Ingabe siye salahlekelwa indlela yethu empini?

NguDavid Swanson, September 21, 2017, Ake sizame ngentando yeningi.

Ukuvula impikiswano e-University of Pennsylvania ngoSeptemba 21, 2017, ngesiphakamiso esilandelayo: "Ingabe izimpi zaseMelika e-Syria nase-Afghanistan zifanele futhi zidingekile noma siye salahlekelwa indlela yethu yokusebenzisa ibutho lempi, kuhlanganise ne-drone isikhali, ekuqhubeni i-US inqubomgomo yangaphandle? "

Hhayi, sengivele ngithole ihlombe ngaphezulu kuneTrump eyitholile inkulumo yakhe yonke e-UN.

Izimpi zase-US kanye nokuqhuma kwamabhomu eSiriya, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Somalia nasePhilippines, futhi izinsongo eNorth Korea ziyizinto ezingalungile, ezingadingekile, eziziphethe kabi, ezingekho emthethweni, ezibiza kakhulu ngezindlela eziningana, futhi ezizenzekelayo ngokweqile.

Umqondo wezimpi ezilungile wehlela kithi eminyakeni emine ye-1600 evela kubantu ababuka umbono wezwe emhlabeni wonke. Imigomo yempi nje ivela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu: okungezona ezombusazwe, ezingenakwenzeka, kanye nezokuziphatha.

I-Non-Empirical Criteria: Impi nje kufanele ibe nenhloso efanele, imbangela efanele, nokulingana. Kodwa lawa amadivaysi okuhlekisa. Uma uhulumeni wakho ethi ibhomu ngesakhiwo lapho ISIS ishaya khona imali iqinisekisa ukubulala abantu abafika ku-50, ayikho into evunyelwene ngayo, indlela yokumemezela ukuphendula Cha, kuphela i-49, noma i-6 kuphela, noma abantu abafika ku-4,097 abangabulawa ngokufanele. Ukubona inhloso kahulumeni akulula kakhulu, futhi ukufaka isizathu esifanele sokuqeda ubugqila empini akubanga ukuthi kubangelwa impi. Ubugqila bungaphelelwa ngezindlela eziningi, ngenkathi kungekho mpi ewake yalwa ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa. Uma iMyanmar inamanye amafutha esizobe siwazwa ngokuvimbela uhlanga njengesizathu esizwakalayo sokuhlasela, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi sibi kakhulu, inkinga.

Iminqopho engenakwenzeka: Impi efanele kufanele ibe yinto yokugcina, ibe nethemba elihle lokuphumelela, ugcine izinsizakalo ezingenakubalwa ekuhlaselweni, uhloniphe amasosha ezitha njengabantu, futhi uphathe iziboshwa zempi njengabantu abangabambisani. Akekho kulezi zinto ezingenzeka. Ukubiza okuthize "ukugcina kokugcina" empeleni kungokuthi nje kungumqondo omuhle onayo, hhayi kuphela umqondo onayo. Kukhona neminye imibono njalo umuntu angayicabangela. Njalo lapho sidinga ngokuphuthumayo ukushaya ibhomu e-Irani noma sonke sizofa, futhi asikho, futhi asikho, ukuphuthuma kwesidingo esilandelayo sokuqhuma i-Iran kulahlekelwa ukukhanya kwalo kanye nokukhethwa okungapheli kwamanye izinto okumele zenziwe zibe lula ukuzibona. Uma empeleni impi yayiyiyo kuphela umqondo onayo, ngeke ube nokuziphatha okuphikisanayo, uzobe ugijima i-Congress.

Kuthiwani ngokuhlonipha umuntu ngenkathi uzama ukumbulala noma yena? Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlonipha umuntu, kodwa akekho noyedwa ongaphila kanyekanye nokuzama ukumbulala lowo muntu. Khumbula ukuthi i-Just War theory yaqala nabantu abakholelwa ukuthi ukubulala othile ubenzele umusa. Abantu abangabambisani nabo baningi abalimala empini zanamuhla, ngakho abakwazi ukugcinwa bephephile, kodwa abavalelwe emakamelweni, ngakho-ke iziboshwa azikwazi ukuphathwa njengezintambo lapho ziboshiwe.

I-Amoral Criteria: Impi nje kufanele ikhulunywe esidlangalaleni futhi ilawulwe iziphathimandla ezisemthethweni kanye nezikhono. Lokhu akuzona ukukhathazeka ngokokuziphatha. Ngisho nasezweni lapho sasineziphathimandla ezisemthethweni futhi ezinemakhono, ngeke zenze impi ngokulinganayo.

