Ukwenza Okungenzeki Kube Khona: Ipolitiki Yenhlangano Yobumbano Eshumini Leminyaka Elinqumayo

NguRichard Sandbrook, Okthoba 6, 2020

Kusukela I-Progressive Futures Blog

Izinselelo zibonakala zinkulu. Ukulawula izikhali zenuzi ngaphambi kokuba zisibhubhise, ukuvimbela ukuncibilika kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezingachazeki, ukucekela phansi ubuzwe obunamandla obunamandla, ukwakha kabusha inkontileka yezenhlalo ethola ubulungiswa bezinhlanga kanye nezigaba, nokuhambisa inguquko yokuzenzekelayo ibe yimigudu yokuxhasa umphakathi: lezi zinkinga ezihlobene ukuphazamisa ukubanzima kwabo kanye nezithiyo zepolitiki ezinguquko ezidingekayo zohlelo.

Izishoshovu ezinenqubekela phambili zingaphendula kanjani ngempumelelo futhi ngokushesha? Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima kakhulu, kuyaqondakala ukuthi abantu bagxile ezinseleleni zansuku zonke zokuphila nalolu bhubhane. Yiliphi isu elithembisa kakhulu kulezi zimo ezinzima? Singakwazi ukwenza okungenakwenzeka kwenzeke?

Ipolitiki njengokujwayelekile ayanele

Ukuthembela kwezepolitiki yokhetho kanye nokulethwa kwamafuphi amahle kwizikhulu ezikhethiwe kanye nabezindaba abadumile kuyimisebenzi edingekayo, kepha ayanele njengecebo elisebenzayo. Ubungako bezinguquko ezidingekayo bufinyelela kude kakhulu ekuhambeni kancane kwepolitiki njengokujwayelekile. Iziphakamiso ezinqala zihlangana nokulahlwa ngabezindaba ezizimele kanye namaqembu alondolozayo, athelwa ngamanzi ngabakhankasi kanye nemikhankaso yemibono yomphakathi, futhi iphonsela inselelo indlela yokusebenza kwamaqembu aqhubekela phambili (njengeBritish Labour Party, iDemocratic Party e-US) , izikhungo zazo ezifuna ukulinganiswa ukuze kudluliselwe enkabeni yezepolitiki. Okwamanje, amazwi e-wing-right populism ayaqina. Ipolitiki njengenjwayelo ayanele.

Isiqubulo se-Extinction Rebellion esithi 'ukuhlubuka noma ukuqothulwa' sikhomba kwipolitiki esebenza kahle - ukuhlubuka okunikeziwe kuzwakala njengokulinganiselwe ezenzweni zepolitiki ezingenalo udlame ezihambisana nezinkambiso zentando yeningi. Kepha izenzo ngokwazo zizoba yingxenye yenqubo enkulu yokwakha ukwesekwa phakathi kwemikhakha eyamukelayo yabantu nokwakha umfelandawonye wezinhlangano ezinamandla kangangokuthi umyalezo wazo odidiyelwe awukwazi ukunakwa. Ubumbano lungakhiwa kuphela kuhlelo oluhlanganisa izinhloso zokunyakaza okukodwa. Sidinga ukufaka i-cacophony yamazwi ngengoma eyodwa.

Kuyadingeka: Umbono Ohlanganisayo

Ukwakha ukunyakaza okunjalo okuhlangene kungumsebenzi omkhulu. Ama-'progressives 'afaka phakathi izinkululeko eziningi ezisekela, inkululeko yentando yeningi, osonhlalakahle bezinkolelo ezahlukahlukene, ubuhlanga, amalungelo abantu kanye nabasekeli bezobulungiswa bezomnotho, ezinye izinyunyana zabasebenzi, abesifazane abaningi, izinhlangano eziningi zabomdabu, iningi (kepha hhayi bonke) izishoshovu zesimo sezulu, kanye izishoshovu eziningi zokuthula. Ama-Progressives athola okuningi ukungavumelani ngakho. Zihlukile maqondana ne- uhlobo lwenkinga eyisisekelo (ingabe ubungxiwankulu, neoliberalism, impiriyali, ubukhokho, ukucwasana ngokwezigaba, umbuso wobushiqela, izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezisebenza kabi, ukungalingani, noma inhlanganisela ethile?), futhi ngaleyo ndlela ziyehlukaizixazululo ezilinganayo. Ukufika kwakamuva kwe Okuqhubekayo Emhlabeni Wonke Ukuzimisela ukwakha ubumbano phakathi kwenqubekela phambili emhlabeni jikelele naphezu kokwehlukana, kuyisibonakaliso esamukelekile. "Umhlaba Wonke noma Ukuqothulwa Kwamazwe ”, isihloko esishukumisayo sengqungquthela yayo yokuqala ngoSepthemba 2020, sifakazela isifiso sayo.

