nguDavid Swanson, Ake sizame ngentando yeningi, May 31, 2021
Ngifisa sengathi ngabe ngiyadlala, ngisho kancane. Incwadi kaMalcolm Gladwell, IBomber Mafia, ugcizelela ukuthi uHaywood Hansell empeleni uJesu walingwa nguDeveli lapho enqaba ukushisa imizi yaseJapan. Kwafakwa uHansell, kwathi uC Curtis LeMay wabeka ophethe amabhomu aseMelika eJapan ngesikhathi seWWII. ULeMay, uGladwell usitshela ukuthi, wayengekho omunye ngaphandle kukaSathane. Kepha okwakudingeka kakhulu, kusho uGladwell, kwakuwukuziphatha okubi kukaSathane - ukuzimisela ukushisa ngamabomu mhlawumbe isigidi samadoda, abesifazane, nezingane ukuqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi wakho. Kuphela lokho futhi akukho okunye okunganqoba impi ngokushesha okukhulu, okwadala ukuchuma nokuthula komunye nomunye (ngaphandle kwabafileyo, ngicabanga, nanoma ngubani obandakanyeka kuzo zonke izimpi ezalandela noma ubumpofu obalandela). Kepha ekugcineni, iWWII yayiyimpi nje kuphela, futhi impi enkulu yanqotshwa nguHansell-Jesus ngoba iphupho lakhe lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokunemba kwabantu selifeziwe (uma ulungile ngokubulala ngomcibisholo futhi uzimisele ukungakunaki lokho ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okunembile isetshenziselwe iminyaka ukubulala abantu abaningi abangenacala abangenacala ngenkathi idala izitha eziningi kunalokho abazisusayo).
UGladwell uqala isiqeshana sakhe sempi esasingcolile ngokuvuma ukuthi indaba yakhe yokuqala emfushane, ebhalwe esemncane, kwakuyiphupho lokuthi uHitler asinde abuye ezokuthola - ngamanye amazwi, ukulandisa okuyisisekelo kwenkulumo-ze yempi yase-US iminyaka engama-75. Ngemuva kwalokho uGladwell usitshela ukuthi lokho akuthandayo ngabantu abathanda izinto ngokweqile - noma ngabe bathanda okuthile okuhle noma okubi. Ngokucashile nangokunye uGladwell wakha icala lokuziphatha okubi, hhayi nje ukuziphatha okubi, kule ncwadi. Uqala ngokufuna ukuthi ukusungulwa kombono webhomu kuxazulule enye yezinkinga eziyishumi ezinkulu kwezobuchwepheshe zehhafu yekhulu leminyaka. Leyo nkinga kwakuwukuthi uliphonsa kanjani ibhomu ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Ngokokuziphatha, lokho kuyintukuthelo, akuyona inkinga yokukhanyiswa, njengoba uGladwell eyihlikihla, ngokuthi ungazelapha kanjani izifo noma ukhiqize ukudla. Futhi, ukubona kwebhomu kwaba ukwehluleka okukhulu okungazange kuxazulule le nkinga okuthiwa ibucayi, futhi uGladwell ulandisa lokho kwehluleka kanye nenqwaba yabanye emfudlaneni wama-SNAFUs awaphatha njengezimpawu ezithile zokwakha isimilo sokuqina, isibindi, kanye nobukristu.
Umgomo we "Bomber Mafia" (mafia, njengoSathane, ukuba yigama lokudumisa kule ncwadi) bekufanele agweme impi yomhlaba omubi weWWI ngokuhlela izimpi zomoya esikhundleni salokho. Lokhu-ke, kusebenze ngokumangalisayo, lapho iWWII ibulala abantu abaningi kakhulu kuneWWI ngokuhlanganisa izimpi zomhlaba nezasemoyeni - yize kungekho nelilodwa igama encwadini mayelana nokulwa phansi eWWII noma ubukhona beSoviet Union, ngoba lokhu Incwadi yase-US ekhuluma ngesizukulwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esilwa iMelika Enkulu; futhi ikhefu elikhulu kakhulu lafika eyunivesithi enkulu kunazo zonke (iHarvard) nokuhlolwa okuphumelelayo kwethuluzi elikhulu kunawo wonke likaSathane uMsindisi wethu, okuyiNapalm.
