Ukuzijwayeza Kwezempi

Ibungazwe ngu-Mona Ali, I-Phenomenal World, Januwari 27, 2023

Lesi sihloko sivele kuqala GREEN, ijenali evela Groupe d'études géopolitiques.

Ngenkathi i-NATO ibamba ingqungquthela yayo yezinsuku ezimbili eMadrid ngoJuni 2022, uhulumeni waseSpain wathumela. izinkulungwane eziyishumi amaphoyisa ukuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye zedolobha, okuhlanganisa nePrado kanye neminyuziyamu yaseReina Sofia, emphakathini. Kusele usuku kuqale ingqungquthela, izishoshovu zesimo sezulu zenze umhlangano othi “bafe” phambi kukaPicasso Guernica eReina Sofia, bebhikishela lokho abakuhlonze njengokulwa kwepolitiki yesimo sezulu. Ngalo lelo sonto, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yayisuse izivikelo zikahulumeni zamalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu, yabeka phansi ikhono le-US Environmental Protection Agency lokunqanda ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, futhi yandisa nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali ezifihliwe e-United States. Ngokuphambene nesiphithiphithi sasekhaya, engqungqutheleni, ithimba likaMongameli uJoe Biden laveza umbono ovuselelwe wokuzinza kwe-hegemonic.

Ngokuyinhloko umfelandawonye wezempi we-transatlantic, i-NATO imele ukuhlushwa kwamandla omhlaba eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.¹ Ngendlela yayo yokuzichaza ye-360-degree ekuvimbeleni okuhlanganisiwe-okubandakanya i-cyber-tech kanye "nokusebenzelana" phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuzivikela ezihlangene-i-NATO iyi-panopticon ye-Benthamite yekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, ngaphansi kwayo igcwele umhlaba wonke. Egameni lokuphakamisa izindinganiso nezikhungo zentando yeningi, i-NATO izinikeze yona indima yomphathi wezinkinga zomhlaba. Igunya layo elingeziwe lendawo manje selibhekene nokubhekana “nodlame oluhlobene nezingxabano” nokuvumelana nesimo sezulu.

Esigabeni sobukhosi se-NATO uqobo, i-United States ithatha indima yoMkhuzi Ophakeme. Yakho isitatimende sombono iqinisekisa ngokucacile ikhono lenuzi laseMelika njengetshe legumbi lokuphepha eNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Ukuphendula impi yaseRussia e-Ukraine, i-NATO yathatha isinyathelo esinolaka, ibuyekeza inqubomgomo yayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ihoxise ubudlelwano obunobuhlakani eyabusungula neRussia ngo-2010. Isitatimende sayo semishini esibuyekeziwe sango-2022 sihambisana nenqubomgomo ekade ikhona yokuthi uma ilungu elilodwa le-NATO lihlaselwa, Article 5 kungase kucelwe, okuvumela umfelandawonye ukuthi uhlanganyele ekuhlaseleni okuziphindiselelayo.

