Ungakwenza kanjani ukuthula? Isivumelwano somlando waseColombia sinezifundo eSyria

NguSylylla Brodzinsky, The Guardian

Izimpi zilula ukuqala kunokuma. Ngakho-ke iColombia yenzani - futhi yini izwe elingayifunda kulokho kuphumelela?

Kulula kakhulu ukuqala impi kunokumisa eyodwa, ikakhulukazi uma ingxabano idlulile isikhathi eside kunabantu abaningi abaphila, okwenza ukuthula kube nethemba elingavamile.

Kodwa abaseColombia babonise izwe kuleli sonto ukuthi lingenziwa. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-52 yempi, uhulumeni waseColombia kanye nezihlubuki ze-Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, noma i-Farc, baphetha isivumelwano sokuqeda impi yabo. Ukuqedwa kwamanye amazwe kuzoqala ukusebenza ngoMsombuluko ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi eminyaka lapho abantu abangu-220,000 - ikakhulukazi abangewona amantombazane - bebulewe, abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6 abahlala endaweni abahlala kuyo futhi amashumi ezinkulungwane ayanyamalala.

Imizamo yangaphambilini yokufinyelela leli phuzu yahluleka kaningi. Ngakho bafika kanjani kulokhu futhi yiziphi izifundo ezikhona Syria futhi ezinye izizwe ziphikisana?

Yenza ukuthula nobani ongakwenza uma ukwazi

Umongameli wangaphambili uCésar Gaviria usanda kukukhumbula ukuthi indodana yakhe yayisize yambuza ukuthi ukuthula kuzofinyelelwa kanjani eColombia. Uthi kuye: "Ngezingcezu nezicucu," utshele. Ukwenza ukuthula phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi kufana ne chess ezintathu-ntathu - iqiniso elingeke lilahleke kulabo abazama ukuletha ukuthula eSiriya. Ukunciphisa ubunzima kubalulekile, i Colombia isipiliyoni sibonisa.

I-Colombia empeleni ibilokhu yenza lokhu ngokweminyaka engaphezulu kwe-30. I-Farc ingenye yamaqembu amaningi ahlomile angekho emthethweni ekhona eColombia. I-M-19, i-Quintín Lame, i-EPL-bonke baxoxisane ngamadili wokuthula. I-AUC, i-federation yamaqembu e-paramilitary ahlomile - aphikisana neFarc njengomphenyi wezempi-obuthakathaka ngaleso sikhathi-avuselelwe ama-2000 ekuqaleni.

Kuyasiza uma ohlangothini olulodwa lunesandla esiphakeme

Ku-1990s, ukuthungatha ngemali evela ekuhwebeni kwezidakamizwa eziqhamuka eColombia, iFarc yayinebutho lempi laseColombia. Abahlubuki, ababalwa nge-18,000, babonakala bewuthola impi. Kwakukhona ngaleyo ndlela ukuthi iFarc nohulumeni ka-ke-mongameli ngaleso sikhathi, u-Andrés Pastrana, baqala izingxoxo zokuthula ku-1999 ezidonsa ngaphandle kokuthuthuka okuphawulekayo futhi ekugcineni zaphuka ku-2002.

Ngaleso sikhathi, impi yaseColombia yayingumunye wabamukeli abakhulu kunabo bonke base-US. Ehlome izinqola zezindiza ezintsha, amasosha aqeqeshiwe kangcono kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokuqoqa ukuhlakanipha, bakwazi ukuphoqa ibhalansi.

Phakathi ne-2000s, ngaphansi komkhankaso wezempi oqine umyalo owawunikwa umengameli ngaleso sikhathi, Álvaro Uribe, kwakuyizihlubuki ezazigijima, zishayelwa emahlathini asezindaweni ezikude nezintaba, nezinkulungwane zamalungu azo ezilahlekile. Ngokokuqala ngqa empi, amabutho ahlose futhi wabulala abaholi beFarc abaphezulu.

Kulokhu, okuhlangenwe nakho kweColombia kubonisa lokho kwempi yaseBosnia, ekubulaleni kwegazi iminyaka emithathu kuze kufike ukungenelela kweNato ku-1995 kwahlasela amabutho aseSerbia futhi yenza kube nesithakazelo sokuthola ukuthula.