Kepha ngiya phambili ngendaba. Ngaphambi kokuba uJesu avele, uMartin Luther King Jr. kufanele enze njalo, kunjalo. Uyabona, iphupho lempi yasemoyeni yokusiza lalicishe lifane nephupho likaDkt King lokunqoba ubandlululo - ngaphandle kwayo yonke imininingwane engaba khona. UGladwell akakwamukeli ukuthi lokhu kuqhathanisa kuyindida, kepha ubiza iPhupho Lezimpi Zomoya “ngobunono” futhi uphenduka ngokushesha emcabangweni wokuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kuzoletha ukuthula ezingxoxweni zenjabulo yezobuchwepheshe. Lapho uGladwell ecaphuna umhlaziyi ephakamisa ukuthi umsunguli wombono webhomu ngabe wathi wenziwa nguNkulunkulu, ngoba konke esingatshela uGladwell kungenzeka uyavuma. Maduze nje usezindabeni zokuthi ukusungulwa kombono wamabhomu kwakuzokwenza kanjani impi “icishe ingabi naligazi,” nangokusizakala kwamasosha aseMelika ahlasela ngamabhomu izazi ezakha iBombing Mafia ehlela amacebo okuqhumisa ukuhlinzekwa ngamanzi namandla kagesi (ngoba ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu lihamba kancane).
Ingxenye yencwadi iyimbudane engahleliwe, kepha enye yayo kufanele ukuyiphinda. Isibonelo, uGladwell ukholelwa ukuthi i-Air Force Chapel eseColorado ingcwele ikakhulukazi, hhayi ngoba kubukeka sengathi bakhonza izimpi zomoya, kepha futhi ngoba iyavuza lapho lina - impumelelo enkulu uma ukwehluleka kube yimpumelelo, kubonakala sengathi.
Isendlalelo sendlela eyadalwa ngayo iWWII, ngakho-ke nokuthi ibingagwenywa kanjani, sinikezwa inani eliphelele lamagama encwadini kaGladwell. Nanka amagama amahlanu: "Kodwa uHitler wabe esehlasela iPoland." UGladwell weqa esuka lapho waya ekudumiseni utshalomali ekulungiseleleni izimpi ezingaziwa. Ngemuva kwalokho usempikiswaneni phakathi kwamabhomu ekhaphethi nokuqhuma kwamabhomu ngokunemba eYurophu, lapho ephawula khona ukuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ekhaphethi akuhambisi abantu ukuba bagumbuqele ohulumeni (ukwenza sengathi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akubaphazamisi kakhulu abantu, kanye nokuvuma ukuthi kuyakha inzondo yalabo abenza ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, futhi beqa iqiniso lokuthi ohulumeni bavame ukungabi nandaba nokuhlupheka okungaphakathi kwemingcele yabo, kanye nokushiya noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kokuphikisana nokukhiqiza kwamabhomu ezimpini zamanje zase-US, futhi - nakanjani ukuzenzisa ukuthi iBrithani ayikaze ihlasele izakhamuzi kuze kube isikhathi eside ngemuva kweJalimane). Alikho nelilodwa igama mayelana namaNazi 'ama-mafia aqhumisa amabhomu kamuva asebenzela umbutho wezempi wase-US ukusiza ukuqeda izindawo ezinjengeVietnam ngeDupont Better Living Through Chemistry kaSathane uqobo.
