I-Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition ithumele incwadi inxusa iSenethi kanye neKomidi le-House Armed Services ukuthi lifake imfuneko yokubika ezisekelweni zaphesheya ku-FY2020 NDAA ukuze kwandiswe obala, konge amadola abakhokhi bentela, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kwezwe. Incwadi, enamathiselwe nangezansi, isayinwe ochwepheshe nezinhlangano ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili.

Imibuzo ingaqondiswa ku OBRACC2018@gmail.com.

Ngiyabonga,

David

UDavid Vine
Professor
UMnyango We-Anthropology
I-American University
4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20016 USA

August 23, 2019

Umhlonishwa uJames Inhofe

USihlalo, Ikomidi LeSenethi Lezinsiza Zezikhali

 

UMhlonishwa uJack Reed

Ilungu Lesikhundla, Ikomidi LeSenethi Lezinsizakalo Zezikhali

 

Umhlonishwa u-Adam Smith

USihlalo, iKomidi leNdlu Yezempi

 

Umhlonishwa Mac Thornberry

Ilungu Lesikhundla, Ikomidi Lezindlu Ezihlomile

 

USihlalo othandekayo u-Inhofe noSmith, kanye namalungu asezingeni eliphezulu uReed noThornberry:

Siyiqembu lochwepheshe besizinda samasosha abavela kuwo wonke ama-spectrum ezombusazwe ukuze sikukhuthaze ukuthi ugcine iSec. 1079 ka-HR 2500, “Umbiko Wezindleko Zezezimali Zamazwe Aphesheya Kwezempi Yase-United States Nokusebenza,” kuMthetho Wokugunyazwa Kwezokuvikela Kazwelonke Wonyaka Wezimali ka-2020. Uma usetshenziswa ngokuqinile, lo mbiko uzokwandisa ukubonakala futhi unike amandla ukwengamela okungcono ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Pentagon, kufaka isandla imizamo ebalulekile yokuqeda ukumosha izindleko zempi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulungela kwezempi kanye nokuphepha kwezwe.

Isikhathi eside kakhulu, kube nokungafihli lutho okuncane mayelana nezisekelo zamasosha ase-US nokusebenza phesheya kwezilwandle. Njengamanje kunezisekelo zezempi zase-US ezilinganiselwa ku-800 (“izindawo eziyisisekelo”) ngaphandle kwezifunda ezingama-50 kanye neWashington, DC. Asakazeke emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaba ngu-80—cishe inani lamazwe abambe iqhaza eliphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi.[1]

Ucwaningo selukhombisile kudala ukuthi izisekelo zaphesheya zinzima kakhulu ukuvala uma sezisunguliwe. Ngokuvamile, izisekelo zaphesheya zihlala zivulekile ngenxa ye-inertia ye-bureaucratic iyodwa.^[2] Izikhulu zezempi kanye nabanye bavame ukucabanga ukuthi uma isizinda saphesheya sikhona, kufanele sibe nenzuzo; ICongress ayivamisile ukuphoqa amasosha ukuthi ahlaziye noma abonise izinzuzo zokuphepha kazwelonke zezisekelo zaphesheya.

Inkohlakalo ye-Navy "Fat Leonard" yenkohlakalo, eyaholela ekukhokhisweni okungaphezulu kwezigidi zamaRandi kanye nenkohlakalo esabalele phakathi kwezikhulu zezempi zasemanzini ezisezikhundleni eziphezulu, ingesinye sezibonelo eziningi zokuntuleka kokuqondisa okufanelekile kwezakhamuzi phesheya kwezilwandle. Ukukhula kwamasosha e-Afrika kungenye futhi: Lapho amasosha amane efa empini e-Niger ngo-2017, amalungu amaningi eCongress ashaqeka lapho ezwa ukuthi kwakunamasosha alinganiselwa ku-1,000 kulelo zwe. Nakuba i-Pentagon kudala ithi inesisekelo esisodwa kuphela e-Afrika-e-Djibouti-ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi manje sekukhona ukufakwa kwe-40 yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene (isikhulu sezempi esisodwa savuma ukufakwa kwe-46 ku-2017).[3] Cishe uphakathi kweqembu elincane kuCongress elaziyo ukuthi amasosha ase-US abebambe iqhaza ekulweni okungenani emazweni angama-22 kusukela ngo-2001, okunemiphumela evame ukuba yinhlekelele.[4]

Izindlela zamanje zokwengamela azanele kuKhongolose kanye nomphakathi ukuthi balawule ngendlela efanele umphakathi phezu kokufakwa kwebutho nemisebenzi yaphesheya kwezilwandle. Umbiko waminyaka yonke we-Pentagon “Base Structure Report” uhlinzeka ngolwazi oluthile mayelana nenombolo nosayizi wamasayithi ayisisekelo phesheya kwezilwandle, nokho, iyehluleka ukubika ngenqwaba yokufakwa okwaziwayo emazweni omhlaba wonke futhi ivame ukuhlinzeka ngedatha engaphelele noma enganembile.[5] Abaningi basola ukuthi iPentagon ayiyazi inombolo yangempela yokufakwa kwamanye amazwe.