Manje, singahlola noma yiliphi inani lezimpi ezithile, futhi iningi lazo ngokuphathelene nemizuzu lifika esiphethweni sokuthi, empeleni, le mpi ayiyona nje kodwa enye impi ingase ibe. Uhulumeni wase-Afghanistan uzimisele ukuguqula u-Osama bin Laden phezu kwezwe lesithathu ukuze aqalwe icala. I-US ikhethe impi. Iningi labantu e-Afghanistan alingazange lihlangane no-9 / 11 kodwa lingazange lizwe ngakho kuze kube yilolu suku. Uma ukuhlela i-9 / 11 e-Afghanistan kwakungenxa yezigidi ze-16 zokubhubhisa i-Afghanistan, kunganjani ngisho nokuqhuma kwamabhomu eBurophu? Kungani kungabikho ukuqhuma kwamabhomu eFlorida? Noma kulawo hotela eMadmanna eduze ne-NSA? Kunenganekwane ethandwayo yokuthi i-UN ivumelekile ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan. Akuzange. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-16 yokubulala nokuhlukumeza nokubhubhisa, i-Afghanistan iyimpofu futhi ibudlova, futhi i-United States iyabonwa kakhulu.

ISiriya yayikuloluhlu lwahulumeni abazoqothulwa yi-US iminyaka eminingi, kanti i-US isebenzela lokho eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. I-ISIS yaphuma empini eholwa yi-US e-Iraq, okuyinto (kanye nezimpi zeJemen neSiriya, kanye namaqembu amaningi okusola) kufanele ibeke phezulu ohlwini lwamacala kuleli qembu. I-ISIS yavumela i-US ukuba ikhulise indima yayo eSiriya, kodwa kuzo zonke zombili impi efanayo. Sine-Pentagon eqeqeshwe futhi amasosha ahlomile alwa nalabo abaqeqeshwe futhi abahlomile yi-CIA. Sifunde ku New York Times ukuthi uhulumeni wase-Israel akafuni ukuwina ohlangothini. Sibukele i-US enqabe imizamo eminingi yokuthula phakathi neminyaka, ikhetha impi. Futhi ngaphandle kokubulala, ukulimala, ukubhujiswa, indlala, kanye nezifo zesifo yini okumele ikhombise ngakho?

I-North Korea izimisele ukwenza izivumelwano futhi ihlale iminyaka engu-20 edlule, futhi, ngokungahambisani nokubika kwe-US, kuvulwe izingxoxo manje. Abantu baseNingizimu Korea balangazelela ukuthi i-United States ivumelane nezinkulumo. Kuqala. Thola iNews24 kumakhalekhukhwini wakho Kushone indoda engozini eKZN Kodwa uhulumeni wase-United States umemezele ukuthi ukungaboni ngaso linye kungenakwenzeka ukuze kusetshenziswe "ukuchithwa kokugcina." UTrump utshele i-UN ngoLwesibili ukuthi uma iNorth Korea igxilile, "Ngeke sikhethe kodwa ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele iNorth Korea" - hhayi nje impi kodwa ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwabantu abayizigidi ezingu-25. Izwi likaJohn McCain elikhethwayo liwukuthi "ukuqothula." Ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ye-60, uTump uqhubeka efuna isinyathelo ngokumelene ne-Iran ngenxa yokuthi i-Iran ibonakala isongela ukubulala kwabantu ngokukhululekile.

Ezinye izimpi ngeke zifinyelele kula mazwi okuvula. Ngingathanda ukuvunyelwa okungenani imizuzu yonke ye-5 eRwanda, i-10 kwi-American Revolution noma i-Civil War, ne-30 eMpini Yezwe II, e-ngokulunga - mhlawumbe yonke idle amahora ama-propaganda amahora amaningi. Noma, kangcono nakithi sonke, ngingavimba futhi ungafunda nje amabhuku ami.

Kodwa uma usuvumile ukuthi eziningi zezimpi azikhona nje, uma wazi kahle ukuthi izimpi ziqalwe kanjani ngokucophelela futhi ukugwema ukuthula ngomzamo omkhulu ukuze uhleke noma mhlawumbe ukhale esitatimendeni sikaKen Burns ukuthi lokho okubizwa nge-Vietnamese iMpi YaseMelika iqalile "ekukholweni okuhle," kuba nzima ukufakazela ukuthi noma yiziphi ezinye izimpi zikhona nje, ngisho nalabo oqala ukucabanga ngaleyo ndlela. Nakhu.

