nguGeorge Lakey, Julayi 28, 2017, Ukuguquka Ukungaboni.
Izincwadi zokunyakaza zingaba usizo. Mina noMarty Oppenheimer sathola lokho ngo-1964 lapho abaholi bamalungelo abantu bematasa kakhulu ukuba babhale incwadi kodwa befuna. Sibhale “Imanuwali Yesenzo Esiqondile” ngesikhathi se-Mississippi Freedom Summer. U-Bayard Rustin ubhale phambili. Abanye abagqugquzeli eNingizimu bangitshele ngokuncokola ukuthi “bekuyincwadi yabo yosizo lokuqala - okumele bakwenze kuze kufike uDkt. King.” Yabuye yathathwa yinhlangano ekhulayo yokulwa neMpi yaseVietnam.
Ngonyaka odlule bengilokhu ngivakashela amadolobha namadolobhana angaphezu kuka-60 kulo lonke elase-United States futhi ngicelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngemanuwali yesenzo esiqondile esibhekana nezinselele esibhekene nazo manje. Izicelo zivela kubantu abakhathazekile ngezinkinga ezahlukahlukene. Nakuba isimo ngasinye sihlukile ngandlela thile, abahleli emigudwini eminingi babhekana nezinkinga ezifanayo kukho kokubili inhlangano nesenzo.
Okulandelayo ibhukwana elihlukile kunalena esakhipha eminyakeni engu-50 edlule. Khona-ke, izinhlangano zasebenza embusweni oqinile owawusetshenziselwa ukunqoba izimpi zawo. Uhulumeni wayezinzile futhi enegunya elikhulu emehlweni eningi.
Imanuwali Yesenzo Esiqondile.
Kusuka kungobo yomlando ye-The
King Centre.
Abagqugquzeli abaningi bakhetha ukungayinaki imibuzo ejulile yokungqubuzana kwezigaba kanye neqhaza lamaqembu amakhulu ekwenzeni intando yephesenti elingu-1. Ukungabi nabulungisa kwezinhlanga nezomnotho ngisho nempi kwakungase kwethulwe ngokuyinhloko njengezinkinga ezazizoxazululwa uhulumeni ozimisele ukuxazulula izinkinga.
Manje, umbuso wase-US uyantengantenga futhi ukuba semthethweni kwezinhlaka ezibusayo kuyancipha. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuyenyuka futhi zombili izinhlangothi ezinkulu zibanjwa ezinguqulweni zazo zokuhlukaniswa komphakathi wonkana.
Abahleli badinga izindlela zokwakha ukunyakaza ezingakushayi indiva lokho okwenze abalandeli abaningi babo bobabili uBernie Sanders noDonald Trump: isidingo soshintsho olukhulu kunokwenyuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunyakaza kuzodinga abaningi abasenethemba lokuphikisa ukuthi izincwadi zokufunda zesikole esiphakathi zilungile: Indlela yaseMelika yokushintsha iwukunyakaza kwezinguquko ezinomkhawulo.
Amakholwa anamuhla enguqukweni elinganiselwe angaba abaholi bakusasa boshintsho olukhulu uma sakha ubudlelwano nabo ngenkathi umbuso uqhubeka nokuhlakazeka futhi ukwethembeka kosopolitiki kuncipha. Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwakha inhlangano efuna ukuphoqa uguquko kudinga ukudansa kwabalandeli kunokuthi “usuku lwakudala.”
Inye into elula manje: ukudala imibhikisho yabantu abaningi ngokushesha, njengoba kwenziwa iMashi Yabesifazane ebabazekayo ngosuku olwalandela ukugcotshwa kukaTrump. Uma imibhikisho eyenzeka kanye nje ingase iveze izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini singamane sigxile kulokho, kodwa angilazi izwe elike laba noshintsho olukhulu (kuhlanganisa nelethu) ngemibhikisho eyenzeka kanye. Ukuncintisana nabamelene nabo ukuze uwine izimfuno ezinkulu kudinga amandla amaningi okuhlala kunokuhlinzekwa kwemibhikisho. Imibhikisho eyenziwa kanye kanye ayihlanganisi isu, imane iyisu eliphindaphindayo.