Umnyango Wezokuvikela "Umbiko Wezindleko Zaphesheya," othunyelwe kumadokhumenti wawo wesabelomali, uhlinzeka ngolwazi lwezindleko ezilinganiselwe mayelana nokufakwa kwamanye amazwe kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke amazwe lapho amasosha agcina khona izisekelo. Idatha yombiko ngokuvamile ayiphelele futhi ngokuvamile ayitholakali emazweni amaningi. Iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, i-DoD ibike izindleko zonyaka eziphelele ekufakweni phesheya kwezilwandle ezingaba ngu-$20 billion. Ukuhlaziywa okuzimele kubonisa ukuthi izindleko zangempela zokusebenza nokugcina izisekelo phesheya zingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwalelo nani, lidlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-51 ngonyaka, nezindleko eziphelele (kuhlanganise nezisebenzi) ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-150 zamaRandi.[6]Ukuntuleka kokwengamela ukusetshenziswa kwemali okunjalo ikakhulukazi. Kuyamangaza uma kubhekwa amashumi ezigidigidi zamadola ageleza esuka ezifundeni nasezifundeni zamalungu eCongress eya ezindaweni eziphesheya kwezilwandle minyaka yonke.

Uma isetshenziswe kahle, umbiko odingwa nguSec. I-1079 ye-HR 2500 izothuthukisa kakhulu ukubonakala kwemisebenzi yamasosha phesheya kwezilwandle futhi ivumele uKhongolose kanye nomphakathi ukuthi babheke ngendlela efanele iPentagon. Siyakunxusa ukuthi ufake uSec. 1079 ku-FY2020 NDAA. Siyakunxusa futhi ukuba ubuyekeze ulimi lwesichibiyelo ukuze ushaye amagama asesigabeni 1, “afakwe ohlwini oluyinhloko lwezindawo ezihlala njalo.” Uma kubhekwa ukuntula koMbiko Wesakhiwo Sesisekelo, ukubika okudingekile kufanele kubhale phansi izindleko kanye nezinzuzo zokuphepha kuzwelonke zabo bonke. Ukufakwa kwe-US phesheya kwezilwandle.

Siyabonga ngokuthatha lezi zinyathelo ezibalulekile ukuze ukhulise obala, wonge amadola abakhokhi bentela, futhi uthuthukise ukuphepha kwezwe.

Ozithobayo,

UkuBuyiselwa Kwamazwe Okubambisana Nokubambisana Nokuvalwa

UChristine Ahn, Abesifazane Abangawela iDMZ

Andrew J. Bacevich, I-Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft

Medea Benjamin, Umqondisi, Codepink

Phyllis Bennis, Umqondisi, Iphrojekthi Entsha Yamazwe Ngamazwe, Isikhungo Sezifundo Zenqubomgomo

ULeah Bolger, CDR, US Navy (ret), uMongameli World BEYOND War

U-Noam Chomsky, uProfesa Ohlonishwayo Wezilimi, u-Agnese Nelms Haury Chair, University of Arizona/Professor Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology

UCynthia Enloe, uProfesa Wezokucwaninga, I-Clark University

I-Foreign Policy Alliance, Inc.

UJoseph Gerson, uMongameli, Umkhankaso Wokuthula, Ukulimazeka kanye Nokuvikeleka Okuvamile

David C. Hendrickson, Colorado College

UMathewu Hoh, oPhezulu Omkhulu, Isikhungo Senqubomgomo Yomhlaba Wonke

I-Guahan Coalition for Peace and Justice

UKyle Kajihiro, Ukuthula Nobulungiswa e-Hawaii

UGwyn Kirk, Abesifazane Kwezokuphepha Kweqiniso

MG Dennis Laich, Ibutho Lase-US, Owathatha Umhlalaphansi

John Lindsay-Poland, Stop US Arms to Mexico Project Coordinator, Global Exchange; umbhali, Amakhosi Ehlathini: Umlando Ofihlekile wase-US ePanama

U-Catherine Lutz, u-Thomas J. Watson, Uprofesa Womndeni We-Anthropology kanye Nezifundo Zamazwe Ngamazwe, i-Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs kanye noMnyango We-Anthropology, iNyuvesi yaseBrown