Yiluphi uhlelo olubekwe kahle ukuhlanganisa ukukhathazeka kokunyakaza okuqhubekayo okukodwa? I-Green New Deal (GND) iya ngokuya ibhekwe njengenhlangano ejwayelekile. The I-Leap Manifesto, owandulela lolu hlelo eCanada, wawuqukethe izinto eziningi. Babandakanya ukushintshela ku-100% wamandla avuselelekayo ngonyaka ka-2050, ukwakhiwa komphakathi onobulungiswa kule nqubo, ukwenziwa kwezinhlobo eziphakeme, nezinhlobo ezintsha zentela, kanye nokunyakaza okuyisisekelo ukusekela ushintsho oludingekayo nokujulisa intando yeningi. Iziphesheli zeGreen New, noma izinhlelo ezinamagama afanayo, zamukelwe kabanzi, kusuka kwi-European Green Deal, kuya kwabanye bohulumeni bezwe kanye namaqembu amaningi aqhubekayo nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izinga lokuvelela liyahlukahluka, noma kunjalo.

I-Green New Deal inikeza umbono olula nohehayo. Abantu bacelwa ukuba bacabange umhlaba - hhayi i-Utopia, kepha umhlaba ongafinyeleleka - oluhlaza, olungile, wentando yeningi futhi ochumayo ngokwanele ukuxhasa impilo enhle yabo bonke. Umqondo uqondile. Izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu ezisondelayo nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kudinga uguquko kwezemvelo, kepha lokhu ngeke kufezwe ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezijulile kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo. Ama-GND akabandakanyi nje ukuhlela kabusha umnotho ukuze kutholakale ukukhishwa kwe-zero zero kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi noma emibili, kepha futhi nokushintshela okulungile ekusimeni lapho iningi labantu lizuza khona ekushintsheni kwezomnotho. Imisebenzi emihle yalabo abalahlekile oshintshweni, imfundo yamahhala nokuqeqeshwa kabusha kuwo wonke amazinga, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, ezokuthutha zomphakathi mahhala kanye nobulungiswa kumaqembu omdabu kanye nobuhlanga ngezinye zeziphakamiso ezifakwe yilolu hlelo oludidiyelwe.

Isibonelo, i-GND ixhaswe ngu-Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez no-Ed Markey ngendlela ye- isixazululo eNdlu Yabamele baseMelika e2019, ulandela lo mbono. Isolwe njengecebo lobusoshiyali, uhlelo luseduze ne- Isivumelwano esisha sikaRooseveltian yekhulu lama-21. Kudinga 'ukugqugquzelwa kukazwelonke kweminyaka engu-10' ukufeza u-100% wamandla avuselelekayo, utshalomali olukhulu kwingqalasizinda kanye nomnotho ongenawo umoya ongcolile, nemisebenzi kubo bonke abafuna ukusebenza. Okuhambisana noshintsho yizinyathelo ezijwayeleke kakhulu ezifundazweni zezenhlalakahle zaseNtshonalanga: ukunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, imfundo ephakeme yamahhala, izindlu ezingabizi, amalungelo ezisebenzi athuthukisiwe, isiqinisekiso somsebenzi, kanye namakhambi obandlululo. Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho elwa nokuthembana kungathi uma kuphumelela kunciphise amandla ezomnotho nezepolitiki ama-oligopolies. Singaphikisana ngezinga loguquko oludingekayo. Noma yiluphi uhlelo olusebenzayo, noma kunjalo, kumele luqoqe ukwesekwa ngombono wempilo engcono, hhayi ukwesaba nje.

Ama-Conservatives, ikakhulukazi ama-populists anephiko langakwesokudla, asenqabile isimo sezulu, ngokwengxenye ngesizathu sokuthi ukulwa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu yihhashi leThrojani lobusoshiyali. Baqinisile impela ukuthi i-GND iphrojekthi eqhubekela phambili, kepha ukuthi ngabe iphrojekthi yezenhlalakahle iyaphikiswa yini. Kuya ngokwencazelo yomuntu ngobusoshiyali. Ngenxa yobunye enhlanganweni ehlukahlukene, leyo mpikiswano iyodwa okufanele siyigweme.

