By I-Peace Science Digest, Disemba 2, 2022
Lokhu kuhlaziya kufingqa futhi kubonise lolu cwaningo olulandelayo: Saulich, C., & Werthes, S. (2020). Ukuhlola amandla wendawo okuthula: Amasu okugcina ukuthula ngezikhathi zezimpi. Ukwakha ukuthula, 8 (1), 32-53.
Izinkulumo zokukhuluma
- Khona kanye ubukhona bemiphakathi enokuthula, izindawo zokuthula (ZoPs), kanye nemiphakathi engalwi kukhombisa ukuthi imiphakathi inezinketho kanye ne-ejensi ngisho nasesimweni esibanzi sodlame lwangesikhathi sempi, ukuthi kunezindlela ezingenalo udlame zokuvikela, nokuthi akukho lutho olungenakugwenywa mayelana nokudonswa. emijikelezweni yodlame naphezu kokudonswa kwawo okunamandla.
- Ukubona “amathuba okuthula endaweni” kuveza ubukhona babalingisi bendawo—ngaphezu kwabenzi bobubi noma izisulu kuphela—namasu amasha okuvimbela ukungqubuzana, okunothisa iqoqo lezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukungqubuzana ezitholakalayo.
- Abadlali bangaphandle abavimbela ukungqubuzana bangazuza ekuqwashiseni okwengeziwe ngemiphakathi engalwi noma ama-ZoPs ezindaweni ezithinteke yimpi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi “abalimazi” lezi zinhlelo ngokungenelela kwabo, okungase kususe noma kunciphise amandla endawo.
- Amasu abalulekile asetshenziswa imiphakathi engalwi angakwazi ukwazisa izinqubomgomo zokunqanda ukungqubuzana, njengokuqinisa ubunikazi beqoqo obudlula ubunikazi besikhathi sempi obuhlukanisiwe, ukusebenzelana nabalingisi abahlomile, noma ukwakha ukuthembela kwemiphakathi emandleni ayo ukuvimbela noma ukwenqaba ukuhlanganyela ezingxabanweni zezikhali.
- Ukusabalalisa ulwazi lwemiphakathi ephumelelayo engalwi esifundeni esibanzi kungasiza ekwakhiweni kokuthula kwangemva kwezingxabano ngokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kweminye imiphakathi engalwi, okwenza isifunda sisonke sibhekane nezingxabano.
Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Kokwenza Ukwaziswae
- Nakuba imiphakathi engeyona eyezimpi ivame ukuxoxwa ngayo esimweni sezindawo zempi ezisebenzayo, isimo sezombusazwe samanje e-United States siphakamisa ukuthi abantu baseMelika baseMelika kufanele babhekisise amasu emiphakathi engalwi emizamweni yethu yokuvimbela izingxabano—ikakhulukazi ukwakha nokugcina ubudlelwano kuwo wonke amazwe. i-polarized identities kanye nokuqinisa ukuhlonza okuhlukanisayo okwenqaba udlame.
Isifinyezo
Ngaphandle kokukhula kwakamuva kwentshisekelo ekwakheni ukuthula kwasendaweni, abalingisi bamazwe ngamazwe bavame ukuzigcinela i-ejensi eyinhloko ekwenziweni nasekuklanyweni kwalezi zinqubo. Abalingisi bendawo bavame ukuthathwa “njengabamukeli” noma “abahlomuli” bezinqubomgomo zamazwe ngamazwe, kunokuba basebenze njengabazimele bokwakha ukuthula ngokwabo. UChristina Saulich noSascha Werthes esikhundleni salokho bafisa ukuhlola abakubiza ngokuthi “amandla wendawo okuthula,” ebonisa ukuthi imiphakathi nemiphakathi ikhona emhlabeni wonke eyenqaba ukuhlanganyela ezingxabanweni ezinodlame, ngisho naleyo ezungezile ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngaphandle. Ababhali banentshisekelo yokuhlola ukuthi ukunaka okukhulu kangakanani emandleni okuthula endaweni, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi engalwi, ingazisa izindlela ezintsha zokunqanda ukungqubuzana.
| Amathuba endawo okuthula: “Amaqembu endawo, imiphakathi, noma imiphakathi ephumelele futhi ngokuzimela banciphise udlame noma baphume ezingxabanweni endaweni yabo ngenxa yesiko labo kanye/noma izindlela ezihlukile zokulawula ukungqubuzana ezigxile komongo.”