Khury Petersen-Smith, Isikhungo Sezifundo Zenqubomgomo

Del Spurlock, OwayenguMeluleki Jikelele Wangaphambili kanye Nonobhala Ongumsizi Wezempi Yase-US Yezindaba Zabasebenzi Nezokugodla

UDavid Swanson, Umqondisi Omkhulu, World BEYOND War

UDavid Vine, uProfesa, uMnyango We-Anthropology, i-American University

UStephen Wertheim, i-Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft kanye ne-Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, e-Columbia University

UColonel Ann Wright, US Army usethathe umhlalaphansi futhi owayeyisikhulu saseMelika

Ama-Endnotes

[1] UDavid Vine, "Uhlu Lwezisekelo Zezempi Zase-US Kwamanye Amazwe," 2017, American University, http://dx.doi.org/10.17606/M6H599; UDavid Vine, Isizwe Esiyisisekelo: Indlela US Bas Bas Military Ngaphandle Kwezwe Amonakalisa America neMhlaba (Metropolitan, 2015). Amaqiniso amaningi kanye nezibalo mayelana nezisekelo zase-US phesheya kwezilwandle ziyatholakala ku www.overseasbases.net/fact-sheet.html.Imibuzo, ulwazi olwengeziwe: OBRACC2018@gmail.com / www.overseasbases.net.

[2] Olunye lwezifundo ezingavamile ze-Congressional ezisekelweni zase-US nokuba khona phesheya kwezilwandle zabonisa ukuthi "uma isizinda saseMelika saphesheya kwezilwandle sesisunguliwe, kuthatha impilo yaso .... Imishini yokuqala ingase iphelelwe yisikhathi, kodwa imisebenzi emisha iyathuthukiswa, hhayi nje ngenjongo yokugcina indawo iqhubeka, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuyikhulisa.” ISigele Sase-United States, “Izivumelwano Zokuphepha Zase-United States Nezibophezelo Kwamanye Amazwe,” Ukulalelwa phambi kweKomidi Elincane LeSenethi Lezivumelwano Zokuphepha Zase-United States Nezibophezelo Ngaphandle KweKomidi Lezobudlelwano Bangaphandle, ICongress yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanye, Umq. 2, 2417. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqinisekise lokhu okutholakele. Isb, u-John Glaser, “Ukuhoxa Ezizindeni Zaphesheya: Kungani Ukuma Kwezempi Okudluliselwe Phambili Kungadingekile, Kuphelelwe yisikhathi, futhi Kuyingozi,” Ukuhlaziywa Kwenqubomgomo 816, Isikhungo Se-CATO, Julayi 18, 2017; Chalmers Johnson, Izinsizi zoMbuso: Ukulwa nobukhosi, ukufihla, nokuphela kweRiphabhlikhi (ENew York: Metropolitan, 2004); Umvini, Isizwe Sesizwe.

[3] U-Nick Turse, “Ibutho Lase-US Lithi 'Linonyathela Olukhanyayo' e-Afrika. Le mibhalo Ibonisa Inethiwekhi Enkulu Yezisekelo,” I-Intercept, Disemba 1, 2018,https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/u-s-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a-vast-network-of-bases/; UStephanie Savell kanye ne-5W Infographics, "Le Map Ibonisa Lapho Emhlabeni Ibutho Lezempi Lase-US Lilwa Nobuphekula," I-Smithsonian Magazine, Januwari 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; U-Nick Turse, "Izinyathelo ZaseMelika Zokulwa Nezimpi e-Afrika Eziyimfihlo Imibhalo Yezempi Yase-US Yembula Iqoqo Lezinkanyezi Ezizisekelo Zezempi ZaseMelika Kulelozwekazi," I-TomDispatch.com, April 27, 2017, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176272/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_the_u.s._military_moves_deeper_into_africa/.

[4] Afghanistan, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Libya, Uganda, South Sudan, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger, Central African Republic, Syria, Kenya, Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Democratic Republic eCongo, eSaudi Arabia naseTunisia. Bona i-Savell kanye ne-5W Infographics; U-Nick Turse no-Sean D. Naylor, “Kuveziwe: Imisebenzi Yezempi Yase-US Enekhodi Engama-36 Eqanjwe Ngekhodi E-Afrika,” Izindaba ze-Yahoo, April 17, 2019, https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.

[5] U-Nick Turse, "Izisekelo, Izisekelo, Yonke Indawo ... Ngaphandle Kombiko We-Pentagon," I-TomDispatch.com, Januwari 8, 2019, http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Umvini, Isizwe saseBase, 3-5; Vine, "Uhlu Lwezisekelo Zezempi Zase-US Kwamanye Amazwe."

[6] David Vine, American University, isilinganiso sezindleko eziyisisekelo ze-OBRACC, vine@american.edu, ibuyekeza izibalo kuVine, Isizwe saseBase, 195-214.