Izifundo Ezimpini Nokuthula ESouth Sudan

Ngu-John Reuwer, Septhemba 20, 2019

Kulobu busika obudlule nentwasahlobo ngibe nelungelo lokukhonza “njengeSikhulu Esivikelwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe” eSouth Sudan izinyanga ze-4 ne-Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), enye yezinhlangano ezinkulu emhlabeni eqhuba izindlela zokuvikela izakhamuzi ezingahlomile ezindaweni ingxabano enodlame. Njengoba ngibe yingxenye yamavolontiya “amaqembu okuthula” enza umsebenzi ofanayo ezilungiselelweni ezihlukahlukene emashumini eminyaka adlule, ngaba nentshisekelo yokubona ukuthi lezi zingcweti zazikusebenzisa kanjani lokho ezikufunde eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha yokuhlangenwe nakho nokubonisana njalo namanye amaqembu zisebenzisa imibono efanayo. . Nakuba ngizogcina ukuphawula nokuhlaziya mayelana nomsebenzi oyisisekelo we-NP ngesinye isikhathi, ngifuna ukuphawula lapha ngalokho engikufundile mayelana nempi nokuthula kubantu baseNingizimu Sudan, ikakhulukazi njengoba kusebenza emgomweni World BEYOND War - ukuqedwa kwempi njengethuluzi lezombusazwe, nokudalwa kokuthula okunobulungiswa nokuqhubekayo. Ikakhulukazi ngifuna ukuqhathanisa imibono yempi engivame ukuyizwa njengomuntu waseMelika, kanye neyabantu abaningi engihlangane nabo eSouth Sudan.

World BEYOND War yasungulwa futhi iqhutshwa (kuze kube manje) ikakhulukazi abantu base-United States, okuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene babone impi njengembangela engadingekile yokuhlupheka kwabantu. Lo mbono usixabanisa nezakhamuzi zakithi eziningi ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezinganekwane esizazi kahle - ukuthi impi iyinhlanganisela yezinto ezingenakugwemeka, ezidingekayo, ezinobulungisa, futhi ezinenzuzo. Njengoba sihlala e-United States, kunobufakazi bokukholelwa lezozinganekwane ezigxile kakhulu esimisweni sethu semfundo. Impi ibonakala ingenakugwenywa ngoba isizwe sethu besilwa iminyaka engu-223 ye-240 kusukela ekutholeni inkululeko, futhi abantu abasha ekilasini lami lasekolishi bayazi ukuthi i-US ibilokhu ilwa kusukela ngaphambi kokuba bazalwe. Impi ibonakala idingeka ngoba abezindaba abajwayelekile bahlale bebika izinsongo ezivela eRussia, China, North Korea, Iran, noma iqembu elithile lamaphekula noma elinye. Impi ibonakala ingenxa yokuthi, ngokuqinisekile, abaholi bazo zonke izitha ezingenhla babulala noma babophe abanye babaphikisi bazo, futhi ngaphandle kokuzimisela kwethu ukulwa impi, sitshelwa ukuthi noma yimuphi kubo angaba uHitler olandelayo othambekele ekubuseni umhlaba. Impi ibonakala inenzuzo ngoba inikezwa udumo ngokuthi empeleni singahlaselwa elinye lamasosha kusukela ngo-1814 (ukuhlasela kwePearl Harbor akuzange kube yingxenye yokuhlasela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukhona nje ukuthi imboni yempi ikhiqiza imisebenzi eminingi, ukujoyina amasosha kungenye yezindlela ezimbalwa ingane engathola ngazo ekolishi ngaphandle kwesikweletu - ngohlelo lwe-ROTC, ukuvuma ukulwa, noma okungenani ukuqeqesha ukulwa nezimpi.