Inganekwane evamile esakazwa izazi zezomnotho iwukuthi ekubhidlizeni uhwebo nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe, izimpi ziphazamisa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Izazi-mlando U-Adam Tooze no-Ted Fertik baye benza le ndaba ibe nzima. Baphikisa ngokuthi iMpi Yezwe I yavula amanethiwekhi omhlaba jikelele wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye futhi yawabusa ngobudlova. Ngokufanayo, impi yase-Ukraine iye yashintsha ngokungenakuguquleka isimo somhlaba. Lokhu kuhlasela kwalandelwa yiQembu Lamazwe angu-7 axosha iRussia ohlelweni lwezezimali lomhlaba olulawulwa yiNtshonalanga. Kusukela lapho, amazwe aseNtshonalanga alwe nokungena kwawo endaweni yezomnotho ngokusebenzisa izivimbelo ekuhwebeni kwaseRussia, ukushaqwa kwezindawo zokushintshisana zakwamanye amazwe zaseRussia, kanye nokusekelwa okubalulekile kwezempi e-Ukraine. Umnikelo waseBrithani weqembu le I-Challenger 2 amathangi aya e-Ukraine amaka ukulethwa kokuqala okunjalo ngabalingani be-NATO hardware yezempi enamandla ezosetshenziswa enkundleni yempi. Engqungqutheleni kaJanuwari 20 yethusi lezempi eliphezulu (kanye nabamele abanye amazwe angamashumi amahlanu) esizindeni se-NATO's Allied Air Command e-Ramstein, eJalimane uyekile ukuvumela amathangi ayo e-Leopard 2 ukuthi ahlinzekwe. Kamuva ngalolo suku, imibhikisho kwaqubuka eBerlin nentsha efuna “Khulula iLeopards.” (NgoJanuwari 25, ba wenze njalo.) Bobabili uVladimir Putin noVolodymyr Zelensky baye basungula impi yase-Ukraine njengenye phakathi kweRussia namadlelandawonye e-NATO. Ukunikezwa kwezikhali ezinzima zaseNtshonalanga kuqinisekisa lowo mbono.

Impi yaseMpumalanga Yurophu isihlanganise kabusha lonke uhlelo lwezomnotho namandla wembulunga yonke. Njengoba amanethiwekhi ezezimali nezohwebo asetshenziswa izikhali, kwaba njalo nezingqalasizinda zamandla omhlaba. Isola unswinyo lwaseCanada, oluvimbe ukubuyiselwa kwenjini yegesi ye-Siemens egcinwe e-Canada esiteshini i-Gazprom (isikhulu segesi sikahulumeni waseRussia), iRussia yehlise kakhulu igesi egeleza epayipini le-Nord Stream I liya eJalimane.² Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ohulumeni base-Europe bemukele uhlelo loMgcinimafa waseMelika lokunciphisa intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe waseRussia, uPutin wakumisa ukunikezwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe. ukugeleza kwegesi yemvelo ukuya e-Europe nge-Nord Stream I. Ngaphambi kwempi ngonyaka odlule, iRussia inikeziwe amaphesenti angu-XNUMX egesi yaseYurophu kanye ingxenye yesine yawo wonke uwoyela negesi okudayiswa kuwo umhlaba wonke; ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yayo kwamanye amazwe kwakukhululiwe ezijezisweni zaseNtshonalanga. Ukunqamula iRussia emnothweni womhlaba ngo-2022 kudale ukushoda kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele futhi kwakhuphuka amanani, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Ukwenyuka kwamanani entengo yempahla emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi uphethiloli nokudla, kubangele ukwenyuka okukhulu kokwehla kwamandla emali kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970s.

Ekuphenduleni le nkinga, iYurophu manje ithembele e-US ekuthengisweni kwamandla; amaphesenti angamashumi amane yegesi yayo yemvelo ewuketshezi manje ivela e-US, ukuguqulwa okumangalisayo kusukela ngonyaka odlule lapho i-Europe igwema i-American LNG ngenxa yokukhathazeka mayelana nekhabhoni ekhishwa njengengxenye yokukhiqizwa kwayo nokuhamba. Okucasule kakhulu izishoshovu zesimo sezulu, iphalamende le-EU ivotele ukuthi lifake phakathi Igesi yemvelo, i-fossil fuel, ku-taxonomy yayo yamandla aqhubekayo. Ukuvikela imakethe yangaphandle yaseMelika enenzuzo kakhulu eYurophu, abaphathi beBiden bathole ukuketulwa kwedola okungalindelekile kwe-hydrocarbon dollar.