Ngenhlanhla, singafunda okuthile mayelana namasu enhlanganweni yamalungelo abantu base-US. Okwabasebenzela ekubhekaneni nenqwaba yamandla ecishe ibe namandla kakhulu kwakuyisu elithile elaziwa ngokuthi umkhankaso wesenzo esingenalo udlame okhulayo. Abanye bangase babize le nqubo ngokuthi uhlobo lobuciko esikhundleni salokho, ngoba umkhankaso ophumelelayo ungaphezu komshini.
Kusukela kulelo shumi leminyaka lika-1955-65 sifunde okuningi mayelana nendlela imikhankaso enamandla eyakha ngayo ukunyakaza okunamandla okuholela kushintsho olukhulu. Ezinye zalezo zifundo zikhona lapha.
Yisho lesi sikhathi sepolitiki. Vuma ukuthi i-United States ayikaze ilibone leli zinga lokuhlukaniswa kwezombusazwe phakathi nengxenye yekhulu leminyaka. I-polarization inyakazisa izinto. Ukunyakazisa kusho ithuba elengeziwe loshintsho oluhle, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni eziningi zomlando. Ukuqala umkhankaso ngenkathi usaba ukuhlukaniswa kuzoholela emaphutheni amaningi amaqhinga kanye nenhlangano, ngoba ukwesaba kulishaya indiva ithuba elinikezwa i-polarization. Enye indlela yokulungisa lokho kwesaba iwukukhuthaza labo okhuluma nabo ukuthi babone isinyathelo sakho ngohlaka olukhudlwana lwesu. Yilokho okwenziwa abaseSweden nabaseNorway eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, lapho benquma ukulahla umnotho owawubehlula ukuze bavune lowo manje osumi njengenye yamamodeli aphumelele kakhulu ekuletheni ukulingana. Hlobo luni lohlaka lwamasu abantu baseMelika abangalulandela? Nasi isibonelo esisodwa.
Cacisa nabaqalayo bakho ngokuqondile ukuthi kungani ukhethe ukwakha umkhankaso wesenzo esiqondile. Ngisho nezishoshovu ezindala zingawuboni umehluko phakathi kwemibhikisho nemikhankaso; azikho izikole noma imithombo yezindaba engazihluphi ngokukhanyisela abantu baseMelika mayelana nobuciko bokukhankasela izenzo eziqondile. Lesi sihloko ichaza izinzuzo zemikhankaso.
Hlanganisa amalungu abalulekile eqembu lakho lokukhankasa. Abantu obahlanganisayo ukuze uqale umkhankaso wakho banethonya elikhulu ethubeni lakho lempumelelo. Ukumane ushaye ucingo futhi ucabange ukuthi noma ngubani ovelayo uyinhlanganisela ewinile kuyindlela yokudumala. Kulungile ukwenza ikholi evamile, kodwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi qiniseka ukuthi unezithako zeqembu eliqinile elilungele umsebenzi. Lesi sihloko ichaza ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani lokho.
Abanye abantu bangase bafune ukujoyina ngenxa yobungane obabuvele bukhona, kodwa ukukhankasela isenzo esiqondile akuwona umnikelo wabo omuhle kakhulu esizeni. Ukuxazulula lokho futhi uvimbele ukudumazeka kamuva, kuyasiza funda "Izindima Ezine Zokulwela Umphakathi" kaBill Moyer. Nazi ezinye ezengeziwe amathiphu ongawasebenzisa ekuqaleni nakamuva, kanjalo.
