NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Februwari 12, i-2023
Ngabhala lokhu okulandelayo njengobufakazi eMhlanganweni Omkhulu waseMaryland ukuze ngisekele umthethosivivinywa HB0220
Inkampani yokuvota yase-US ebizwa ngokuthi iZogby Research Services yakwazi ukuvotela amasosha ase-US e-Iraq ngo-2006, futhi yathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-72 alabo abavotwayo babefuna ukuthi impi iphele ngo-2006. kodwa emikhumbini Yasolwandle ngamaphesenti angu-70 kuphela enza. Eziqiwini nakuNational Guard, nokho, izinombolo zazingama-2006 namaphesenti angama-58 ngokulandelana. Ngenkathi sizwa iculo eliqhubekayo emithonjeni yezindaba mayelana nokuthi impi iqhubeke “yamasosha,” amabutho ngokwawo ayengafuni ukuba iqhubeke. Futhi cishe wonke umuntu, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, uyavuma ukuthi amasosha ayeqinisile.
Kodwa kungani izinombolo zaziphakeme kakhulu, zilungile kakhulu, kunogada? Incazelo eyodwa okungenzeka ukuthi okungenani ingxenye yomehluko izindlela zokuqasha ezihluke kakhulu, indlela ehluke kakhulu abantu abavame ukujoyina ngayo Abaqaphi. Ngamafuphi, abantu bajoyina onogada ngemva kokubona izikhangiso zokusiza umphakathi ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, kuyilapho abantu bejoyina amasosha ngemva kokubona izikhangiso zokubamba iqhaza ezimpini. Kubi ngokwanele ukuthunyelwa empini ngesisekelo samanga; kubi nakakhulu ukuthunyelwa empini ngesisekelo samanga kanye nezikhangiso ezidukisayo zokuqasha.
Kunomehluko ongokomlando phakathi konogada noma amasosha kanye namasosha ngokunjalo. Isiko lamasosha kahulumeni likufanele ukulahlwa ngeqhaza lalo ebugqilini nasekwandiseni. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi kuyisiko elathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka e-United States ngokumelene namandla enhlangano, okuhlanganisa nokuphikisana nokusungulwa kwebutho lezempi elimile. Ukuthumela unogada noma amasosha ezimpini nhlobo, ingasaphathwa eyokwenza lokho ngaphandle kokuxoxisana nomphakathi okujulile, ukwenza ngempumelelo unogada abe yingxenye yamasosha abiza kakhulu futhi ahlala unomphela emhlabeni owake wawabona.
Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe umuntu angakwamukela ukuthi amasosha ase-US kufanele athunyelwe ezimpini, ngisho nangaphandle kwesimemezelo sempi seCongressional, kungaba nezizathu eziqinile zokuphatha unogada ngendlela ehlukile.
Kodwa ingabe kukhona okufanele athunyelwe ezimpini? Kuyini ukuba semthethweni kwalolu daba? I-United States iyingxenye yezivumelwano ezihlukahlukene ezivimbela, kwezinye izimo zonke, kwezinye izimo cishe zonke, izimpi. Lokhu kubandakanya:
The 1899 I-Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
The I-Hague Convention ye-1907
The 1928 I-Kellogg-Briand Pact
The 1945 I-UN Charter
Izinqumo ezahlukahlukene ze-UN, njenge 2625 futhi 3314
The 1949 I-NATO umqulu
The 1949 Isivumelwano se-Geneve yesine
The 1976 Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Emalungelo Ezimboni Nezopolitiki (ICCPR) kanye ne- Isivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Ezomnotho, Ezenhlalakahle, Namasiko
The 1976 ISivumelwano Se-Amity Nokubambisana eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia
Kodwa noma ngabe impi siyithatha njengesemthethweni, uMthethosisekelo wase-US ucacisa ukuthi yiCongress, hhayi umongameli noma ijaji, elinamandla okumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokweseka amabutho (isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emibili ngesikhathi) , kanye “nokuhlinzeka ngokubiza amasosha ukuba akhiphe Imithetho Yenyunyana, acindezele Ukuvukela umbuso futhi axoshe Ukuhlasela.”
Kakade, sinenkinga yokuthi izimpi zamuva ziye zathatha isikhathi eside kuneminyaka emibili futhi azihlanganise lutho nokukhishwa kwemithetho, ukucindezela ukuvukela umbuso, noma ukuxosha ukuhlasela. Kodwa noma ngabe sikubeka eceleni konke lokho, lawa akuwona amandla omongameli noma i-bureaucracy, kodwa kuKhongolose ngokusobala.