Ubuholi buyisihluthulelo

Ngezimpi ezide ezinjengazo zaseColombia, cishe kuzothatha ushintsho lokukhiqiza phezulu ukuze bathole abaholi abazinikele ngobuqotho ekufuneni isisombululo esivumelwaneni.

Umsunguli weFarc UManuel "U-Sureshot" iMarulanda wabulawa ngokuthula enkampanini yakhe yokuhlubuka e-2008 eneminyaka engu-78. Uholele iqembu labahlubuki njengomholi walo ophezulu kusukela ekusungulweni kweqembu ku-1964, ngemuva kwekhanda lezempi elisezingeni eliphansi. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane kamuva waqhubeka ekhononda ngezinkukhu nezingulube amasosha abulala. Usika umuntu ongenakwenzeka wokuthula.

Ukufa kwakhe kwaletha isizukulwane esisha seFarc, njengoba u-Alfonso Cano ethatha. KwakunguCano owaqala ukukhuluma ngenkulumo eyimfihlo nomengameli, uJuan Manuel Santos, e-2011. Emva kokubulawa kwakhe ebhomu ahlasele ekamu lakhe kamuva ngalolo nyaka, ubuholi obusha ngaphansi kukaRodrigo Londoño, aka Timochenko, banquma ukuqhubeka nokuhlola indlela yokuthula.

Ehlangothini likahulumeni, uSantos ukhethwe e-2010 ukuze aphumelele u-Uribe, ngaphansi komongameli wakhe wesigodi ama-Farc ahlupheka kakhulu. Njengoba u-Uribe uNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela, uSantos wayengamele imisebenzi eminingi futhi kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke nezinqubomgomo ezifanayo. Esikhundleni salokho, ebona ithuba lokuqeda lokho ayekuqalile, wakhuthaza iFarc ukuba iqale izingxoxo zokuthula.

Isikhuthazo

Bobabili iFarc nohulumeni baqonda ukuthi akukho nhlangothi ephumelele futhi ayizange ihluliwe. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili kufanele zenze izinto eziyekethisa etafuleni lokuxoxisana. Ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye luzimisele kangakanani ukuya endaweni ngayinye kwagcina abaxhumene nabo bematasa iminyaka emine.

I-Farx yaseMarxist yanikezela ukufunwa kwabo kwezinguquko ezinkulu zezolimo futhi yavuma ukuhlukanisa zonke izibopho ekuthengiseni izidakamizwa, ibhizinisi elibenzile amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi.

Uhulumeni, ngokushintshanisa, wanikeze ukufinyelela kweFarc emandleni ezombangazwe, ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi bazobamba izihlalo ze-10 e-Congress ku-2018, ngisho noma iqembu lezombusazwe abazolidala alitholi amavoti ananele okhethweni lomthetho ngalowo nyaka.

Futhi abaholi beFarc, ngisho nalabo abenza ukuthunjwa, ukuhlaselwa okukhethiweyo kwabasosha kanye nokuqashwa kwabanyane, bangagwema isikhathi sejele ngokuvuma izono zabo futhi bakhonza "imisho ehlukile" njengenkonzo yomphakathi yesikhathi eside.

uhlelo lwezikhathi

Izingxabano ezihlomile ziye zahlukana kulo lonke elaseLatin America, kanye ne-hotbed of insurgencies. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, abaholi be-leftist babenamandla kulo lonke isifunda. EBrazil nase-Uruguay, amaphekula ase-leftist ase-leftist ayekade engumongameli ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuvota. UHugo Chávez, owaqala ukuzibusa kwakhe kobuhlanga "I-Bolivarian revolution", Wayezihlanganise eVenezuela. Lezo zikhombisi zesifunda zanikeza ukuqiniseka kweFarc.

Kodwa ama-tide wesifunda ashintshile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. I-Brasil Rouseff yaseBrazil ibhekene nokuhlukumezeka, uCávez wanqotshwa umdlavuza eminyakeni emithathu eyedlule futhi umlandeli wakhe,UNicolás Maduro, uye waqhubekela phambili emhlabathini. Lezi zikhathi ezinzima kokubili kwesokunxele nakwabaguquli.

Mood

Izinhlangano azimi. Shintsha kancane kancane kuholele amaphuzu okudonsa ngaphesheya kwalokho okungahle kuvezwe khona ukudala. Ukuphikisana okubonakala kubulungile iminyaka engu-30 edlule akusenzi lutho. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi eColombia.