Impi iyisikhungo, esikhulu kunazo zonke, esibiza kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. I-US ibeka u-$ 1 trillion ngonyaka empini, cishe elingana nalo lonke izwe elihlangene - futhi iningi lezwe lonke yizakhamuzi zase-US kanye namakhasimende wezikhali ukuthi ama-US acindezelekile ukuba asebenzise ngaphezulu. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi angaqeda indlala, ukungabi namanzi ahlanzekile, noma izifo ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Imali nje yokuthi iCongress isanda kukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kuleli sonto ingaxazulula izinkinga ezinjalo zomhlaba, futhi njengebhonasi, yenza ikholeji e-United States. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezigidi angasinika ithuba lokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu uma kuqondiswa kabusha. Indlela ephezulu lapho impi ibulala khona ngokudukisa izinsiza. Impi (futhi ngisebenzisa leli gama njengemifushane yokulungiselela impi nokulwa nempi, kanti le ndlela yokugcina iyona eyindleko kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi) ingumbhubhisi omkhulu wemvelo yemvelo, imbangela enkulu yamaphoyisa ahlomile kanye namalungelo ahlukumezekile, i-generator enkulu ye-bigotry kanye nokulungiswa kohulumeni abanobugunyazi nabangasese. Futhi ngokusetshenziswa kwempi kuvela zonke izimpi ezingalungile.

Ngakho impi nje, ukufakazela ukuthi kube khona isikhungo sempi, kuzodingeka ukuthi idlule kakhulu umonakalo wokunciphisa imithombo kude nemisebenzi emihle, izindleko ezengeziwe zezimali zamathuba alahlekile, izigidigidi zamaRandi ekubhujisweni kwempahla ezibangelwa izimpi, ukungalungi kwezimpi ezingenabulungisa, ingozi ye-apocalypse yenukliya, ukulimala kwemvelo, umonakalo kahulumeni, kanye nokulimala komphakathi wemikhuba yempi. Ayikho impi engaba khona ukuthi nje, ngokuqinisekile akulona izimpi ezilwa nompi omkhulu wezwe. I-United States ingaqala umjaho wezingalo ezilula kalula kalula. Ngezinyathelo esingazithuthela kulo izwe lapho abantu bakuthola kulula ukuqonda ukuthi yimiphi impumelelo engapheli. Incazelo yalezo mpumelelo yilezi: awudingi impi ukuzivikela. Ungasebenzisa amathuluzi wokumelana nokungahambisani nokuziphendulela, ukungasebenzi, ukuziphatha komnotho nezomnotho nezombusazwe kanye nokwahlulela kanye nokuxhumana.

Kodwa inkolelo yokuthi udinga impi, futhi lawo mazwe acebile ngamafutha anezinto eziphathelene nokuvikela abantu uya kude ekukhuseleni. I-Gallup yokuvota ithola uhulumeni wase-United States ukholelwa yizikhulu emhlabeni jikelele ukuba kube yingozi enkulu yokuthula emhlabeni. Kwezinye izwe, ake sithi eCanada, ukukhiqiza amanethiwekhi omelene namaphekula ase-Canada ngesilinganiso sase-US, kuzodingeka ibhomu futhi ibulale futhi inake abantu abaningi. Kodwa uma sekukwenzile, inkokhelo yayiyoba enkulu, ngoba ingabhekisela kulawo mazitha aseCanada njengesizathu sokuthi izikhali ezikhudlwana nezikhudlwana kanye nemikhankaso yokukhiqiza izitha eziningi, njalonjalo. Lezo zitha zaziyobe zingokoqobo, futhi izenzo zabo ziyiziphathamandla zokuziphatha okubi, kodwa ukugcina umjikelezo ononya ujikeleza ngesivinini esifanele kuzoxhomeke ekugxiliseni ukwesaba kwabo ngokuphawulekayo.

Uma i-US yayizojoyina izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, ihlanganyele ekungenakulungiswa kwempi, inikeze usizo ngengxenyana yesikali lapho inikeza khona ukulwa, futhi siphishekele izindlela zokuzibandakanya ekuthuleni, umhlaba ngeke ube yipharadesi kusasa, kodwa isivinini sethu siphethe emaphethelweni i-cliff esondelayo yayizohamba kancane.