Isinqumo esisodwa esikhulu esaphuma engqungqutheleni yaseMadrid kwaba ukusungulwa kwesizinda samasosha ase-US unomphela ePoland, okuyingxenye yokwanda okukhulu kwezempi yase-US eYurophu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Amasosha ase-US angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu manje ase-Europe. Omunye umphumela wale ngqungquthela kwaba ukuvuselelwa kwe-NATO “ukuzivumelanisa nezempi nezombusazwe” isu. Ekubambeni amandla nqunu, i-NATO ehlongozwayo ukuthi “kufanele kube inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ehamba phambili uma kuziwa ekuqondeni nasekuzivumelaniseni nomthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwezokuphepha.” Ihlose ukwenza lokhu “ngokutshala imali oguqukweni lokuhlanza imithombo yamandla nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezempi kanye nesimo esithembekile sokuvimbela nokuzivikela.” Ohlakeni olusha lwesimo sezulu lwe-NATO, uguquko lwamandla lufakwe ngempumelelo kuphrojekthi yombuso.

I-war ecology ihlangabezana nokujwayela kwezempi

Uhlaka olusha lwe-NATO lokuzijwayeza kwezempi lukhumbula inguqulo yalokho isazi sefilosofi uPierre Charbonnier esikubiza ngokuthi “impi yemvelo.” Umqondo ka-Charbonnier ukhuluma ngokukhula kokusondela kwe-decarbonization kanye ne-geopolitics, ngokuvamile ngendlela yezempi. Unxusa i-Europe ukuthi ihlukane nokuthembela kumafutha avela kwamanye amazwe futhi ibuyise amandla nobukhosi bezomnotho ngokusebenzisa i-decarbonization. Uphinde athi i-ecology yezepolitiki kufanele ihlanganise i-decarbonization ibe yindaba enkulu ehlanganisa uguquko olubanzi lwezenhlalo. Ukugqugquzelwa okukhulu kwezezimali, ezobuchwepheshe, nokuphatha okudingekayo ukuze kuguqulwe amandla ahlanzekile ngokomlando kuye kwahlotshaniswa “nempi ephelele.”

Impi yase-Ukraine, eye yasheshisa ukuzibophezela kweYurophu ekushintsheni kwamandla, ibonakala iqinisekisa inkolelo-mbono yempi yemvelo kaCharbonnier. Lokhu kuqonda kwe-geopolitical kulamula phakathi kombono odabukisayo, omemezela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhawulela ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ukuze kugwenywe umthelela oyinhlekelele kakhulu wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye ne-naïveté yama-techno-optimists akholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokudliwa kwe-carbon bungakhuliswa ngesikhathi ukuze kukhawulwe ukufudumala kweplanethi. kuya ku-1.5 degrees Celsius. Ebhala ngempi yezomnotho kanye nokuhlupheka okuhlanganisayo kubantu abavamile emhlabeni wonke, u-Charbonnier uxwayisa ngokuthi kungenzeka kube khona ukuthobela imvelo yezombangazwe ngaphansi kwesibopho sezempi. Uxwayisa ngokuthi i-war ecology ingase iguqukele ebuzweni bezemvelo futhi uthi abameli besimo sezulu kumele baphazamise inkulumo ye-realpolitik kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo okuphelele ngezithakazelo ezinamandla ngenkathi behambisa amandla ezezimali, okusebenza, kanye nokuphatha "kwezifunda ezinkulu" kanye "namandla amakhulu" maqondana nohlaza. utshalomali nengqalasizinda.

Mhlawumbe ngamandla amakhulu, umqondo ka-Charbonnier we-war ecology usiza ukuxhuma amachashazi phakathi kwe-ajenda yokushintshashintsha yokukhula koguquko lwamandla kanye nebhizinisi elilodwa elibonakala likhululekile ku-inertia Umthetho wenqubo waseMelika: inkimbinkimbi yayo yezempi-yezimboni. Kunikezwe lokho isazi sezomthetho saseMelika uCass Sunstein izingcingo "ifu elimnyama manje eligubuzele izwe lokuphatha," kanye nesimo esingeyona ingxenye yezindleko zezokuvikela zase-US, kungenzeka ukuthi imali yesimo sezulu esikhathini esizayo isongwe ibe yisabelomali soMnyango Wezokuvikela.