Imiphakathi engalwi: "imiphakathi yendawo ephakathi kwezindawo zempi ebalekela izingxabano ngempumelelo futhi ithathwe yiqembu elilodwa noma elinye lamaqembu alwayo." Izindawo zokuthula: “imiphakathi yendawo ebanjwe phakathi kwezingxabano ezithathe isikhathi eside nezinodlame [ezizibiza] njengemiphakathi enokuthula noma indawo yasekhaya njengendawo yendawo yokuthula (ZoP)” ngenhloso yokuqala yokuvikela amalungu omphakathi odlameni. U-Hancock, L., & Mitchell, C. (2007). Izindawo zokuthula. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. Imiphakathi enokuthula: “imiphakathi [eye] yaqondisa amasiko nentuthuko yawo ekubeni nokuthula” futhi “eye yathuthukisa imibono, izimiso zokuziphatha, izimiso zokuziphatha, nezikhungo zamasiko ezinciphisa ubudlova futhi zikhuthaze ukuthula.” Kemp, G. (2004). Umqondo wemiphakathi enokuthula. Ku-G. Kemp & DP Fry (Eds.), Ukugcina ukuthula: Ukuxazulula izingxabano nemiphakathi enokuthula emhlabeni jikelele. I-London: Routledge. |
Ababhali baqala ngokuchaza izigaba ezintathu ezahlukene zamathuba okuthula endaweni. Imiphakathi enokuthula kuhlanganisa izinguquko zamasiko zesikhathi eside ezibheke ekuthuleni, ngokungafani nemiphakathi engalwi kanye izindawo zokuthula, okuyizimpendulo ezisheshayo ezingxabanweni ezinodlame. Imiphakathi enokuthula “ivuna ukuthathwa kwezinqumo okusekelwe ekuvumelaneni” futhi yamukele “izindinganiso zamasiko nemibono yomhlaba [enqabela ngokuyisisekelo udlame (lomzimba) futhi ikhuthaze ukuziphatha okunokuthula.” Abazibandakanyi odlameni oluhlangene ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, abanawo amaphoyisa noma amasosha, futhi babhekana nodlame oluncane phakathi kwabantu. Izazi ezifunda imiphakathi enokuthula nazo ziyaqaphela ukuthi imiphakathi iyashintsha ngokusabela ezidingweni zamalungu ayo, okusho ukuthi imiphakathi eyayingenazo ukuthula ngaphambilini ingaba njalo ngokuthatha izinqumo ngokushesha kanye nokutshala imikhuba nezimiso ezintsha.
Izindawo zokuthula (ZoPs) zisekelwe emcabangweni wendawo engcwele, lapho izindawo ezithile noma amaqembu athathwa njengendawo ephephile ebudloveni. Ezimweni eziningi, ama-ZoP ayimiphakathi eboshwe ezindaweni ezimenyezelwe ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana kwezikhali noma inqubo yokuthula eyalandela, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi ibuye iboshwe emaqenjini athile abantu (njengezingane). Izazi ezifunda ama-ZoP zikhombe izici ezisiza empumelelweni yazo, okuhlanganisa “ukubumbana okuqinile kwangaphakathi, ubuholi obuhlangene, ukuphathwa ngokungakhethi kwamaqembu alwayo, [ ] imikhuba evamile,” imingcele ecacile, ukuntuleka kosongo kubantu bangaphandle, nokuntuleka kwempahla ebalulekile ngaphakathi kweZoP. (lokho kungase kukhuthaze ukuhlasela). Izinkampani zangaphandle zivame ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni izindawo zokuthula, ikakhulukazi ngokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi noma imizamo yendawo yokwakha amandla.