Ngenxa yalobu bufakazi, ngisho nempi engapheli inengqondo ezingeni elithile, ngakho-ke siphila esizweni esinesabelomali sezempi esikhulu kakhulu kunezitha zaso ezicatshangelwayo zihlangene, futhi esithumela ngaphandle izikhali eziningi, imisa amasosha amaningi, futhi ingenele kwezinye izizwe. ngezenzo zezempi kude nakude ukwedlula noma yisiphi esinye isizwe emhlabeni. Impi kubantu baseMelika abaningi iwuhambo oluhle lapho izinsizwa nezintokazi zethu ezinesibindi zivikela isizwe sethu, futhi ngokusho ukuthi, konke okuhle emhlabeni.

Le ndaba engahloliwe ibaphethe kahle abantu baseMelika abaningi ngoba asizange sibhekane nencithakalo esabalele ngenxa yempi yomhlabathi yethu kusukela impi yethu yombango ngo-1865. Ngaphandle kwenani elincane labantu nemindeni eyathinteka mathupha ngenxa yokulimala ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kokulwa, abambalwa. Abantu baseMelika banenkomba yokuthi impi empeleni isho ukuthini. Lapho thina esingazithengi izinganekwane sibhikishela impi, kuze kufike eqophelweni lokungalaleli komphakathi, sisuswa kalula, sithathwe njengabahlomuli benkululeko eyatholwa yimpi.

Abantu baseNingizimu Sudan, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangochwepheshe ngemiphumela yempi njengoba injalo ngempela. Njenge-US, izwe labo belilokhu lilwa kakhulu eminyakeni engama-63 selokhu izwe elingumzali iSudan lathola inkululeko kuBritain ngo-1956, kanti iNingizimu yathola inkululeko eSudan ngo-2011. zalwelwa emadolobheni nasezigodini zazo, zabulala futhi zaxosha abantu abangamaphesenti amangalisayo, futhi zicekela phansi amakhaya namabhizinisi ngezinga elikhulu. Umphumela uba enye yezinhlekelele ezinkulu zobuntu ezikhathini zangaleso sikhathi. Abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zabantu baxoshiwe, futhi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezakhamuzi zakhona zithembele ekusizeni abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuze bathole ukudla nezinye izinto ezibalulekile, kuyilapho izinga lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kuthiwa liphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Cishe ayikho ingqalasizinda yezinsiza ezivamile. Ngaphandle kwamapayipi asebenzayo kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi, amanzi amaningi okuphuza alethwa ngeloli. Abantu abangaphansi kwesigamu bayakwazi ukuthola noma yimuphi umthombo wamanzi aphephile. Abantu abaningi bangibonise amachibi aluhlaza aluhlaza noma amachibi ababegezela kuwo futhi bawadle. Ugesi walabo abacebile ngokwanele ukuba nawo ukhiqizwa ngamajeneretha kadizili angawodwa noma amaningi. Imbalwa imigwaqo eyitiyela, inkathazo ngenkathi eyomile kodwa inkinga ebulalayo ngenkathi yezimvula lapho iyingozi noma ingahambeki. Abalimi bampofu kakhulu ukuthi bangatshala izitshalo, noma besaba kakhulu ukuthi ukubulawa kuzoqhubeka, ngakho-ke ukudla okuningi kwesifunda kumele kungeniswe kwamanye amazwe.

Cishe wonke umuntu engangihlangana naye wayengangibonisa inxeba labo lenhlamvu noma esinye isibazi, angitshele ngokubona umyeni wabo ebulawa noma omkabo bedlwengulwa phambi kwabo, amadodana abo amancane ethunjwa embuthweni noma emabuthweni amavukela-mbuso, noma indlela ayebuka umuzi wakubo usha ngesikhathi wagijima ngokwesaba ngenxa yokuqhuma kwezibhamu. Iphesenti labantu abahlukunyezwa uhlobo oluthile lokuhlukumezeka liphezulu kakhulu. Abaningi bazwakalise ukungabi nathemba ngokuqala phansi ngemva kokulahlekelwa abathandekayo babo kanye nempahla yabo eningi ekuhlaselweni kwezempi. U-Imam osekhulile esabambisana naye eshabhu yokubuyisana waqala ukuphawula kwakhe, “Ngazalelwa empini, ngiphile impilo yami yonke empini, ngigula ngempi, angifuni ukufela empini. Yingakho ngilapha.”

