

Ngaphambi kweWWII, kufaka phakathi ukwandiswa okuyisisekelo kweWWI, izisekelo eziningi bezingezona unomphela. Ezinye zazikhona, kepha ezinye, kufaka phakathi eziningi eMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean, kwaqondwa ukuthi ezesikhashana. I-WWII izokushintsha konke lokho. Isimo sokuzenzakalelayo sanoma yisiphi isisekelo sizohlala unomphela. Lokhu kwaqala ngokuhweba kwe-FDR ngemikhumbi emidala eya eBrithani ngokushintshanisa izisekelo ezikoloni eziyisishiyagalombili zaseBrithani - okungekho neyodwa eyayinezwi odabeni. Nayo iCongress, njengoba i-FDR yayisebenza yodwa, okwadala isibonelo esibi. Ngesikhathi se-WWII i-United States yakha futhi yathatha ukufakwa okungama-30,000 kuzisekelo ezingama-2,000 kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

Isizinda esiseDhahran, eSaudi Arabia, kwakucatshangelwa ukuthi silwa namaNazi, kepha ngemuva kokuzinikela kweJalimane, kwakusakhiwa ukwakhiwa. Amafutha ayesekhona. Isidingo sezindiza zokuhlala kuleyo ngxenye yomhlaba sasisekhona. Isidingo sokucacisa ukuthengwa kwezindiza eziningi sasisekhona. Futhi izimpi zaziyoba lapho njengoba imvula ilandela amafu esiphepho.

I-WWII yaqedwa kuphela ingxenye ethile. Amabutho amakhulu ezempi agcinwa emiswe unomphela phesheya. UHenry Wallace wacabanga ukuthi izisekelo zakwamanye amazwe kufanele zinikezwe iZizwe Ezihlangene. Kunalokho ukhishwe ngokushesha esiteji. UVine ubhala ukuthi amaklabhu amakhulukhulu e-“Return Back Daddy” asungulwa e-United States yonke. Abazange bathole konke ngendlela yabo. Esikhundleni salokho kwaqalwa umkhuba omusha onamandla wokuhambisa imindeni ukuthi ijoyine okhokho bayo emisebenzini engunaphakade - isinyathelo esasihlose ukunciphisa ukudlwengulwa kwabahlali bendawo.

Vele, amasosha ase-US ancishiswe kakhulu ngemuva kweWWII, kepha hhayi kangangendlela okwakungemva ngayo ezinye izimpi, futhi okuningi kwalokho kwabuyiselwa emuva nje lapho kungaqalwa impi eKorea. Impi yaseKorea iholele ekunyuseni okungu-40% kwezisekelo zase-US zaphesheya kwezilwandle. Abanye bangabiza impi yaseKorea ngokuthuka kokuziphatha okubi noma intukuthelo yobugebengu, kanti abanye bangayibiza ngokuthi yi-tie noma iphutha elenziwe ngamasu, kepha ngokubuka kokwakhiwa kwesisekelo nokusungulwa kwamandla embonini yezikhali kuhulumeni wase-US, it kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, njengoba nje uBarack Obama asho ngesikhathi sikaMongameli.

U-Eisenhower ukhulume ngezakhiwo zezimboni zamasosha ezonakalisa uhulumeni. Esinye sezibonelo eziningi ezinikezwa yiVine yileso sobudlelwano baseMelika nePortugal. Amasosha ase-US ayefuna izizinda e-Azores, ngakho-ke uhulumeni wase-US wavuma ukuxhasa umashiqela wasePortugal, ubukoloniyali basePortugal nobulungu beNATO basePortugal. Futhi abantu base-Angola, Mozambique, naseCape Verde bazolahlwa - noma-ke, mabakhe ubutha maqondana ne-United States, njengenani okufanele likhokhwe ngokugcina i-United States "ivikelwe" yizinhlaka eziningi zomhlaba. UVine ucaphuna amacala ayi-17 okwakhiwa kwezisekelo zase-US okususa abantu bendawo emhlabeni wonke, isimo esiseduze nezincwadi zombhalo zase-US ezithi isikhathi sokunqotshwa sesiphelile.

I-NATO isebenze ukwenza ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo zase-US e-Italy, okungenzeka ukuthi amaNtaliyane awazange amele ukube izisekelo zazibizwa ngokuthi "izisekelo zase-US" kunokuba zithengiswe ngaphansi kwesibhengezo samanga "sezisekelo ze-NATO."

Izisekelo ziye zaqhubeka ukwanda emhlabeni wonke, nemibhikisho evame ukulandela. Imibhikisho emelene nezisekelo zase-US, evame ukuphumelela, evame ukungaphumeleli, ibe yingxenye enkulu yekhulu leminyaka elidlule lomlando wezwe ongafundiswanga kakhulu e-United States. Ngisho nesibonakaliso sokuthula esaziwayo saqala ukusetshenziswa embhikishweni wesikhungo samasosha aseMelika. Manje izisekelo zisakazeka kulo lonke elase-Afrika kuze kufike emingceleni yaseChina neRussia, ngenkathi isiko lase-US lijwayela izimpi ezivamile ezilwa “ngamabutho akhethekile” nezindiza zamarobhothi, izikhali zenuzi zakhiwa njengobuhlanya, futhi impi ayibuzwa emaqenjini amabili amakhulu ezepolitiki ase-US.

Uma izimpi - ngokwengxenye - zezisekelo, akufanele ngabe sisabuza ukuthi ziyini izisekelo? IVine ilandisa ngabaphenyi beCongressal bephetha ngokuthi izisekelo eziningi zigcinwa zikhona nge "inertia." Futhi ulandisa izikhulu ezahlukahlukene zamasosha zizitika ngokwesaba (noma, ngokunembile, i-paranoia) ebona ukwakhiwa kwempi enolaka njengendlela yokuzivikela. Lezi zombili ziyizinto ezingokoqobo impela, kepha ngicabanga ukuthi zincike kwidrayivu eyedlulele yokubusa komhlaba nenzuzo, kuhlanganiswe nokuzimisela kwezenhlalo (noma ukulangazelela) ukudala izimpi.

Okuthile engingacabangi ukuthi noma iyiphi incwadi igxile ngokwanele yindima yokuthengiswa kwezikhali. Lezi zisekelo zakha amakhasimende ezikhali - amadlozi nezikhulu "zentando yeningi" ezingaba njalo kuhlonyiwe kwaqeqeshwa kwaxhaswa ngezimali futhi kwenziwa kwancika kukho umbutho wezempi wase-US, okwenza uhulumeni wase-US axhomeke kakhulu kubazuzi bezimpi.

Ngiyethemba wonke umuntu osemhlabeni uyafunda Izwe laseMelika. Kuzo World BEYOND War senzile ukusebenza ukuvala izisekelo okubaluleke kakhulu.