Ngokuphikisana phakathi kwamabhomu ekhaphethi (amaBrithani) nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokunemba (ama-knights we-mafia angcwele ase-US), uGladwell uyavuma ukuthi isikhundla saseBrithani sasiqhutshwa yi-sadism futhi siholwa yi-sadist kanye ne-psychopath. Lawa ngamazwi akhe, hhayi awami. Uyavuma ukuthi indlela yase-US yehluleke kabi ngokwayo futhi yaba yinkolo yamanga yamakholwa eqiniso (amazwi akhe). Kodwa-ke kufanele sihlale ekhasini ngalinye ngemuva kwalokho uHolden Caulfield abengakubiza ngakho konke lokho uDavid Copperfield crap. Babevelaphi abazali bomuntu ngamunye webhomu mafioso, babegqoke ini, bahamba kanjani “Kwenziwe ubuntu” okungapheli kwababulali abangochwepheshe, kuyilapho incwadi iqukethe ukubalulwa kathathu kwezisulu zaseJapan zomlilo onqobayo wasesihogweni. Kukhulunywa okokuqala ngemisho emithathu yokuthi izingane zishe kanjani nabantu bagxumela emifuleni. Elesibili ngamagama ambalwa ngobunzima bezindiza ababenakho ukubhekana nephunga lenyama evuthayo. Owesithathu uqagela ngenombolo ebulewe.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba awe eZulwini, uLeMay ukhonjiswa njengokubulala amatilosi aseMelika ngokuzijwayeza ukuqhumisa ibhomu emkhunjini waseMelika oGwini oluseNtshonalanga. Akukho zwi mayelana neLeMay noma iGladwell ebheka lokhu njengenkinga.
Okuningi kulencwadi kwakha isinqumo sikaLeMay sokonga usuku ngokushisa abantu abayisigidi. UGladwell uvula lesi sigaba esiyinhloko ngokumangalela ukuthi abantu bebelokhu belwa impi, okuyinto engeyona iqiniso. Imiphakathi yabantu isihambile eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ngaphandle kwanoma yini efana nempi. Futhi akukho okufana nempi yamanje okukhona kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wesintu ngaphezu kwesiqeshana esihlukanisiwe sesibili esedlule ngokuya ngobuntu. Kepha impi kufanele ibe yinto ejwayelekile, futhi nethuba lokungabi nayo kumele lingabikho etafuleni, uma uzokhuluma ngamasu ama-humani-satan-arian wokuyinqoba * futhi * ube ngumuntu oziphethe kahle.
AbaseBrithani babenosizi, yebo, kuyilapho abaseMelika babenenkinga enzima futhi besebenza. Lo mqondo kungenzeka, ngoba uGladwell akagcini ngokucaphuna noma anikeze igama noma i-backstory encane enhle yomuntu oyedwa waseJapan, kepha futhi akacaphuni noma yini eyashiwo ngumuntu oyedwa waseMelika ngabantu baseJapan - ngaphandle kokuthi kunuka lapho kusha. Yize kunjalo amasosha aseMelika asungula i-gel evuthayo enamathelayo, abe esakha idolobha elingumgunyathi laseJapan e-Utah, abese ebeka ujeli onamathelayo edolobheni futhi alibuka lishisa, bese enza okufanayo emadolobheni angempela aseJapan ngenkathi imithombo yezindaba yase-US iphakamisa ukubhubhisa iJapan, abaphathi be-US wathi ngemuva kwempi amaJapane ayokhulunywa esihogweni kuphela, futhi amasosha aseMelika athumela amathambo amasosha aseJapan ekhaya ezintombini zabo.
UGladwell uyathuthuka esimweni sokucatshangwa kwengqondo yamademoni akhe anganqikazi ngokuziqamba, aqagele ukuthi bacabangani, afake amagama emilonyeni ngisho nakubantu okubhalwe kubo amagama amaningi. Ubuye acaphune kepha amabhulashi adlule ngokushesha kuLeMay etshela intatheli ukuthi kungani eshise iTokyo. U-LeMay uthe uzolahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wakhe njengomfana owayengaphambi kwakhe uma engenzi okuthile ngokushesha, futhi yilokho ayengakwenza. Umfutho weSistimu: inkinga yangempela ebhebhethekiswa yizincwadi ezinjengalezi.
