Indodana kaMcNamara kwamanye Amanga Kayise NgeVietnam

(isithombe samanje sendlu ababehlala kuyo abakwaMcNamara eWashington DC)

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Juni 15, i-2022

Kakhulu noma yini eyenza indaba yomuntu ibe nzima iyisilungiso esihle sokuthambekela kokwenza lula kanye ne-caricature. Ngakho-ke, umuntu kufanele amukele incwadi kaCraig McNamara, Ngoba Obaba Bethu Baqamba Amanga: Isikhumbuzo Seqiniso Nomndeni, kusukela eVietnam kuze kube namuhla. Ubaba kaCraig, uRobert McNamara wayenguNobhala Wezempi (“Defense”) ngempi enkulu yaseVietnam. Unikezwe ukuzikhethela lokho noma uNobhala Womnyango Wezezimali, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuthi azi lutho ngalowo msebenzi, futhi vele asikho isidingo sokuba nombono omncane wokuthi isifundo sokudala nokugcina ukuthula sasikhona.

Ubuningi bokuthi “Obaba” esihlokweni bubonakala bususwa kakhulu ku-Rudyard Kipling, njengoba kukhona ubaba oyedwa kuphela ongumqambimanga okugxilwe kuye encwadini. Indaba yakhe ayinzima ngokuba ngubaba omangalisayo. Kuvela ukuthi ubengubaba ononya ngokwesabekayo: ubudedengu, ongenasithakazelo, omatasatasa. Kodwa wayengeyena ubaba ononya noma onobudlova noma ongacabangi. Wayengeyena ubaba ongenalo uthando oluningi nezinhloso ezinhle. Kuyangifikela ukuthi - uma ngibheka imisebenzi abenayo - akenzanga kabi, futhi ubengenza okubi kakhulu. Indaba yakhe iyinkimbinkimbi, njenganoma yimuphi umuntu, ngaphezu kwalokho okungafingqwa ngendima noma encwadini. Wayemuhle, emubi, futhi emaphakathi ngezindlela eziyisigidi. Kodwa wenza ezinye zezinto ezimbi kakhulu ezake zenziwa, azi ukuthi uyazenza, azi kudala esezenzile, futhi akazange ayeke ukubeka izaba ze-BS.

Izinto ezesabekayo ezenzelwe abantu baseVietnam zibonakala ngemuva kwale ncwadi enesibindi, kodwa akunakwa ngokulimala okwenziwa amasosha ase-US. Kulokho, le ncwadi ayihlukile ezincwadini eziningi zanoma iyiphi impi yase-US - cishe iyimfuneko nje ukuba usohlotsheni. Isigaba sokuqala sencwadi sihlanganisa lo musho:

“Akakaze angitshele ukuthi wayazi ukuthi iMpi yaseVietnam yayingeke iphumelele. Kodwa wayekwazi.”

Uma konke obekufanele udlule kukho bekule ncwadi, ubungacabanga ukuthi uRobert McNamara wenze “amaphutha” (into uHitler noma uPutin noma isitha sikahulumeni wase-US esake sayenza - benza unya) nokuthi yini okwakudingeka ayenze. ngempi yaseVietnam kwakuwuku “yeka” ukulwa (okuyingxenye ebalulekile yalokho okudingekayo njengamanje eYemen, e-Ukraine, nakwezinye izindawo), nokuthi aqamba amanga ngakho kwakuwukufuna impumelelo lapho ebhekene nokwehluleka (okungukuthi. ngokusiza into eyenziwa kuzo zonke izimpi futhi kufanele iqedwe yiwo wonke umuntu). Kodwa asikaze sizwe kulawa makhasi ngeqhaza likaMcNamara ekukhuliseni le nto ibe yimpi enkulu kwasekuqaleni - okulingana nokuhlasela kukaPutin e-Ukraine, nakuba ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, elinegazi eliningi. Nasi isigaba esicashunwe encwadini yami Impi Ngamanga:

“Encwadini ka-2003 ebizwa Inkungu Yempi, uRobert McNamara, owayekade enguNobhala we 'Defense' ngesikhathi amanga kaTonkin, wavuma ukuthi ukuhlasela kuka-August 4 akuzange kwenzeke nokuthi kwakunokungabaza okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Akazange asho ukuthi ngo-August 6 wayenikeze ubufakazi esimisweni esivaliwe esihlangene seSenate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees kanye no-Gen. Earl Wheeler. Ngaphambi kwala makomiti womabili, womabili la madoda asho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ama-North Vietnamese ahlasela ngo-Agasti 4. UMcNamara akazange aphinde asho ukuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kwenzeke isigameko saseTonkin Gulf, wacela i-Joint Chiefs of Staff ukuthi imnike usizo. uhlu lwezinye izenzo zase-US ezingase zicasule iNyakatho yeVietnam. Waluthola lolu hlu futhi wakhuthaza lezo zihlubuki emihlanganweni ngaphambi kukaJohnson's iyala izenzo ezinjalo ngoSepthemba 10. Lezi zenzo zihlanganisa ukuqalisa kabusha ukugada kwemikhumbi okufanayo kanye nokwandisa imisebenzi yokucasha, futhi ngo-Okthoba iyala ukuthi kuqhunyiswe amabhomu ezindaweni zamarada ngomkhumbi uye ogwini.67 Umbiko we-National Security Agency (NSA) wezi-2000-2001 waphetha ngokuthi akuzange kuhlaselwe eTonkin ngo-Agasti 4 nokuthi i-NSA yayiqambe amanga ngamabomu. IBush Administration ayizange ivume ukuthi lo mbiko ushicilelwe kuze kube ngu-2005, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuthi ungase uphazamise amanga atshelwa ukuthi kuqale izimpi zase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq.

Njengoba mina wabhala ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi ifilimu Inkungu Yempi wakhululwa, uMcNamara wenza kancane ukuzisola kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zokubeka izaba. Esinye sezizathu zakhe eziningi sasisola i-LBJ. UCraig McNamara ubhala ukuthi wabuza uyise ukuthi kungani kumthathe isikhathi eside kangaka ukuthi asho okuncane akusho ngokuxolisa, nokuthi isizathu esabekwa uyise kwakuwukwethembeka ku-JFK no-LBJ - amadoda amabili angadumile ngokwethembeka komunye nomunye. . Noma mhlawumbe bekuwukwethembeka kuhulumeni wase-US. Ngenkathi i-LBJ yenqaba ukudalula ukucekela phansi kukaNixon izingxoxo zokuthula zaseParis, lokho kwakungekona ukwethembeka kuNixon, kodwa kuso sonke isikhungo. Futhi lokho, njengoba uCraig McNamara ephakamisa, ekugcineni kungaba ukwethembeka kumathemba emisebenzi yomuntu siqu. URobert McNamara waphathwa ngemisebenzi ehloniphekile ekhokha kahle kulandela ukusebenza kwakhe okuyinhlekelele kodwa elalela ePentagon (okuhlanganisa nokuphatha iBhange Lomhlaba lapho asekela khona ukuketulwa umbuso eChile).

(Enye ifilimu ebizwa Iposi akuveli kule ncwadi. Uma umbhali ecabanga ukuthi kwakungalungile kuyise, ngicabanga ukuthi kwakufanele asho kanjalo.)

UCraig uphawula ukuthi “[nakwamanye amazwe] angewona uMbuso WaseMelika, abahlulwa ezimpini bayabulawa noma badingiswe noma baboshwe. Akunjalo kuRobert McNamara. " Futhi ngiyabonga ubuhle. Kuzodingeka uhlabe zonke izikhulu eziphezulu emashumini eminyaka edlule. Kodwa lo mbono wokulahlekelwa impi uphakamisa ukuthi impi inganqotshwa. Ukubhekisela kukaCraig kwenye indawo “ngempi embi” kuphakamisa ukuthi kungaba khona enhle. Ngiyamangala ukuthi ukuqonda kangcono ububi bazo zonke izimpi kungase kumsize yini u-Craig McNamara ukuthi aqonde isenzo sikayise sokuziphatha okubi njengokwamukela umsebenzi awemukelayo—into umphakathi wase-US owawungalungiseleli uyise ukuthi ayiqonde.

U-Craig ulengise ifulegi laseMelika phansi ekamelweni lakhe, wakhuluma nababhikishi bempi ukuthi uyise wayengeke aphume ukuze ahlangane nabo, futhi wazama kaningi ukubuza uyise ngempi. Kumelwe azibuze ukuthi yini enye okwakumele ayenze. Kepha kuningi okufanele ngabe sikwenzile sonke, futhi ekugcineni, kufanele siyeke ukulahla umcebo ezikhalini futhi sifundise abantu ngombono wokuthi impi ingathethelelwa - ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kukhathaze ukuthi banamathela bani ePentagon - ibhilidi elalihlelelwe ukuguqulwa libe ukusetshenziswa okuphucuzekile kulandela iWWII, kodwa elisalokhu lizinikele odlameni olukhulu kuze kube yilolu suku.