Uma uthi nhlá, “ukuzivumelanisa nezempi” kwe-NATO kubonakala kuyisixazululo esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambezeleka kwesimo sezulu ngenye indlela. Kungaqondwa futhi njengomphumela wokujwayelekile kwamandla ezimo eziphuthumayo ngesikhathi sodlame. E-US, i-Defence Production Act kanye ne-International Emergency Economic Powers Act yenziwe yasebenza izikhathi eziningana kule minyaka emibili nengxenye edlule ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-ventilators nemithi yokugoma, ukungenisa ifomula yezingane, kanye nokubamba impahla yangaphandle. Izimemezelo zesimo esiphuthumayo zingabacasula abakhululekile futhi izifundiswa kodwa ngokuvamile dlula ngaphansi i-radar yeningi lomphakathi waseMelika.

Eqinisweni, izishoshovu zesimo sezulu zacindezela iBiden ukuthi imemezele isimo esiphuthumayo sezulu futhi sebenzisa amandla ezimo eziphuthumayo ukwenza iSivumelwano Esisha Esiluhlaza. UBiden uphendule nge-oda likaJuni 6, i- Umthetho Wokukhiqiza Kwezokuvikela KwaMandla Ahlanzekile, adlula i-gridlock yokhetho ukuze kwandiswe ingqalasizinda eluhlaza njengamapulazi omoya emhlabeni wenhlangano. Lo myalelo uphinde uthi uzogunyaza izinqubo zabasebenzi ezinobulungiswa ukuze kwakhiwe ezaseMelika i-arsenal yamandla ahlanzekile. Mayelana nobudlelwano bamazwe angaphandle, lo mthetho omusha kanye kanye ubuyisela intela ekuthengisweni kwezobuchwepheshe belanga lase-Asia (okubalulekile kumthamo wokukhiqiza welanga wase-US) kuyilapho uvuma "ugu lobungani" amaketanga okunikezela ngokuluhlaza phakathi kwama-Allies.

Izinxushunxushu zemakethe

Impi ibe nenzuzo enkulu kubakhiqizi bakawoyela negesi, abaholayo ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sabo seminyaka emihlanu. Njengoba cishe ingxenye yesithathu yamandla omhlaba asatholakala kuwoyela, angaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu emalahleni, kanye nengxenye yesine evela kugesi yemvelo, izinto ezivuselelekayo zihlanganisa ngaphansi kwengxenye yeshumi yamandla omhlaba wonke—kunenzuzo eningi okufanele yenziwe. . Ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo kuphushe iSaudi Aramco, inkampani kawoyela enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngaphambi kwe-Apple njengenkampani eyenza inzuzo kakhulu emhlabeni. I-US, nokho, ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kawoyela negesi emhlabeni, enomthelela kulokhu amaphesenti angu-XNUMX okuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene-kuhlanganise nokuwa ngaphakathi okungcolile amanani kawoyela ngo-2020, kanye nokwesaba amafa kaphethiloli aphelelwe amandla njengoba uguquko lwamandla lukhula ngesivinini—abakhiqizi bakawoyela negesi baya ngokuya baba manqikanqika ukukhuphula utshalomali. Lokhu kuye kwahumushela ohlwini lwezimpahla oluphansi namanani aphezulu. Ngenkathi iSaudi Arabia inohlu lwezimpahla ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ukwanda okukhulu kokutshalwa kwezimali okukhuphukayo embonini kulindeleke ukuthi kusuke Amafemu kawoyela negesi ase-US. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kugesi yemvelo encibilikisiwe kube namandla kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zempahla yezimbiwa phansi. Ngemuva kwezijeziso ezibhekiswe eRussia, i-US isilungele ukuba ngumthengisi ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-LNG. Inzuzo kawoyela we-windfall negesi ngo-2022 izokwanela ukuxhasa ishumi leminyaka lokutshalwa kwezimali kumafutha akhishwa kancane angahlangabezana nomhlaba wonke. umgomo wokukhishwa kwe-zero. Njengoba kusobala ekubuyiseleni emuva unswinyo lwaseRussia, ukugxambukela ezimakethe kubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kahle. Kodwa ohulumeni abangangeneleli uma kwenzeka izinto ezingaphandle kwemakethe (ukukhishwa kwegesi) kungaba yindleko enkulu esikalini seplanethi.