I-HB0220 ithi: “NGAPHEZU KWANOMA YILUPHI OKUNYE UKUNIKEZWA KOMTHETHO, UMBUSI AKAMELE ABANGANXA IZISOTHO NOMA YILUPHI ILUNGU LEMILITIA UKUTHI LIBE NOMSEBENZI OSEBENZAYO NGAPHANDLE NGAPHANDLE kokuthi I-US CONGRESS IFUSE ISIMEMEZELO ESISEMTHETHWENI SOKUQUBUZWA KWEMPILO, NOMA OKUFANELEKILE. 8, ISIGCAWU 15 SOMTHETHOSISEKELO WASE-US UKUBIZA NGOKUCAMILEYO IZIMBUSO ZIKAHULUMENI NOMA YILUPHI ILUNGU LESOMBUSO LIKAHULUMENI UKUZE LIQESHE IMITHETHO YASE-UNITED STATES, BUDISE UKUHLASELA, NOMA CINDEZE UKUBHEKELA.”
ICongress ayizange idlulise isimemezelo esisemthethweni sempi kusukela ngo-1941, ngaphandle uma incazelo yokwenza kanjalo ihunyushwa kabanzi. Ukugunyazwa okuxekethile nokungqubuzana nomthethosisekelo okudlulisiwe akubanga wukwenza imithetho, ukucindezela ukuvukela umbuso, noma ukuxosha ukuhlasela. Njengayo yonke imithetho, i-HB0220 izoba ngaphansi kokutolikwa. Kodwa izofeza okungenani izinto ezimbili ngokuqinisekile.
- I-HB0220 izodala amathuba okugcina amasosha aseMaryland angangeni ezimpini.
- I-HB0220 izothumela umlayezo kuhulumeni wase-US wokuthi isifunda saseMaryland sizonikeza ukumelana okuthile, okungase kusize ukunqanda ukufudumala okwandayo budedengu.
Izakhamizi zase-US kufanele zimelwe ngokuqondile kuCongress, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni bazo basekhaya nowezifundazwe kufanele babamele kuCongress. Ukwenza lo mthetho kungaba yingxenye yokwenza lokho. Amadolobha, amadolobhana kanye nezifunda ngokujwayelekile nangokufanelekile athumela izicelo kuCongress ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezicelo. Lokhu kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwesigaba somthetho 3, uMthetho XII, Isigaba 819, seMithetho yeNdlu yabaMeli. Lesi sigaba somthetho sisetshenziswa njalo ukwamukela izicelo ezivela emadolobheni, nezikhumbuzo ezivela ezifundazweni, kulo lonke elase-United States. Okufanayo kusungulwe ku-Jefferson Manual, incwadi yokubusa yeNdlu ekuqaleni eyabhalwa uThomas Jefferson weSenate.
UDavid Swanson ungumbhali, isishoshovu, umlobi wezindaba kanye nomsakazo we-radio. Ungumphathi omkhulu we World BEYOND War nomkhankaso womkhankaso RootsAction.org. Amabhuku ka-Swanson ahlanganisa Impi Ngamanga futhi Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe. Uyabhuloza DavidSwanson.org futhi I-WarIsI-ICrime.org. Uyabamba I-Talk World Radio. Ungu Oqokelwe Umklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel.
USwanson wanikezwa i- Umklomelo Wokuthula we-2018 yi-US Peace Memorial Foundation. Uphinde waklonyeliswa ngendondo ye-Beacon of Peace yi-Eisenhower Chapter of Veterans For Peace ngo-2011, kanye nendondo ye-Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award yi-New Jersey Peace Action ngo-2022.
ISwanson isemabhodini ezeluleko we: I-Nobel Peace Prize Watch, Ama-Veterans For Peace, Assange Defense, I-BPUR, Futhi Imindeni Yempi Ikhuluma. UnguMhlanganyeli we I-Transnational Foundation, kanye noMphathi we Inkundla Yokuthula Nobuntu.
Thola uDavid Swanson ku MSNBC, C-Span, Intando yeningi Manje, The Guardian, I-Counter Punch, Amaphupho ajwayelekile, Ngaphandle, Intuthuko Yansuku zonke, Amazon.com, TomDispatch, I-Hook, Njll
Impendulo eyodwa
I-athikili enhle kakhulu, ohulumeni bephula imithetho noma nini lapho ibafanele ngenxa yamalobi. Yonke I-Covid Narrative iqukethe ukuphulwa okukodwa ngemva komunye wemithetho eyayishaywe ngaphambilini njenge-HIPPA, imvume enolwazi, ukudla, izidakamizwa kanye nemithetho yezimonyo, izivumelwano ze-Helsinki, isihloko sesi-6 soMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu. Ngingaqhubeka nokuqhubeka kodwa ngiqinisekile ukuthi uyalithola iphuzu. Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-ejensi okulawula aphethwe yi-MIC, izinkampani zezidakamizwa kanye nezinkampani zikaphethiloli wezinsalela njll. Ngaphandle kwalapho, umphakathi uvuka futhi uyeke ukuthenga inkulumo-ze yezinkampani kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe bagwetshelwe impi engapheli, ubumpofu nokugula.