Qaphela isidingo sombono omkhulu. Kunenkulumompikiswano mayelana nokuthi kubaluleke kangakanani “ukulayisha phambili” umbono, kuqalwe ngenqubo yemfundo ezuza ubumbano. Ngike ngabona amaqembu ezichitha ngokuba amaqembu okufunda, akhohlwe ukuthi nathi “sifunda ngokwenza.” Ngakho-ke, kuye ngeqembu, kungase kube nengqondo ukuxoxa ngombono umuntu ngamunye futhi nangezindlela ezihamba kancane kancane.
Cabangela abantu ofinyelela kubo nalokho abakudingayo ngokushesha okukhulu: ukwethula umkhankaso wabo nokwenza inqubekelaphambili, uhlangabezana nezingxoxo zezombusazwe ngesikhathi belwa nokuphelelwa ithemba kwabo ngesenzo, noma ukwenza umsebenzi wokufundisa ngaphambi kwesenzo sokuqala. Noma iyiphi indlela, a insiza entsha nebalulekile yomsebenzi wombono “Umbono Wezimpilo Ezimnyama,” umkhiqizo we-Movement for Black Lives.
Khetha udaba lwakho. Indaba kumele kube yileyo abantu abayinaka kakhulu futhi kukhona ongawina ngayo. Ukuwina izindaba esimweni samanje ngoba abantu abaningi bazizwa bengenathemba futhi bengenakho ukuzisiza kulezi zinsuku. Lokho kungaboni ngaso linye ngokwengqondo kunciphisa amandla ethu okwenza umehluko. Ngakho-ke abantu abaningi badinga ukunqoba ukuze bathuthukise ukuzethemba futhi bakwazi ukufinyelela amandla abo ngokugcwele.
Ngokomlando, ukunyakaza okuhoxise ushintsho olukhulu lwezinga elikhulu kuvamise ukuqala ngemikhankaso enemigomo yesikhathi esifushane, njengabafundi abamnyama abafuna inkomishi yekhofi.
Ukuhlaziya kwami umbutho wokuthula wase-US kuyadabukisa, kodwa kunikeza isifundo esibalulekile mayelana nendlela yokukhetha udaba. Abantu abaningi bakukhathalela ngokujulile ukuthula - ukuhlupheka okwandayo okuhambisana nempi kukhulu, ingasaphathwa eyokusetshenziswa kwezempi ukukhokhisa intela abantu abasebenzayo nabasezingeni eliphakathi ukuze kuzuze abanikazi bezakhiwo zezempi nezimboni. Iningi labantu baseMelika, ngemuva kokufa kwe-hype yokuqala, imvamisa iphikisana nanoma iyiphi impi i-United States elwayo, kodwa umbutho wokuthula awazi nhlobo ukuthi ungalisebenzisa kanjani leli qiniso ukuze uhlanganise.
Ngakho kanjani ukuhlanganisa abantu ukwakha ukunyakaza? U-Larry Scott wabhekana ngokuphumelelayo nalowo mbuzo ngeminyaka yawo-1950 lapho umjaho wezikhali zenuzi wawungalawuleki. Abanye babangane bakhe abayizishoshovu zokuthula babefuna ukukhankasela ukulwa nezikhali zenuzi, kodwa uScott wayazi ukuthi umkhankaso onjalo ngeke ulahlekelwe kuphela kodwa futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, udikibalise abameli bokuthula. Ngakho-ke waqala umkhankaso wokulwa nokuhlolwa kwe-nuclear emkhathini, okwaqokonyiswa isenzo esiqondile esingenalo ubudlova, wathola amandla okwanele ukuphoqa uMongameli uKennedy etafuleni lokuxoxisana noNdunankulu waseSoviet uKhrushchev.
Umkhankaso iphumelele isidingo sayo, ukuqhubezela esenzweni isizukulwane esisha sezishoshovu nokubeka umjaho wezikhali ku-ajenda enkulu yomphakathi. Abanye abagqugquzeli bokuthula babuyela emuva ekubhekaneni nokunganqobeki, futhi inhlangano yokuthula yehla. Ngenhlanhla, abanye abahleli “bathole” isifundo sesu lokuwina isivumelwano sokuhlola i-nuclear emkhathini futhi baqhubeka nokuwina ukunqoba kwezinye izimfuno ezinganqotshwa.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyakhokha hlela udaba njengokuvikela inani elabiwe kabanzi, njengamanzi ahlanzekile (njengasendabeni ye-Standing Rock), kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuhlakanipha kwabantu ukuthi “ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu kuyicala.” Ukuhamba neqembu lakho enkingeni yohlaka oluhlukile kumasu akho, funda lesi sihloko.