Enye yezindlela eziningi ezibalulekile lapho impi ibuhlungu ngayo ngokulimaza umthetho. Kuyimfihlo egcinwe ngokucophelela, kodwa izwe livinjelwe yonke impi ku-1928 esivumelwaneni esasetshenziselwa ukushushisa labo abalahlekelwa yiMpi Yezwe II futhi esisezincwadini. I-Kellogg-Briand Pact, esanda kubhalwa nguScott Shapiro no-Oona Hathaway, yaguqula umhlaba. Impi yayisemthethweni ku-1927. Zombili izinhlangothi zempi zazingokomthetho. Ukuhlukunyezwa okwenziwayo phakathi nezimpi kwakunzima ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokomthetho. Ukunqotshwa kwendawo kwakungokomthetho. Ukuvutha nokuphanga nokuphanga kwakusemthethweni. Empeleni, impi yayingemthetho kuphela; kwakukuzwakala ngokwawo ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa komthetho. Impi ingasetshenziselwa ukuzama ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukungabi nabulungisa okubonwayo. Ukuthatha ezinye izizwe njengamakoloni kwakungokomthetho. Isisusa samakoloni ukuzama ukuzikhulula ngokwawo sasibuthakathaka ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi sibanjwe esinye isizwe uma behlukana nomcindezeli wabo wamanje. Iningi lezinqola kusukela ku-1928 lihlehlisiwe ngokusekelwe emingcele ye-1928. Izizwe ezincane ezintsha ezingenakwesaba ukunqoba zande. I-UN Charter ye-1945 iphinde imemezele impi uma ibhalwe ukuthi ivikela noma i-UN igunya. Izimpi zamanje zase-US azigunyazisiwe yi-UN, futhi uma kukhona izimpi azivikeleli, khona-ke izimpi ezibhekene namazwe amancane ahluphekile ezingxenyeni zomhlaba kumele zibe kuleso simo.

Kodwa, kusukela ngo-1945, impi ivame ukubhekwa ngokungemthetho ngaphandle uma i-United States yenza lokho. Kusukela eMpini Yezwe II, phakathi kweziphi izibalo eziningi zase-US ezibiza ngokuthi i-golden age of peace, isibhamu sase-United States sishonile abantu abayizigidi ezingu-20, sichitha okungenani uhulumeni we-36, saphazamisa okungenani ukhetho lwangaphandle lwe-82, lazama ukubulala abaholi be-50 bezinye izizwe , futhi wehla amabhomu kubantu abangaphezu kwamazwe angu-30. Ngamabutho ase-US ezizweni ze-175 ngokusho kwabamemezeli bezemidlalo e-US, umongameli wase-US waya e-UN ngoLwesibili futhi efuna ukuhlonipha izizwe ezibusayo, wathi i-UN ayifinyelele ukuthula, isongela impi ngokuphula i-Charter ye-UN, futhi ihleka usulu i-UN ukubeka i-Saudi Arabia emkhandlwini wayo wamalungelo abantu ngenkathi iqhosha ngokujulile ngendima yase-US ekusizeni i-Saudi Arabia ukubulala izinombolo ezinkulu zabantu e-Yemen. Ngonyaka odlule umengameli wenkulumompikiswano wabuza abakwa-US ukhetho lwangameli uma bezimisele ukubulala amakhulu nezinkulungwane zezingane ezingenacala njengengxenye yemisebenzi yabo eyisisekelo. Amanye amazwe awawubuze lowo mbuzo futhi angademoni uma enza. Ngakho-ke, sinenkinga yemigqa emibili, lokho uRobert Jackson athi eNuremberg bekungeke kwenzeke.

Ayikho iCongress noma umongameli onamandla okwenza noma yimiphi impi esemthethweni. Ibhomu le nyukliya elilodwa lingasibulala sonke ngokusebenzisa umthelela walo wesimo sezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iCongress igunyaza yini. Izimpi zase-United States ziphula i-Peace Pacte ye-1928, i-Charter ye-UN, noMthethosisekelo wase-US. Ukugunyazwa okungaqondakali kokusebenzisa i-Military Force nakho kwephula uMthethosisekelo. Kodwa lapho amalungu eNdlu kulo nyaka ezama ukuvota ukuchitha i-AUMF, lokho okuthiwa ubuholi akuvumelanga ukuvota. Ngesikhathi i-Senate ithatha ivoti elinjalo, ingxenye engaphezu kwesithathu yeSenate ivotelwe ukuchithwa, futhi iningi lazo ngoba lifuna ukwakha i-AUMF entsha esikhundleni.