Njengoba amanani entengo kaphethiloli enyuka, sekuphenduke ezinye izindlela zomoya nelanga ezishibhiler. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile manje kuqhutshwa kakhulu ngabaseYurophu uwoyela negesi. Ukushaqeka kwamandla e-Europe kuzoqhubeka nokusheshisa inkambiso ebheke ezintweni ezivuselelekayo, kodwa ukuphazamiseka komfula, isibonelo, ukuhlinzekwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane (i-China engumnikezeli wawo omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni) kwehlise isivinini sokukhiqiza. Phakathi nohambo lukaNobhala Wezezimali wase-US uJanet Yellen ukuya Senegal, Zambia kanye neNingizimu Afrika-okwenziwe ngemuva kokuvakasha kukangqongqoshe wezangaphandle waseChina uQin Gang - kwaba nezingxoxo ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri yemoto kagesi okubandakanya amaminerali abalulekile endawo.

Nakuba ukukhuphuka kwentengo kawoyela kuzuzisa abakhiqizi be-petroleum, ukukhuphuka kwamanani epompo kuwumbangela omkhulu wokunganeliseki kwabavoti e-US. Izibikezelo zokuthi amaDemocrats azochitha amavoti okhethweni oluzayo lwamaphakathi nonyaka aseMelika aqhubekisele phambili isicelo esiphuthumayo sabaphathi beBiden sokwehlisa amanani kaphethiloli. Iqhube ukuthengisa kwayo okokuqala ngqa kawoyela ogwini umhlaba womphakathi, yakhipha icebo lokumba uwoyela ngasogwini lolwandle, futhi yanxusa inkosi yaseSaudi engcolile ukuthi ikhiqize uwoyela owengeziwe, wonke ama-U-turns ezithembisweni zayo zangaphambili zamandla ahlanzekile. Lesi sakamuva asizange siphumelele njengoba iqembu lamazwe akhiqiza futhi athumela uwoyela (i-OPEC plus, okuhlanganisa neRussia) limemezele ngendlela emangalisayo. ukusikeka ekukhiqizweni kukawoyela ekwindla ka-2022.

Ama-Progressives agxume emgwaqeni. Iziphakamiso zakamuva zamathimba acabanga kwesokunxele e-US zifaka uxhaso olusekelwa uhulumeni ukubhola okusha kwasekhaya kanye nokwenza i-US ibe yizwe izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela. Isimo saseMelika siwukuthi ukwakha ingqalasizinda entsha yamafutha ensalela kudala kungcono ukwehliswa unswinyo lwaseRussia ukuze kuxazululwe isivumelwano sezepolitiki nokuqhubeka nokuthunyelwa kwamandla eRussia emazweni aseNtshonalanga.

I-Core vs. periphery

Ukuhlonywa kwengqalasizinda yezezimali nezohwebo kuhlanganise kokubili izinkinga zamandla nezomnotho, manje esezigubuzele izingxenye ezinkulu zomnotho womhlaba. Ukuhlangana kokwehla kwamandla emali, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lenzalo, kanye nokwazisa okunganqamuki kwedola kuye kwaholela ekucindezelekeni kwezikweletu (noma engcupheni enkulu yokucindezeleka kwezikweletu) amaphesenti ayisithupha yawo yonke iminotho ehola kancane. I-Russia nayo ihlulekile ukukhokha isikweletu sayo, nakuba kungenjalo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali. Kunalokho, ngaphansi kombuso wakamuva wezijeziso, iNtshonalanga iyenqaba ukucubungula okwangaphandle kweRussia ukukhokha izikweletu.