Sidinga, ngamafuphi, ukunikeza umlayezo onethemba lokuthi umhlaba ongcono awunakwenzeka nje kuphela kodwa futhi unganqotshwa. Akusizi ngalutho, futhi akukhiqizi, ukumane ucabange nje ukuthi ithemba lomuntu libi kangakanani. Ukugxila kokubi ukufaka engcupheni ukukhubazeka kwentando. Futhi ukushumayeza abaguquliwe kungasenza sizizwe kahle; kodwa-ke, kusebenza kuphela ukwakha ubumbano phakathi kweqembu elincane futhi elingenamthelela omkhulu. Kufanele sifunde ukubandakanya abantu abajwayelekile (ikakhulukazi abasha) kulokhu, okuyisinqumo, iminyaka eyishumi. Ngeke kube lula ngoba abantu bahlaselwa ngemininingwane evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi bahlala bebekelwe usongo lwe-coronavirus. Izikhathi zokunaka zifushane.

Sidinga ukuba ne- baphuphe, njengoMartin Luther King, futhi futhi njengeNkosi, lelo phupho kumele lishiwo kalula, linengqondo futhi lifezeke. Vele, asinayo imephu yomgwaqo eningiliziwe yenguquko efanele. Kepha siyavumelana ngokuqondiswa okufanele siqonde kukho, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye ne-ejensi ezosiyisa phambili siye kulowo mhlaba ongcono. Kufanele sithinte izinhliziyo kanye nezingqondo zabantu. Impumelelo izoncika ekuhlanganyeleni okubanzi kweminyakazo.

Izombusazwe Zokuhamba Ngokuhlanganyela

Ubumbano olunje beluzobukeka kanjani? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kokunyakaza kungahle kwenzeke, ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kwamazwe, ukusunduza i-ajenda efana ne-Global Green New Deal? Inselelo inkulu, kepha ngaphakathi kwendawo engenzeka.

Lesi sikhathi, ngemuva kwakho konke, ngesinye sezenzo zokuhlubuka nezimpande emhlabeni wonke. Isimo esibucayi senhlalo-mnotho nezemvelo sibangela ukungezwani kwezepolitiki. Igagasi elikhulu kakhulu lemibhikisho kusukela ngo-1968 laqubuka ngo-2019, futhi leli gagasi laqhubeka ngonyaka we-2020, yize ubhadane lukhona. Imibhikisho ihlasele amazwekazi ayisithupha namazwe ayi-114, yathinta inkululeko yentando yeningi kanjalo nobushiqela. Njengoba Robin Wright kubheka ku The New Yorker ngoDisemba 2019, 'Iminyakazo ivele ngobusuku obubodwa, ngaphandle kwendawo, ikhipha intukuthelo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke - kusuka eParis naseLa Paz kuya ePrague nasePort-au-Prince, eBeirut, eBogota naseBerlin, eCatalonia kuya eCairo, naseHong Kong, Harare, Santiago, Sydney, Seoul, Quito, Jakarta, Tehran, Algiers, Baghdad, Budapest, London, New Delhi, Manila kanye naseMoscow. Sehlangene, imibhikisho ikhombisa ukugqugquzelwa kwezepolitiki okungakaze kube khona. '. I-United States, ngokwesibonelo, ibhekene nezinxushunxushu zomphakathi eziningi kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1960 amalungelo omphakathi kanye nemibhikisho yokulwa nempi, okwenziwa ngamaphoyisa abulala u-African-American George Floyd ngoMeyi 2020. Le mibhikisho ayigcinanga nje ngokudala imibhikisho emikhulu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa futhi wahlanganisa ukwesekwa okukhulu ngaphandle komphakathi omnyama.

Yize ukucasulwa kwasendaweni (njengokunyuka kwemali yokuhamba) kushise imibhikisho engenabo ubudlova emhlabeni wonke, imibhikisho iveze intukuthelo enobudlova. Ingqikithi ejwayelekile bekuwukuthi iziqu ezizisebenzelayo zibambe amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi zaqondisa inqubomgomo ekuzikhuliseni ngokwakho. Ukuhlubuka okudumile bekukhombisa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, isidingo sokwakha kabusha izinkontileka zomphakathi eziphukile nokubuyisela ukuba semthethweni.

