Izempi Ziswela Izimo Zamalungelo Abantu Zasemazweni Asemva Kwezingxabano

Kusukela I-Peace Science Digest, Julayi 25, i-2020

Lokhu kuhlaziywa kufingqa futhi kuveze ucwaningo olulandelayo: USullivan, P., Blanken, L., & Rice, I. (2020). Ukuhlomisa ukuthula: Usizo lwezokuphepha lwangaphandle kanye nezimo zamalungelo abantu emazweni ngemuva kwempi. Ezokuvikela Nezokuthula Umnotho, 31 (2). 177-200. I-DoI: 10.1080 / 10242694.2018.1558388

Izinkulumo zokukhuluma

Emazweni angemva kwempi:

• Ukudluliselwa kwezikhali kanye nokusizwa kwezempi okuphuma emazweni angaphandle (kubizwa ngokubizwa njengosizo lokuphepha lwangaphandle) kuhlobene nezimo zamalungelo abantu ezingekho emthethweni, kufaka phakathi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo obuqotho ngokomzimba njengokuhlukunyezwa, ukubulala ngokweqile, ukunyamalala, ukuboshwa kwezepolitiki nokubulawa kwabantu kanye nokubulawa kobuhlanga.
• Usizo Olusemthethweni Lokusiza (i-ODA), oluchazwa kabanzi njengosizo olungasekhempini, luhambisana nezimo zamalungelo abantu ezithuthukisiwe.
• Izindlela ezinqunyelwe zamasu akhona abaholi bamazwe esikhathini sombango ngemuva kwenguquko zisiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani usizo lokuphepha lwakwamanye amazwe luholela emiphumeleni yamalungelo abantu ebi kakhulu-okungukuthi, kwenza kube lula kubaholi ukukhetha ukutshalwa kwezimali emabuthweni ezokuphepha kunokutshalwa kwezimali ekuhlinzekweni komphakathi okuningi izimpahla njengendlela yokuthola amandla, okwenza ukucindezelwa kokuphikiswa kube lula kakhulu.

Isifinyezo

Usizo lwakwamanye amazwe emazweni wangemva kwengxabano yinto esemqoka yokuzibandakanya komhlaba wonke ukukhuthaza ukuthula kulezo zimo. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe nguPatricia Sullivan, uLeo Blanken, no-Ian Rice, okuyindlela yezindaba zosizo. Bakuphikisa lokho usizo lokuphepha lwangaphandle ixhunyaniswa nokucindezelwa kombuso emazweni wangemva kwempi. I-non-Army Aid, noma i-Official Development Aid (ODA), ibonakala inomphumela ophambene — ihlangana kahle nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo losizo lwangaphandle lunomthelela onamandla 'kukhwalithi yokuthula' emazweni wangemva kwempi.

Usizo lokuphepha lwangaphandle.

Ababhali bathola le miphumela ngokuhlaziya izigameko eziyi-171 lapho izingxabano zodlame zaphela khona kusukela ngonyaka we-1956 kuya ku-2012. Lezi zimo zifundwe njengamayunithi wezwe ngeminyaka eyishumi kulandela ukuphela kwengxabano yezikhali phakathi kukahulumeni neqembu eliphikisayo elihlomile ezweni lonke. Bahlola ukucindezelwa kombuso ngenombolo yokuvikela amalungelo abantu ebeka phansi amalungelo abo njengokuhlukunyezwa, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokweqile, ukunyamalala, ukuboshwa kwezepolitiki nokubulawa kwabantu kanye nokubulawa kobuhlanga. Isilinganiso sisuka ku -3.13 saya ku- +4.69, lapho amanani aphakeme amelela ukuvikelwa okungcono kwamalungelo abantu. Kwisampula efakiwe kudathasethi, isilinganiselo sisuka ku-2.85 siye ku- +1.58. Idatha futhi icabanga ngobukhona bamandla okugcina ukuthula, umkhiqizo ogcwele wasekhaya, nezinye izinto ezifanele.