Ukuzibophezela okusha kweJalimane kwezikhali kabusha kanye nokuphusha kokuhlangana okusha Amasosha aseYurophu ihambisana nokuzibophezela kwe-European Central Bank ukusimamisa izimakethe zayo zamabhondi ezizimele. Amazwe angamalungu ahlongoze izinguquko ku-EU's Stability and Growth Pact ezizosusa wezempi futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemali eluhlaza kusuka ekushodelweni nasezikweletini. Idrayivu yezinto ezivuselelekayo eYurophu iboshelwe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuzimela kwamandla eRussia. Ukushaqeka kwamandla kuye kwashukumisela i-European Central Bank—ngokungafani ne-Federal Reserve kanye neBhange LaseNgilandi—ukuba izibophezele ekulungiseni ukuthengwa kwempahla yayo. Njengoba i-euro ifinyelela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ephansi uma iqhathaniswa nedola ekwindla, usongo olucatshangwayo ebukhosini baseYurophu akuveli eRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi nokungena kweMelika kwezezimali nezempi.

Umbono ka-Charbonnier wokuthi imashi yase-Europe ebheke ekuzimeleni kwamandla kufanele ibekwe njengomlando omuhle wokulandisa ibonakala ingenakwenzeka. Ngemva kokuvala izimboni zayo zenuzi, ukushoda kwamandla okukhulu kuholele eJalimane, nohulumeni wayo oluhlaza kakhulu, ukuthi andise insimu yamalahle enempikiswano-okuholele ekuqhekekeni okunodlame kwezishoshovu zezemvelo eziphikisana nesinqumo. I-Lützerath. I-LNG iyimakethe yomhlaba wonke ehlukaniswe kakhulu kunowoyela, enamanani ahluke kakhulu ezifundeni zomhlaba ezihlukene. Izintengo eziphakeme emakethe yegesi yase-Europe zenze abahlinzeki be-LNG ukuthi phula izinkontileka ngokucela i-force majeure izigatshana kanye nemikhumbi yamathangi eqondisa kabusha yabhekisa amabombo e-Asia yaya eYurophu. 70 amaphesenti ye-American LNG manje isilibangise e-Europe, okuholele ekushoda okukhulu kwezinsiza endaweni yomnotho womhlaba. IPakistan, esivele ikhungethwe yizikhukhula eziyinhlekelele ngonyaka odlule, manje ibhekene nenkinga yezamandla nezikweletu zangaphandle. Phakathi kwamazwe asengozini enkulu yesimo sezulu emhlabeni, iPakistan ukweleta u-$100 billion ezikweletini zakwamanye amazwe. Ukuze kugwenywe inkinga yezinkokhelo ezisele, iChina isanda kuboleka izwe $ 2.3 billion.

EPakistan, ukuzivumelanisa nempi kusho ukuthi amasosha alethe ukudla namatende ezigidini zabantu abasanda kungenamakhaya. Kithina esingaphansi kwesambulela senuzi se-NATO-okuyinto, ngokusho kwenhlangano, edlulayo izizwe ezingamashumi amathathu kanye nabantu abayizigidigidi-ukuzijwayeza kwezempi kuya ngokuya kubukeka njengenqaba ngokumelene nolwandle lwabafuduki besimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi besuka e-Afrika beya eYurophu. Usonkontileka wezokuvikela waseMelika uRaytheon, unconywe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency ngakho ubuholi besimo sezulu, uye waphakamisa isidingo semikhiqizo yezempi nezinkonzo lapho kubhekene nesimo esiphuthumayo sezulu. Isethi efanayo yempahla yezempi ingase isetshenziswe ukulawula ukuthutheleka kwababaleki besimo sezulu.