Singabona nje ukunyakaziswa kokunyakaza okunyakaziswa yizakhi zazo kudlulela ngale kwezinhlawulo kuya ohlelweni oludidiyelayo lokushintsha kwesakhiwo. Imicu emikhulu ifaka phakathi izinhlangano zesimo sezulu / ezemvelo, iBlack Lives Matter nokunyakaza okukhulu kobulungiswa bezinhlanga / zomdabu, ukunyakaza kobulungiswa bezomnotho, kubandakanya izinyunyana zabasebenzi, kanye nenhlangano yokuthula. Ngivele ngikhombe ku ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu. Yize abezemvelo besebenzisa ububanzi bemibono, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okubalekayo kanye nesidingo sokwenza ngokushesha futhi okuyisisekelo kubuyisele abaningi ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lenqubomgomo. Njengoba imibhikisho yandile emhlabeni jikelele, iGreen New Deal inesikhalazo esisobala.  

Izidingo zokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo nazo zivele ngaphansi kwesibhengezo se- Ukuphila Okumnyama Matter. 'Ukubuyisela imali emaphoyiseni' kugxila ekufuneni hhayi kuphela ekususeni ngaphandle amaphoyisa ambalwa anobandlululo kepha nokwakha izinhlaka ezintsha ukuqeda ukucwasana ngokohlelo 'Ukukhansela irenti' kunesidingo sokubheka izindlu njengelungelo lomphakathi, hhayi nje impahla. Impendulo ebhekene nale nkinga iyanqamula, ngokuxhaswa kweBlack Lives Matter evela kunoma yimaphi amaqembu angafani nangemibhikisho efaka abantu abaningi abamhlophe. Kodwa ingabe inhlangano yobulungiswa bezinhlanga kungenzeka ibe yingxenye yenhlangano enkulu yenguquko efanele? I- izimpande ezihlelekile zobandlululo, kufaka phakathi neqhaza elibanjwa amabutho emakethe ekuhlukaniseni ngokobuhlanga nokwehlukanisa abantu, kusikisela ukuhlangana kwezintshisekelo. UMartin Luther King wawuthemba lo mbono ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 lapho echaza okushiwo ukuhlubuka kwabantu abamnyama ngaleso sikhathi: Ukuhlubuka, wathi, 'kungaphezulu kakhulu komzabalazo wamalungelo amaNegro…. Kudalula ububi obugxile kakhulu kuso sonke isakhiwo somphakathi wethu. Kwembula ukuhleleka kwesistimu kunokukha phezulu futhi kuphakamisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha komphakathi uqobo kuyinkinga yangempela okufanele kubhekwane nayo. Ku… ukuphoqa iMelika ukuthi ibhekane nakho konke ukungahambisani kwayo - ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga, ubumpofu, impi kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo '. Imifelandawonye yezimpambanweni yakha ubumbano kulokhu kuqonda kwezinguquko ezingaba khona zohlelo.

Izinhloso zezishoshovu zezulu kanye namaqembu ezobulungiswa ngokobuhlanga ziyahambisana nezidingo eziningi ezivela ukunyakaza kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. Lesi sigaba sifaka amaqembu ahlukahlukene njengezinyunyana zezishoshovu, amaqembu omdabu (eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ikakhulukazi), abashisekeli besifazane, izishoshovu zamalungelo ezitabane, abakhankasi bamalungelo abantu, izinhlangano zokubambisana, amaqembu ezenkolo amahlelo ahlukahlukene, namaqembu abhekiswe emazweni omhlaba ubulungiswa obubandakanya amalungelo ababaleki nabafuduki kanye nokudluliselwa kwezisetshenziswa ezisenyakatho ukubhekana nezemvelo nokunye ukungalingani. I-GND ixhumanisa nezidingo namalungelo abasebenzi, abantu bomdabu kanye nezinhlanga ezincane. Imisebenzi eluhlaza, iziqinisekiso zemisebenzi, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu njengomsebenzi womphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuseqophelweni eliphezulu kanye nomhlaba jikelele kungezinye zezinguquko ezingezona izinguquko esezivelile. Njengendatshana yakamuva ku New York Times kukhonjisiwe, ngakwesobunxele emazingeni aphansi kuphinda kube nezombusazwe emhlabeni wonke.