Angizange ngitshele okuningi ngama-drones, ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga ebalulekile yokugweba ukubulala akuyona inkinga yobuchwepheshe. Kodwa yiziphi i-drones, nokunye ubuchwepheshe obwenzayo, okwenza kube lula ukubulala, kulula ukwenza ekusithekeni, kulula ukwenza ngokushesha, kulula ukukwenza ezindaweni eziningi. Ukuziqhenya kukaMongameli Obama kanye namafilimu e-propaganda asekelwe empini afana nawo Iso elisesibhakabhakeni ukuthi ama-drones asetshenziselwa ukubulala labo abangakwazi ukuthunjwa, labo abanecala lobugebengu obuthile, labo abasongela ngokushesha i-US ye-A, labo abangabulawa bengenabungozi yokubulala noma ubani omunye ohlelweni - yilokho iphakethe lamanga eliboniswayo. Iningi labantu elibhekiswe kulokho aliqanjwa ngamagama, akekho oye wahlawuliswa ubugebengu, kuleso cala esaziwayo angabonakali ukuthi angathathwa, ezimweni eziningi babengaboshwa kalula kalula, abantu abangenacala babulawa yizinkulungwane , ngisho neHollywood ayikwazanga ukusongela u-United States isongo esicacile ngokushesha, futhi izimpi ze-drone ziyizinto eziphakeme zokudala indalo. Omunye akazwa u-Obama edumisa impi yakhe ephumelelayo ye-drone e-Yemen kakhulu kulezi zinsuku.

Kodwa uma singeke sikhethe amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane ngoLwesibili ukubulala ngezingqola ezivela e-drones ngakho-ke kufanele senzeni kunalokho?

Ungakhethi amadoda, abesifazane, nezingane ngoLwesibili ekubulaweni ngezimpi ezivela e-drones.

Futhi, ujoyine uphinde usekele imihlangano yezizwe ngamalungelo abantu, amalungelo abantwana, izikhali zokuvimbela, isivumelwano esisha sokuvimbela i-nukes (isizwe esisodwa kuphela esinamavoti okuvotela ukuqala leyo nqubo, kodwa awuyikholelwa uma ngiyibiza ngokuthi ), ujoyine i-International Criminal Court, ayeke ukudayisa izikhali ezitheni ezizayo, ayeke ukuthengisa izikhali kubushiqela, ayeke ukunikeza izikhali, ayeke ukuthenga izikhali ezingenayo injongo yokuzivikela, ukushintshela emnothweni onokuthula onokuthula.

Izibonelo zezindlela ezinokuthula zingatholakala yonke indawo, kufaka phakathi nasePennsylvania. Umngani wami, uJohn Reuwer, ubhekisela ePennsylvania njengesibonelo kwabanye. Kungani? Ngoba kusukela ku-1683 kuya ku-1755 Pennsylvania ase-Europe abahlali babengenalo izimpi ezinkulu namazwe asendabuko, ngokungafani kakhulu namanye amakoloni aseBrithani. I-Pennsylvania yayinebugqila, yayinenhloko enkulu nezinye izijeziso ezimbi, yayinebudlova ngabanye. Kodwa bakhetha ukungayisebenzisi impi, hhayi ukuthatha umhlaba ngaphandle kokuthi kwakufanele kube yisinxephezelo nje kuphela, futhi hhayi ukuphuza utshwala kubantu bomdabu ngendlela i-opium eqhutshelwa ngayo eChina nasezibhamu kanye nezindiza manje ziqhutshelwa ezihlakalweni ezimbi . Ku-1710, i-Tuscaroras yaseNyakatho Carolina yathumela izithunywa ePennsylvania zicela imvume yokuhlala lapho. Yonke imali eyayingasetshenziselwa amabutho, izinqaba, nezikhali zazitholakalayo, okungcono noma ezimbi, ukwakha iPhiladelphia (khumbula ukuthi igama lisho ukuthini) futhi uthuthukise ikholoni. Le koloni yayinabantu abangu-4,000 phakathi kweminyaka ye-3, futhi i-1776 Philadelphia idlulele iBosston ne-New York ngobukhulu. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi amandla amakhulu emini bekulwela ukulawulwa kwezwekazi, iqembu elilodwa labantu lalahla umbono wokuthi impi iyadingeka, futhi yaphumelela ngokushesha kunomunye wabomakhelwane bawo owaphikelela.

Manje, ngemva kweminyaka eyi-230 yokumiswa kwempi okungenakuphazanyiswa, nokusungulwa kwezempi ezibizayo nokusabalalisa okuwake kwabonakala, uTump utshela i-UN ukuthi uMthethosisekelo wase-US ufanelwe udumo ngokudala ukuthula. Mhlawumbe uma bevumela ama-Quaker abhale into eyoyiqiniso ngempela.