Okokugcina, imiphakathi engahambisani nempi ifana ncamashi nama-ZoPs ngokuthi iqhamuka ekuphenduleni izingxabano ezinodlame futhi ifisa ukulondoloza ukuzimela kwayo kubadlali abahlomile nhlangothi zonke, kodwa mhlawumbe inengqondo kakhulu ekuqondeni kwayo, ngokungagxili kakhulu kobunikazi be-pacifist kanye nezinkambiso. . Ukwakhiwa kobunikazi obuhlukene ngaphandle kobunikazi abakha ukungqubuzana kubalulekile ekuveleni nasekugcinweni kwemiphakathi engalwi futhi kusiza ukuqinisa ubumbano lwangaphakathi nokumela umphakathi njengozimele ngaphandle kwengxabano. Lobu bunikazi obuhlanganisa konke busekelwe “kumagugu avamile, okuhlangenwe nakho, izimiso, nezimo zomlando njengezixhumi zamasu ezijwayelekile nezingokwemvelo emphakathini kodwa ezingeyona ingxenye yobunikazi bamaqembu alwayo.” Imiphakathi engalwi futhi igcina izinsiza zomphakathi ngaphakathi, isebenzise amasu okuvikela ahlukile (njengokuvinjelwa kwezikhali), ithuthukise ubuholi obubambekayo, obufaka konke, nobusabelayo kanye nezinhlaka ezithatha izinqumo, futhi "ihlanganyele ngokugcwele nazo zonke izingxenye ezingqubuzanayo," okuhlanganisa nezingxoxo namaqembu ahlomile. , kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuzimela kwabo kubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifundaze iphakamisa ukuthi ukwesekwa kweqembu lesithathu kungase kungabalulekile kangako emiphakathini engeyona eyezimpi njengoba kunjalo kuma-ZoPs (yize ababhali bevuma ukuthi lo mehluko nokunye phakathi kwama-ZoPs kanye nemiphakathi engalwi kungase kudlulele ngandlela thize, njengoba empeleni kunokunqwabelana okukhulu phakathi amacala angempela kokubili).
Khona kanye ukuba khona kwalezi zinto ezingaba khona zokuthula kukhombisa ukuthi imiphakathi inezinketho kanye ne-ejensi ngisho nasemongweni obanzi wodlame lwangesikhathi sempi, ukuthi kunezindlela ezingezona ubudlova zokuvikela, nokuthi, naphezu kwamandla e-polarization enobudlova, akukho lutho olungenakugwemeka mayelana nokudonswa. emijikelezweni yodlame.
Okokugcina, ababhali bayabuza: Ingakwazi kanjani ukuqonda okuvela ezintweni ezingaba khona zokuthula, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi engezona izimpi, yazise inqubomgomo yokuvimbela ukungqubuzana kanye nokwenza-ikakhulukazi njengoba izindlela ezisuka phezulu zokunqanda ukungqubuzana ezisetshenziswa izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zivame ukugxila kakhulu ezindleleni zombuso futhi ziphuthelwe. noma ukunciphisa amandla endawo? Ababhali bakhomba izifundo ezine zemizamo ebanzi yokuvimbela ukungqubuzana. Okokuqala, ukucatshangelwa okujulile kwamandla wendawo okuthula kuveza ukuba khona kwabalingisi bendawo—ngaphezu kwabenzi bobubi kuphela noma izisulu—ngamasu amasha okuvimbela ukungqubuzana futhi kunothisa iqoqo lezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukungqubuzana okucatshangwa ukuthi zingenzeka. Okwesibili, abadlali bangaphandle abavimbela ukungqubuzana bangazuza ekuqapheleni kwabo imiphakathi engalwi noma ama-ZoPs ezindaweni ezikhahlamezeke yimpi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi “abalimazi” lezi zinhlelo ngokungenelela kwabo, okungase kususe noma kwenze buthaka amandla endawo. Okwesithathu, amasu ayisihluthulelo asetshenziswa imiphakathi engalwi angakwazi ukwazisa izinqubomgomo zokuvimbela zangempela, njengokuqinisa ukuhlonza okuhlangene okwenqabayo nokweqa ubunikazi besikhathi sempi obuhlukanisiwe, “ukuqinisa ubunye bomphakathi bangaphakathi nokusiza [ukusiza] ekukhulumeni ukuma kwawo kokungalwi ngaphandle”; ukusebenzelana nabalingisi abahlomile; noma ukwakha imiphakathi ukuthembela emandleni ayo ukuvimbela noma ukwenqaba ukuhlanganyela ezingxabanweni zezikhali. Okwesine, ukusabalalisa ulwazi lwemiphakathi ephumelelayo engalwi esifundeni esibanzi kungasiza ekwakhiweni kokuthula kwangemva kwezingxabano ngokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kweminye imiphakathi engalwi, okwenza isifunda sisonke sibhekane nezingxabano.
Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba
Nakuba imiphakathi engahambisani nempi ngokuvamile kuxoxwa ngayo esimweni sezindawo zempi ezisebenzayo, isimo sezombusazwe samanje e-United States siphakamisa ukuthi abantu baseMelika baseMelika kufanele banake kakhulu amasu emiphakathi engalwi emizamweni yethu yokuvimbela izingxabano. Ikakhulukazi, ngokukhuphuka kwe-polarization kanye nobudlova obunobudlova e-US, ngamunye wethu kufanele abuze: Kungadingekani ukwenza my Umphakathi ukwazi ukumelana nemijikelezo yodlame? Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuhlolwa kwamandla wendawo okuthula, imibono embalwa iza engqondweni.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthi abantu baqaphele ukuthi banenkululeko yokuzikhethela—ukuthi bangathola ezinye izinketho—ngisho nasezimeni zezingxabano ezinobudlova lapho kungase kubonakale sengathi banokuncane kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umuzwa we-ejensi wawungenye yezici ezibalulekile ezahlukanisa abantu abahlenga abantu abangamaJuda ngesikhathi sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kulabo abangenzanga lutho noma labo abenza okubi Ucwaningo lukaKristin Renwick Monroe yabatakuli bamaDashi, ababebukele, nabahlanganyeli bamaNazi. Ukuzwa amandla omuntu angaba namandla kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile esenzweni—kanye nasekumelaneni nobudlova ikakhulukazi.
Okwesibili, amalungu omphakathi kufanele ahlonze ukuhlonza okugqamile, okubabazekayo okwenqabayo futhi okudlula ubunikazi obuhlukene bengxabano enodlame kuyilapho besebenzisa imikhuba noma imilando enenjongo kulowo mphakathi—ubunikazi obungahlanganisa umphakathi kuyilapho ukhuluma ngokuyenqaba ingxabano enodlame ngokwayo. Ukuthi lokhu kungase kube ubunikazi bedolobha lonke (njengoba kwakunjalo ngeTuzla enamasiko amaningi phakathi neMpi YaseBosnia) noma ulwazi lwezenkolo olunganqamula ukuhlukana kwezombusazwe noma olunye uhlobo lobunikazi kungase kuncike esikalini lo mphakathi okhona nokuthi imuphi indawo. ubunikazi buyatholakala.
Okwesithathu, kufanele kunikelwe umcabango ojulile ekuthuthukiseni ukuthathwa kwezinqumo kanye nezinhlaka zobuholi ezibandakanyayo neziphendulayo emphakathini ezizothola ukwethenjwa nokuthengwa kwamalungu omphakathi ahlukahlukene.