The ukunyakaza kokuthula yakha enye ingxenye yomfelandawonye ongaphansi ongaba khona. Ngo-2019, ingozi yokushintshana ngengozi noma ngamabomu yenuzi inyukele endaweni yayo ephakeme kusukela ngo-1962 I-Bulletin ye-Atomic Scientists ihambise i-Doomsday Clock yayo edumile phambili kumasekhondi ayi-100 ngaphambi kwamabili, icaphuna ukwanda kwenuzi kanye nokuhlehla ekuphathweni kwezikhali njengokukhulisa ingozi yempi yenuzi. Izivumelwano zokulawulwa kwezikhali nokulwa nezikhali, okwaxoxiswana ngazo ngokungathathi hlangothi emashumini eminyaka adlule, ziyawohloka, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwe-US. Yonke amandla amakhulu enuzi - i-United States, iRussia kanye neChina - enza imithombo yawo yenuzi ibe yesimanje. Kulomkhathi, i-US ngaphansi kukaTrump ifuna ukugqugquzela abalingani bayo ukuthi bayijoyine empini entsha ebandayo ebhekiswe eChina. Izenzo ezisongelayo nezinkulumo ezibhekiswe eVenezuela, e-Iran naseCuba kanye nokubhebhetheka okubanzi kwezimpi ze-cyber kuhlanganisa ukungezwani kwamazwe futhi kuye kwashukumisa izinhlangano zokuthula kabanzi.

Izinhloso zenhlangano yokuthula, nokuhlanganiswa kwayo njengenhlangano eNyakatho Melika ngaphansi kwesandla se World Beyond War, bayisondeze kweminye imicu emithathu yomfelandawonye ovelayo. Inhloso yawo yokusika isabelomali sokuzivikela, ukukhansela ukuthengwa kwezikhali ezintsha, nokuhambisa imali ekhishwe kwezokuphepha kwabantu kukhombisa ukukhathalela amalungelo ezenhlalo nokuhlaliswa kwabantu kabusha. Ukuphepha kwabantu kuchazwa njengokwandiswa kwamalungelo ezenhlalo nezemvelo. Ngakho-ke ukuxhumana ngezinhlelo zobulungiswa bezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana phakathi kokuguquka kwesimo sezulu nokukhathazeka kwezokuphepha kulethe isimo sezulu nokunyakaza kokuthula ezingxoxweni. Ngisho nokuhwebelana ngezikhali zenuzi okuncane kungaqala ubusika benyukliya, kube nemiphumela engachazeki yesomiso, indlala nosizi olujwayelekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngokucekela phansi izindlela zokuziphilisa nokunikela ngezifunda ezishisayo ukuthi kungahlalwa kuzo, kubukela phansi amazwe antekenteke futhi kubhebhethekise izingxabano ezikhona zobuzwe nezinye izimpi. Ukuthula, ubulungiswa kanye nokusimama kuya ngokuya kubonakale njengokuxhumeka okungenakuhlukaniswa. Lokho kuyisisekelo semifelandawonye kanye nokuxhasana kwemibhikisho yenhlangano ngayinye.

Ukwenza Okungenakwenzeka Okungenzeka

Siphila eshumini lesinqumo, sibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu ezibeka engcupheni ikusasa lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izombusazwe njengenjwayelo emazweni akhululekileyo akhululekile abonakala engakwazi ukuthola ubukhulu bezinselelo noma athathe isinyathelo esiqinile sokuzilawula. Umdlandla okhuphukayo wabantu abadla izishayamthetho, kanye nemibono yabo yozungu eboshelwe ngokobuhlanga, umisa isithiyo esikhulu ezixazululweni ezinengqondo nezilinganayo enkingeni yezinhlangothi ezehlukene. Kulesi simo, ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kwenhlangano yomphakathi kudlala indima ebandayo ekuphokopheleni izinguquko ezidingekayo zohlelo. Umbuzo uwukuthi: ingabe ubunye bezinhlangano ezihamba ngodaba olulodwa kungakhiwa ngohlelo olujwayelekile olugwema bobabili i-Utopianism kanye nokuguqula nje? Futhi, ingabe ukunyakaza kweminyakazo kuzohlanganisa isiyalo esanele ukuze ihlale ingenabo ubudlova, igxile kokungalaleli komphakathi? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo yomibili kumele zibe nguyebo - uma sifuna ukwenza okungenzeki, kwenzeke.

URichard Sandbrook unguSolwazi Emeritus weSayensi Yezepolitiki e-University of Toronto. Izincwadi zakamuva zifaka phakathi ukuQamba kabusha i-Left ku-Global South: The Politics of the Possible (2014), uhlelo olubukeziwe nolwandisiwe lwe-Civilizing Globalization: Umhlahlandlela Wokusinda (umhleli wabambisene nomlobi-mbhali, u-2014), ne-Social Democracy in the Global Ipheriphery: Imvelaphi, Izinselelo, Amathemba (umbhali osebenza naye, 2007).