Kepha ikakhulukazi uGladwell unamathela isimilo esithombeni sakhe seLeMay ngokususa amaJapan ngempumelelo ngempumelelo enkulu kuneNapalm. Esiqeshini esivamile njengabanye kule ncwadi, uGladwell ucaphuna indodakazi kaLeMay ethi ubaba wakhe wayenendaba nokuziphatha akwenzayo ngoba wayemi emgwaqweni ebala izindiza ngaphambi kokuba ziyoqhuma eJapane. Wayekhathalela ukuthi bangaki abazobuya. Kepha bezingekho izisulu zaseJapan emgaqweni wakhe wezindiza - noma encwadini kaGladwell ngalolo daba.
UGladwell uncoma isimilo sikaLeMay njengokuziphatha okuhle ngokweqile futhi usizuzise umhlaba, ngenkathi ethi siyakuthokozela isimilo sikaHansell ngoba asikwazi ukuzisiza thina uqobo, kanti luhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha okubi kwaseNietzschean nokuzikhukhumeza esikudingayo empeleni, noma ngabe - ngokusho kukaGladwell - kugcina kube isenzo sokuziphatha kakhulu ekugcineni. Kodwa ingabe kwakunjalo?
Indaba yendabuko iyakushaya indiva ukuqhunyiswa komlilo kuwo wonke amadolobha bese igxumela ngqo enkulumweni yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki, isho ngamanga ukuthi iJapan ibingakakulungeli ukuzinikela nokuthi izindela (noma okungenani eyodwa yazo futhi masingabi ngabanqikazi ngalowo mzuzwana one) kwasindisa izimpilo. Leyo ndaba yendabuko iyisibhakela. Kepha uGladwell uzama ukuyifaka ngendaba efanayo kakhulu enikezwe ijazi elisha lopende wezikhali. Enguqulweni kaGladwell kwakuyizinyanga zokushiswa kwedolobha nedolobha ezazisindisa izimpilo futhi zaqeda impi futhi zenza into enzima kodwa efanele, hhayi amabhomu enuzi.
Vele, njengoba kuphawuliwe, alikho nelilodwa igama mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uyeke ukusukela emjahweni wezingalo omude neJapan, ngemuva kokukhetha ukungakhi amakoloni nezisekelo nezinsongo nezijeziso. UGladwell ukhuluma ngokudlulisa umfana ogama lakhe linguClaire Chennault, kodwa hhayi nelilodwa igama lokuthi wasiza kanjani amaShayina alwa namaJapan ngaphambi kwePearl Harbor - kungasaphathwa ukuthi umfelokazi wakhe wamsiza kanjani uRichard Nixon ukuvimbela ukuthula eVietnam (impi yaseVietnam nezinye izimpi eziningi engekho ngempela eqaqa likaGladwell kusuka kuSathane enqoba impi yeWWII kuya kuJesu enqoba impi yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokunembile).
Noma iyiphi impi ingagwenywa. Yonke impi idinga imizamo emikhulu ukuqala. Noma iyiphi impi ingamiswa. Asikwazi ukusho ngqo obekuzosebenza. Singasho ukuthi akukho okuzama. Singasho ukuthi intshisekelo kahulumeni wase-US yokusheshisa ukuphela kwempi neJapan yayiqhutshwa kakhulu yisifiso sokuyiqeda ngaphambi kokuba iSoviet Union ingene futhi uyiqede. Singasho ukuthi abantu abaya ejele e-United States kunokuba babambe iqhaza kwi-WWII, abanye babo abasungule ukunyakaza kwamaLungelo Omphakathi kwamashumi eminyaka ezayo avela kulawo maseli ejele, bangenza abalingiswa abathandekayo kunamakhemikhali abathandekayo bakaGladwell abahlinza ngogwayi.
Kokunye uGladwell uqinisile: abantu - kufaka phakathi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu mafiosi - babambelela ngokuqinile ezinkolweni zabo. Inkolo ababhali baseNtshonalanga abayithanda kakhulu kungaba ukukholwa eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba. Njengoba inkulumo-ze yokuqhuma kwamabhomu enyukliya ingena enkingeni, akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi othile ukhiqize lesi siqephu esinyanyekayo sothando lokubulala njengenganekwane eyisipele.