Bazibona kanjani izinganekwane zaseMelika mayelana nempi? Ababoni nzuzo - kuphela ukubhujiswa, ukwesaba, isizungu, kanye nokuswela okukulethayo. Abaningi ngeke bathi impi iyadingeka, ngoba ababoni muntu ngaphandle kwabambalwa abaphezulu abazuza kuyo. Bangase babize impi nje, kodwa kuphela ngomqondo wokuphindisela, ukuletha usizi kolunye uhlangothi ngokuphindisela ngosizi olufike phezu kwabo. Nokho ngisho nangaleso sifiso “sobulungisa”, abantu abaningi babonakala bazi ukuthi ukuziphindiselela kwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu. Abantu abaningi engaxoxa nabo ngakho babheka impi njengengenakugwenywa; ngomqondo wokuthi babengayazi enye indlela yokubhekana nonya lwabanye. Hhayi abebengakulindele ngoba akukho okunye abakwaziyo.

Ngakho kwakujabulisa ukubona indlela abantu ababekulangazelela ngayo ukuzwa ukuthi impi ingase ingenakugwenywa. Bathuthelekela ezingqungqutheleni ezifakwe yi-Nonviolent Peaceforce, inhloso yazo bekuwukusiza nokukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bathole amandla abo omuntu siqu kanye neqoqo lokugwema ukulimala ngaphansi kwerubrikhi ethi "Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi Okungahlomile". I-NP inohlu olukhulu "lwamathuluzi okuvikela" namakhono eyabelana ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuhlangana okuningi namaqembu afanelekile. Lawa makhono akhelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuthi izinga eliphezulu lokuphepha lifinyelelwa ngobudlelwane obunakekelayo phakathi komphakathi womuntu kanye nokufinyelela “kwabanye” abangaba yingozi. Amakhono athile ahlanganisa ukuqwashisa ngezimo, ukulawula amahemuhemu, isexwayiso kusenesikhathi/ukusabela kusenesikhathi, ukuphelezela ukuvikela, nokuzibandakanya kwabaholi bezizwe, osopolitiki, nabalingisi abahlomile kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ukuxhumana nomphakathi ngakunye kwakha umthamo ngokusekelwe kulokhu namandla namakhono asevele ekhona kule miphakathi esinde esihogweni.

Izixuku ezazifuna ezinye izindlela zempi zazinkulu nakakhulu lapho i-NP (izisebenzi zayo kuyingxenye yezizwe kanye nengxenye yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuklama) ijoyina abenzi bokuthula bomdabu ababefaka engozini ukusabalalisa ulwazi lokudala ukuthula. ESifundazweni SaseWestern Equatoria, iqembu labefundisi, amaKristu namaSulumane, linikela ngesikhathi salo ukuze lifinyelele kunoma ubani ocela usizo ngengxabano. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwakuwukuzimisela kwabo ukuhlanganisa amasosha asele ehlathini (izindawo zasemakhaya ezingathuthukisiwe), abanjwe phakathi kwedwala nendawo eqinile. Ngalesi sivumelwano sesikhashana sokuthula, bafuna ukubuyela ezigodini zabo, kodwa abamukelekile ngenxa yesihluku abasenze kubantu bakubo. Kodwa uma behlala emahlathini, abasekelwa lutho olutheni, ngakho bayaphanga futhi baphange, okwenza ukuhamba ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kube yingozi kakhulu. Bangase baphinde babizelwe empini ngokuthanda komkhuzi wabo uma kwenzeka enganeme ngenqubo yokuthula. Laba befundisi babeka engozini ukucasuka kwamasosha kanye nemiphakathi ngokubenza bakhulume futhi bahlale bebuyisana. Ngokubona kwami, ukukhathalela kwabo ukuthula ngokuzidela kuye kwabenza baba iqembu elithenjwa kakhulu kuleso sifunda sezwe.