Ukuhluka okubalulekile kwesithakazelo kufaka phakathi idatha ku-ODA, okulula ukuyithola, nosizo lwezokuphepha, okunzima ukuthola. Amazwe amaningi awakhiphi imininingwane ngosizo lwamasosha futhi ngokuqinisekile akukhona ngokwenqubo eyanele ukwengamela ukufakwa kudathasethi. Kodwa-ke, iStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) ikhipha idatha elilinganisa inani lokufakwa kwezingalo emhlabeni jikelele, elalisetshenziswa ngababhali kulolu cwaningo. Baxwayisa ngokuthi le ndlela yokulinganisa usizo lwezokuphepha ingahle ibukele phansi ivolumu yangempela yokuhweba ngamasosha phakathi kwamazwe.

Imiphumela yabo ikhombisa ukuthi usizo lokuphepha lwangaphandle luhlobene namazinga aphansi wokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, okuholele ekuthini ukwehla okungu-0.23 kumaki Wokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu (isilinganiso sawo sisuka ku--2.85 siye ku- +1.58). Ukuqhathanisa, uma izwe libhekana nengxabano enobudlova evuselelwe, amaphuzu wokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu alahla ngamaphuzu angama-0.59 kulelo banga. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kunikela ngesibalo sokwehla kwezimpawu zokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngenxa yokusizwa kwezempi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ODA, ihambisana namalungelo abantu athuthukisiwe. Ekwenzeni amanani aqagelwayo ezikolo ezivikela amalungelo abantu emazweni wangemva kwempi, i-ODA "ibonakala ithuthukisa isimo samalungelo abantu eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kokuqedwa kwengxabano."

Ababhali bachaza umphumela wosizo lwamasosha ekucindezelweni kombuso ngokugxila ekukhetheni kwamasu atholakala kubaholi bamazwe emazweni aqubuka ezimpini ezihlomile. Abaholi bezwe jikelele ngokuvamile banezindlela ezimbili zokulondolozwa kwamandla: (1) ukugxila ekutholeni izimpahla zomphakathi ngenani elikhulu kunazo zonke zabantu-njengokutshala imali emfundweni yomphakathi - noma (2) ukugxila ekutholeni izimpahla ezizimele ngenani elincane labantu elidingekayo ukugcina amandla-njengokutshala imali embuthweni yezokuphepha ukuthuthukisa amandla wombuso wokucindezela. Ngokubheka izingqinamba zezinsizakusebenza ezivame emazweni wangemva kwempi, abaholi kumele benze izinqumo ezinzima mayelana nokuthi bangayaba kanjani imali. Kalula nje, usizo lokuphepha lwakwamanye amazwe lubheka ukuthi ukucindezela, noma indlela yesibili, kuyathandeka kohulumeni. Ngamafuphi, ababhali bathi "usizo lokuphepha lwakwamanye amazwe luyehlisa izibonelelo zikahulumeni zokutshala imali empahleni yomphakathi, kwehlise izindleko ezingezansi zokuphindisela, futhi luqinise nomkhakha wezokuphepha ophathelene nezinye izikhungo zikahulumeni."

Ababhali bakhomba izibonelo kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ukukhombisa leli phuzu. Isibonelo, usizo lokuphepha lwaseMelika oluya eSouth Korea ngemuva kweMpi yaseKorea yaqinisa umbuso odabukisayo owaphula amalungelo amaningi abantu kwaze kwaba yilapho umbhikisho uhlangana nohulumeni wentando yeningi emashumini eminyaka kamuva. Ababhali baxhumanisa lezi zibonelo engxoxweni enkulu mayelana "nekhwalithi yokuthula" emazweni wangemva kwempi. Ukuphela kwempi ehlelekile kungenye indlela yokuchaza ukuthula. Kodwa-ke, ababhali bathi ukucindezelwa kombuso kokuphikisana, okuxhaswa ngabezokuphepha, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu njengokuthi "ukuhlukunyezwa, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokweqile, ukunyamalala okuphoqekile nokuboshwa kwezepolitiki," kuyindlela enhle yokuthula yize bekusemthethweni ukuphela kwempi yombango.

Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba

“Izinga lokuthula” eliqala ukwakhiwa ngemuva kwempi libaluleke kakhulu ngoba ubungozi bokuphindaphindeka kwezimpi ziphezulu luphezulu. Ngokwemininingwane eqoqwe yi-Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (bheka "Ukuphinda Ungqubule"Ngokuqhubeka kokufunda), ama-60% azo zonke izingxabano ezihlomile ziphinda zibuye phakathi neshumi leminyaka ngemuva kokuphela kwempi ngenxa" yezikhalazo ezingasonjululwanga "ngemuva kwempi. Ukugxila okukhethekile ekuqedeni ubutha, ngaphandle kokuzibophezela okucacile kumalungelo abantu noma uhlelo lokuthi izwe lingazisingatha kanjani izimo zezakhiwo eziholele empini, lingasebenza kuphela ukuqinisa izikhalazo ezikhona nezimo zesakhiwo ezizoletha udlame olwengeziwe .

Ukungenelela kwamazwe omhlaba okuhlose ukuqeda impi nokuvimbela ukuphindaphindeka kwezimpi ezihlomile kudingeka ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi izenzo zawo zingayithonya kanjani le miphumela. Njengoba sixoxile kweyedlule Ukudla ukuhlaziya, "Ukuba khona Kwamaphoyisa e-UN Okuhlotshaniswa Nemibhikisho Engahlukumezeki emazweni aMva kwempi yangemuva, "Izixazululo ezihlaselwe ezimpini, kungaba ngamaphoyisa noma kugcina ukuthula, ziba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yamalungelo abantu, njengoba impi ifaka umjikelezo wodlame olwenza kube nodlame njengendlela eyamukelekayo yenkulumo yezepolitiki. Lokhu kuqonda kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ohulumeni bamazwe - ikakhulukazi lawo anamandla, anempi eyimpi kakhulu njenge-US — baluthatha kanjani usizo lwabo lwakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi uma bethanda usizo lwempi noma olungelona olwamasosha emazweni asebenzisa impi ngemuva. Esikhundleni sokukhuthaza ukuthula nentando yeningi, okusizwa usizo lwakwamanye amazwe kuhloswe ukuthi lwenze, kubonakala sengathi usizo lwezokuphepha lunomphumela ophambene, lukhuthaza ukucindezelwa kombuso futhi lukwande amathuba okuphindana kwezimpi. Abaningi baxwayise ngokulwa kwenqubomgomo yamazwe angaphandle yase-US, kufaka phakathi abantu abangaphakathi koMnyango Wezokuvikela nezinhlangano zezobunhloli (bona "Izinkinga ze-Militarised Foreign Policy for America's Premier Intelligence Agency"Ngokuqhubeka ngokufunda). Baye bangabaza ukuthi ukuthembela ngokweqile ezixazululweni zamasosha nezempi kuyithinta kanjani indlela i-US etholwa ngayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenkathi imibono ibalulekile ebudlelwaneni bamanye amazwe nenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe, usizo lokuphepha lwangaphandle, ngokuyisisekelo, lubukela phansi izinhloso zokwenza umhlaba onokuthula nobuningi wentando yeningi. Le ndatshana ikhombisa ukuthi ukuncika kosizo lwezokuphepha njengendlela yokuthola usizo lwamazwe omhlaba kubeka imiphumela emibi emazweni atholakalayo.

Isincomo senqubomgomo esicacile esivela kulo mbhalo ukwandisa i-ODA engeyona eyempi emazweni aqhamuka empini. Ukusiza okungeyona eyezempi kungaphazamisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ezinhlelweni zezenhlalakahle kanye / noma izindlela zobulungiswa zezinguquko ezidingekayo ukulungisa izikhalazo ezikhuthaza impi ekuqaleni nokuthi ingaqhubeka esikhathini sangemva kwempi, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela ezingeni eliphakeme lokuthula. Ukusuka kude nokuncika ngokweqile ekusetshenzisweni kwemali yezempi nosizo lwezokuphepha, zombili ezindaweni zenqubomgomo yasekhaya neyangaphandle, kuyaqhubeka kuyindlela engcono yokuqinisekisa ukuthula okuhlala njalo nokuqhubekayo. [KC]

Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda

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