Hlola kabili ukuze ubone ukuthi lolu daba luyasebenza ngempela yini. Kwesinye isikhathi abanikazi bamandla bazama ukumisa imikhankaso ngaphambi kokuthi baqale ngokuthi okuthile “kuyisivumelwano esenziwe” - lapho isivumelwano singahlehliswa. Ku lesi sihloko uzothola kokubili isibonelo sendawo nesezwe lonke lapho isimangalo sabaphathi besingalungile, futhi abakhankasi bathole ukunqoba.
Ngezinye izikhathi ungase uphethe ngokuthi ungase uwine kodwa maningi amathuba okuthi uhlulwe. Usengafuna ukuqalisa umkhankaso ngenxa yengqikithi yesu elikhulu. Isibonelo salokhu singatholakala ku ukulwa nezikhungo zokuphehla amandla enuzi e-United States. Nakuba imikhankaso eminingi yendawo yehlulekile ukuvimbela i-reactor yayo ukuthi yakhiwe, eminye imikhankaso eyanele yaphumelela, ngaleyo ndlela yenza umnyakazo, uwonke, ukuba uphoqe ukumiswa kwamandla enuzi. Umgomo wemboni yenuzi wezimboni eziyinkulungwane zezikhali zenuzi wabhuntshiwa, ngenxa yomnyakazo ophansi.
Hlaziya lelitshe ngokucophelela. “Okuhlosiwe” wumnqumeli ongakwazi ukuhambisana nesidingo sakho, isibonelo i-CEO yebhange kanye nekomidi lesigungu esiphezulu sebhodi elinqumayo ukuthi liyeke yini ukuxhasa ngezimali ipayipi. Ubani onqumayo uma kukhulunywa ngamaphoyisa adubula abasolwa abangahlomile ngaphandle kokujeziswa? Yini abazodinga ukuyenza abakhankasi bakho ukuze bathole ushintsho? Ukuphendula le mibuzo kuyasiza uku qonda izindlela ezehlukene eziya empumelelweni: ukuguqulwa, ukuphoqelela, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuhlakazeka. Uzofuna futhi ukwazi ukuthi amaqembu amancane angaba makhulu kangakanani kunesamba sezingxenye zawo.
Landela umkhondo wabangani bakho abakhulu, izimbangi kanye "nokungathathi hlangothi." Nakhu ithuluzi elibambe iqhaza — elibizwa nge-“Spectrum of Allies” - iqembu lakho elikhulayo elingalisebenzisa ngezikhathi zezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukwazi ukuthi abambisene bakho, abamelene nawe kanye nabangathathi hlangothi bami kuphi kuzokusiza ukuthi ukhethe amaqhinga aheha izintshisekelo ezahlukahlukene, izidingo kanye nokuthambekela kwamasiko kwamaqembu owadingayo ukuze ushintshele ohlangothini lwakho.
Njengoba umkhankaso wakho usebenzisa uchungechunge lwezenzo, yenza izinqumo zasu ezikuyisa phambili. Izinkulumo-mpikiswano zamasu eninazo eqenjini lenu zingasizwa ngokuletha umuntu wangaphandle onobungane onekhono lokugqugquzela, nokubeka iqembu lakho ezibonelweni ezibambekayo zamasu oshintsho kweminye imikhankaso. UMark noPaul Engler banikeza izibonelo ezinjalo encwadini yabo "Lokhu Ukuvukela," okudlulisela phambili indlela entsha yokuhlela ebizwa ngokuthi "umfutho." Ngamafuphi, bahlongoza umsebenzi wezandla owenza amasiko amabili amahle kakhulu - umbhikisho omkhulu kanye nokuhlelwa komphakathi/izisebenzi.