Imibhikisho nezenzo zomphakathi zihlukile kubantu baseNingizimu Sudan. Ngesikhathi sami ngiseSifundazweni Sase-Western Equatoria, abantu baseSudan eKhartoum, phakathi nezinyanga zemibhikisho yasemgwaqweni ebandakanya izigidi zabantu, kwaholela ekuketulweni kobushiqela wabo weminyaka engama-30 u-Omar al-Bashir ekuqaleni. Ngokushesha umongameli waseSouth Sudan wakhipha isexwayiso sokuthi uma abantu baseJuba bengenza into enjalo, kungaba ihlazo ukufa kwentsha engaka, njengoba ebize ibutho lakhe siqu enkundleni yezemidlalo futhi wasungula entsha. izindawo zokuhlola kuyo yonke inhloko-dolobha.

Isikhathi sami nabaseSouth Sudan saqinisa inkolelo yami yokuthi umhlaba udinga ikhefu empini. Badinga ukukhululeka osizini nokwesaba ngokushesha, futhi banethemba lokuthi ukuthula kungaba phakade. Thina e-US sidinga ukukhululeka ekubuyiseleni emuva okubangelwa ukusekela impi ezindaweni eziningi - ababaleki nobushokobezi, ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuthengekayo, amanzi ahlanzekile, imfundo, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, nomthwalo wezikweletu. Womabili amasiko ethu angasizwa isigijimi esisabalele nesingapheli sokuthi impi ayiwona amandla emvelo, kodwa iyindalo yabantu, ngakho-ke ingaqedwa ngabantu. Indlela ye-WBWs, esekelwe kulokhu kuqonda, idinga ukuvikeleka kokunciphisa amandla, ukulawula izingxabano ngaphandle kobudlova, nokudala isiko lokuthula lapho imfundo nomnotho kusekelwe ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zabantu kunokuba kulungiselelwe impi. Le ndlela ebanzi ibonakala ivumeleke ngokulinganayo kukho kokubili i-US namadlelandawonye ayo, kanye neSouth Sudan nomakhelwane bayo, kodwa imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwayo kuzodingeka ishintshwe izishoshovu zendawo.

KwabaseMelika, kusho izinto ezinjengokususa imali emalungiselelweni empi iye kumaphrojekthi amaningi asiza impilo, ukuvala amakhulukhulu ezisekelo zethu zaphesheya kwezilwandle, nokuqeda ukudayiswa kwezikhali kwezinye izizwe. KwabaseSudan baseNingizimu, abazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi zonke izikhali zabo zezempi nezinhlamvu zivela kwenye indawo, kumele bazinqumele ukuthi bazoqala kanjani, mhlawumbe ngokugxila ekuvikelweni okungahlonyiwe, ukuphulukiswa kobuhlungu, kanye nokubuyisana ukuze banciphise ukuncika odlameni. Ngenkathi abantu baseMelika kanye nabanye abantu basentshonalanga bengasebenzisa umbhikisho womphakathi ukugxeka ohulumeni babo, abantu baseSudan baseNingizimu kufanele baqaphele kakhulu, bahlakaniphe futhi bahlakazeke ezenzweni zabo.

Isipho abantu baseNingizimu Sudan nakwamanye amazwe ahlushwa izimpi ezinde bangasilethela World Beyond War ithebula liwukuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana kwempi ngokwabelana ngezindaba ezivela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kweqiniso lempi kungasiza ukuvusa izizwe ezinamandla emibonweni evame kakhulu e-US Ukuze benze lokhu, bazodinga ukukhuthazwa, ukusekelwa okuthile kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokuzibandakanya ekufundeni ndawonye. Enye indlela yokuqala le nqubo kungaba ukwakha izahluko eSouth Sudan nakwezinye izindawo ezinezingxabano ezinodlame eziqhubekayo ezingavumelanisa indlela ye-WBW nezimo zabo ezihlukile, bese babe nokuhwebelana kwamasiko, izingqungquthela, izethulo, nokubonisana ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokufunda. sisuka futhi sisekelane emgomweni wethu wokuqeda impi.

UJohn Reuwer uyilungu le World BEYOND WarIbhodi Yabaqondisi.