Okokugcina, amalungu omphakathi kufanele acabange ngendlela ehlakaniphile mayelana namanethiwekhi awo akhona ngaphambili kanye nezindawo zawo zokufinyelela emaqenjini alwayo/abadlali abahlomile ukuze ahlanganyele nabo, acacise ukuzimela kwawo nhlangothi zombili—kodwa futhi asebenzise ubudlelwano bawo kanye nokwaziwa kwawo okukhulu ekusebenzelaneni kwawo. nalaba badlali abahlomile.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eziningi zalezi zici zincike ekwakhiweni kobudlelwano—ekwakhiweni kobudlelwano obuqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi ahlukahlukene ukuze ubunikazi obufanayo (obunqamula ubunikazi obuhlukanisiwe) buzizwe buyiqiniso futhi abantu babelane nomuzwa wokubumbana ekuthatheni izinqumo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ubudlelwano buqina emigqeni yobunikazi ehlukanisiwe, kuzoba nezindawo eziningi zokufinyelela kubadlali abahlomile kuzo zombili/kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zokungqubuzana. Ku olunye ucwaningo, okubonakala kujwayelekile lapha, u-Ashutosh Varshney uphawula ukubaluleka kokungagcini nje ngokwakha ubudlelwano besikhashana kodwa “izinhlobo ezihlangene zokuxoxisana” kuzo zonke izici ezihlukanisiwe—nokuthi lolu hlobo lokuxhumana olusekelwe ezikhungweni, olunqamula ukuhlangana luyini olungenza imiphakathi ikwazi ukumelana nodlame. . Ngakho-ke, njengesenzo esincane njengoba kungase kubonakale, into ebaluleke kakhulu noma ubani wethu angayenza njengamanje ukuze agweme udlame lwezombusazwe e-US kungaba ukwandisa amanethiwekhi ethu futhi sihlakulele imibono kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukahluka emiphakathini yethu yezenkolo, izikole zethu, izindawo zethu zokusebenza, izinyunyana zethu, amakilabhu ethu ezemidlalo, imiphakathi yethu yamavolontiya. Khona-ke, uma kwenzeka kuba nesidingo ukwenza lobu budlelwano obunqamulanayo busebenze lapho kubhekene nodlame, bayoba khona.
Imibuzo Ephakanyisiwe
- Abalingisi bomhlaba wonke bokwakha ukuthula bangayinikeza kanjani usekelo emiphakathini engalwi nezinye izinto ezingase zibe khona zokuthula, lapho zicelwa, ngaphandle kokudala ukuncika okungagcina kwenze le mizamo ibe buthaka?
- Yimaphi amathuba ongawakhomba emphakathini wakho oseduze wokwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kobunikazi obuhlukanisiwe futhi uhlakulele ukuhlonza okwedlulele okwenqaba udlame nokunqamula ukuhlukana?
Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda
U-Anderson, MB, & Wallace, M. (2013). Ukuphuma empini: Amasu okuvimbela ukungqubuzana okunodlame. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. https://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/12809/Anderson.Opting%20CC%20Lic.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
McWilliams, A. (2022). Indlela yokwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kokungafani. Psychology Today. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 9, 2022, kusukela https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-awesome-career/202207/how-build-relationships-across-differences
Varshney, A. (2001). Ukungqubuzana kobuhlanga kanye nomphakathi. Ezepolitiki Zomhlaba, I-53, i-362-398. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/egm/paper/Ashutosh%20Varshney.pdf
Monroe, KR (2011). Izimiso zokuziphatha enkathini yokwesaba nokuqothulwa kohlanga: Ubunikazi nokukhetha kokuziphatha. I-Princeton, NJ: i-Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691151434/ethics-in-an-age-of-terror-and-genocide
I-Peace Science Digest. (2022). Udaba olukhethekile: Izindlela ezingenabo ubudlova kwezokuvikela. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 16, 2022, kusukela https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/
I-Peace Science Digest. (2019). Izindawo zaseNtshonalanga Afrika zokuthula kanye nezinhlelo zokudala ukuthula zasendaweni. Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 16, 2022, kusukela https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/
Izinhlangano
Izingxoxo zegumbi lokuhlala: https://livingroomconversations.org/
Ukwelapha i-PDX: https://cure-pdx.org
Amazwi Key: imiphakathi engenazimpi, izindawo zokuthula, imiphakathi enokuthula, ukuvimbela udlame, ukuvimbela izingxabano, ukwakhiwa kokuthula kwendawo