Njengoba ukungabi nabudlova ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa njengesiko noma ukugwema ukungqubuzana, akufanele yini sivuleleke “ezinhlobonhlobo zamaqhinga?” Lo mbuzo usaqhubeka nokuphikiswana ngawo kwamanye amaqembu aseMelika. Okunye okucatshangelwayo ngu noma ngabe ukholwa ukuthi umkhankaso wakho udinga ukufaka izinombolo ezinkulu. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwalo mbuzo, funda lesi sihloko siqhathanisa izinketho ezimbili ezihlukene mayelana nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla eyenziwe yinhlangano efanayo emazweni amabili ahlukene.
Kuthiwani uma uhlaselwa? Ngilindele ukuthi i-polarization ibe yimbi kakhulu e-United States, ngakho-ke noma ukuhlasela okunodlame eqenjini lakho kungase kungenzeki, ukulungiselela kungase kube usizo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza izinto ezinhlanu ongazenza mayelana nodlame. Abanye abantu baseMelika bakhathazeka ngomkhuba omkhulu obheke ku-fascism - ngisho nobushiqela obusezingeni likazwelonke. Lesi sihloko, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni olungokomlando, iphendula kulokho kukhathazeka.
Ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa kobuholi kungenza umkhankaso wakho usebenze kakhulu. Ngaphezu kokuqeqeshwa okufushane okuwusizo ekulungiseleleni isenzo ngasinye somkhankaso wakho, ukunikwa amandla kwenzeka ngalezi zindlela. Futhi ngoba abantu bafunda ngokwenza, indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi amaqembu asemqoka ingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ubuholi. Ukuthatha izinqumo kweqembu lakho nakho kuba lula uma amalungu akho efunda izinqubo ze ukuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa.
Isiko lenhlangano yakho libalulekile empumelelweni yakho yesikhashana kanye nezinjongo ezibanzi zenhlangano. Ukuphatha isikhundla kanye nelungelo kungaba nomthelela ubumbano. Lesi sihloko sishiya imithetho yokulwa nengcindezelo yosayizi owodwa, futhi iphakamisa isiqondiso esicashile ekuziphatheni okusebenzayo.
Kunqwabelana nobufakazi bokuthi izishoshovu ezingochwepheshe ezisezingeni eliphakathi zivame ukuletha imithwalo emaqenjini azo eshiywe kangcono emnyango. Cabangela "imfundo eqondile” ukuqeqeshwa okukhona ingxabano-friendly.
Isithombe esikhulu sizoqhubeka nokuba nomthelela emathubeni akho empumelelo. Izindlela ezimbili ongathuthukisa ngazo lawo mathuba ngokwenza umkhankaso wakho noma umnyakazo more impi nangokudala okukhulu i-synergy yendawo-kazwelonke.
Izinsiza ezengeziwe
Incwadi kaDaniel Hunter ethi “Ukwakha Umnyakazo Wokuqeda I-Jim Crow Entsha” iwumthombo omuhle wamaqhinga. Ihambisana nencwadi kaMichelle Alexander ethi “The New Jim Crow.”
The I-Global Nonviolent Action Database ihlanganisa imikhankaso eqondile engaphezu kuka-1,400 ethathwe emazweni acishe abe ngu-200, ehlanganisa izindaba eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi "wokusesha okuthuthukisiwe" ungathola eminye imikhankaso elwe nenkinga efanayo noma ebhekane nomphikisi ofanayo, noma imikhankaso esebenzise izindlela zokwenza ocabangayo, noma imikhankaso ewinile noma elahlekile ngenkathi usebenza nabaphikisi abafanayo. Icala ngalinye lihlanganisa ukulandisa okubonisa ukuncipha nokugeleza kokungqubuzana, kanye namaphoyinti edatha ofuna ukuwahlola.