Impi yase-Ukraine iveze ngokusobala ukuvela kwezinhlaka ezimbili ezihlukene zamandla, ezomnotho, nezokuphepha—eyodwa ihlangana eNyakatho ye-Atlantic (NATO) kanti enye izungeza umnotho omkhulu osathuthuka noma i-BRICS (iBrazil, iRussia, iNdiya, iChina, iNingizimu Afrika) . Kuhlelo lwezomnotho lomhlaba oluhlomile, izinqubomgomo zangaphandle zisebenza kanyekanye emikhakheni ehlukene yezwe. I-India-ilungu le-Quad (i-Australia, i-India, i-Japan, i-US) - ibikwenza lokhu ngandlela-thile ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwesithunzi sokungathathi hlangothi. I-Japan ibuyekeza umthethosisekelo wayo ukuze iqede isimo sayo senqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-pacifist, futhi okuzokwenza ukuthi amasosha ase-US abe khona e-Indo-Pacific. Imvelo yempi eqinile ingase futhi iveze imiphumela emihle; I-G7's Global Green Uhlelo lwengqalasizinda nokutshalwa kwezimali empeleni, kuyimpendulo yezwe ku-China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Phakathi kokungaqiniseki okuningi kokuhleleka komnotho wezwe okuhlonyiwe, okusobala ukuthi uguquko lwamandla luzobandakanya ukuntengantenga okukhulu komnotho omkhulu nokungalingani, okufana nakho esingakaze sibhekane nakho ngaphambili. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi umonakalo omkhulu wesibambiso uzothwalwa yi-periphery. Ngaphambi kwempi yase-Ukraine, kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi iNingizimu yomhlaba yayidinga $ 4.3 isigidintathu ukuze alulame kulo bhubhane. Ukubolekwa kwemali okunikezwa ngababolekisi abaphambili bamazwe ngamazwe njenge-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba bekungenele kakhulu. Ukubolekwa kwe-IMF kusezingeni eliphezulu (kunwetshwa kwezinye amashumi amane ezomnotho) kodwa ingxenye enkulu yayo ama-trillion dollar ibhokisi alisetshenziswanga.

Enye cishe-a-isigidintathu-amadola ezimpahleni ezigciniwe zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhishwe yi-IMF ezaziwa ngokuthi Amalungelo Akhethekile Okudweba ahlala ebhange elimaphakathi lamazwe acebile noma eminyangweni yomgcinimafa. Ku-$650 billion ehlobene nobhubhane Ukukhishwa kwe-SDR ngo-2021, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zonke ezikhishiwe zaya emazweni anengeniso ephezulu futhi yiphesenti elilodwa kuphela elahamba. emazweni anemali ephansi. 117 billion Ama-SDR (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-157) okwamanje aphethwe yi-US kuphela. Njengoba izimpahla ezibekiwe zamazwe ngamazwe, ama-SDR ayasebenza imisebenzi eminingi: njengezimali zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe, zinganciphisa izindleko zezimali ezizimele futhi zisize ukuzinzisa izimali; iphinde ifakwe kumabhange okuthuthukiswa kwezizwe ngezizwe njengokulingana, ama-SDR angasebenzisa imali ebolekiwe eyengeziwe; ekhishwa njalo njengoba kwakunjalo ekuqaleni ehloswe ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-Bretton Woods lwango-1944, ama-SDR angaba umthombo obalulekile wokuxhasa ngezimali ukuguqulwa kwamandla ahlanzekile.

Ababolekisi bezizwe ngezizwe abanamandla kakhulu namazwe ayinhloko bayaqhubeka nokubalekela isibopho sabo sokuhlinzeka ngosizo olukhulu lwezezimali ngokusebenzisa a indlela ebanzi yokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu noma ngokushintsha kabusha ama-SDR emabhange okuthuthukisa amazwe amaningi. Khonamanjalo, ngaphansi kobunzima obukhulu bezezimali bangaphandle, iminotho emikhulu ethuthukayo njenge-Egypt kanye nePakistan yandisa ukuthembela kwayo kubakweletisi bamazwe amabili njengeShayina kanye nezifundazwe zaseGulf, okuxakayo ngokukhuthazwa yi-IMF. Le mizamo yokuphuma kule nkinga ikhombisa okusha "ukungaqondani" emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi naphakathi.