by UDavid Swanson, Ngo-September 10, i-2018.
Njengohulumeni wase-US kanyekanye usongela I-International Criminal Court ngisho nokwenza sengathi ingashushisa i-United States ngamacala e-Afghanistan (isihloko "esiphenywayo" iminyaka manje, kuyilapho i-ICC ingakashushisi noma yimuphi umuntu ongeyena umAfrika nganoma yini) futhi (ngokubonakala okuncane okungaqondakali kwe-dissonance) kusebenzisa isimangalo esingenakuphikwa sokuthi uhulumeni waseSyria angase aphule umthetho njengezaba zokusongela ukwephula umthetho ophakeme wamazwe ngamazwe (ophikisana nempi) ngokubhebhethekisa ukubulawa kwabantu eSyria, ukukhetha phakathi kwempi nomthetho kwakungeke kucace kakhulu noma kubucayi.
Lo mbuzo uzophendulwa abaningi abanamakhono izikhulumi kanye nabagqugquzeli beworkshop ku #NoWar2018 kamuva kule nyanga eToronto. Ingqungquthela izogxila ekususeni ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngokuvinjelwa okungenabudlova nokuxazulula izingxabano. Abahlanganyeli kungalindelwa ukuthi bavumelane ngalokho okuningi nokunye okuncane.
Ingabe umthetho uye wasetshenziselwa impi noma ukuthula kuze kube manje? Ingabe yenze umonakalo omkhulu noma omuhle? Ingabe kufanele kube ukugxila okubalulekile kwenhlangano yokuthula? Ingabe kufanele igxile emithethweni yendawo, emithethweni ezingeni likazwelonke, ekulungiseni izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhona, ekwenzeni intando yeningi lezo zikhungo, ekudaleni umfelandawonye omusha womhlaba noma uhulumeni, noma ekuqhubekiseleni phambili izivumelwano zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali kanye namalungelo abantu? Akukho ukuvumelana kwendawo yonke, nanoma yini eseduze nakho, ekhona kunoma yimaphi kulawa maphuzu.
Kodwa ukuvumelana kungatholakala futhi kuzotholakala, ngikholelwa ukuthi, kumaphrojekthi athile (noma ngabe kukhona isivumelwano ngokubeka kuqala noma asikho) futhi kungase kutholakale - futhi kungazuzisa kakhulu uma kutholwa - ezimisweni ezibanzi uma kuxoxwa ngakho futhi ngokukhululekile futhi kucatshangelwa.
Ngisanda kufunda incwadi kaJames 'Ranney, Ukuthula Komhlaba Ngomthetho. Ngizithola nginokungavumelani okuningi njengokuvumelana nemininingwane yayo, kodwa ngivumelana kakhulu nayo kunesimo se-quo somqondo ovamile waseNtshonalanga. Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi sicabange ngeminye imininingwane, futhi siqhubekele phambili ndawonye njengoba sikwazi, ukuthi siyavumelana noma cha kukho konke.
U-Ranney uphakamisa umbono “omaphakathi” ohlala ufushane kakhulu ku-utopia ye-world federalism. Ecaphuna izincomo, manje osekungamakhulu eminyaka ubudala, zikaJeremy Bentham, uRanney abhala ukuthi “amathemba okwamukelwa kwesiphakamiso sikaBentham ‘sokuthula emhlabeni wonke ngomthetho’ cishe mamakhulu ngendlela engenakulinganiswa kunohulumeni womhlaba ozokwamukelwa noma nini maduze.”
Kodwa ingabe ukulamula, njengoba kwahlongozwa u-Bentham, akuzange kufakwe emthethweni eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule? Awu, uhlobo. Nansi indlela u-Ranney akhuluma ngayo lokho ohlwini lwemithetho edlule: “Isivumelwano Sesibili sase-Hague (sichitha impi ukuze kuqoqwe izikweletu; samukela 'isimiso' sokulamula okuyimpoqo, kodwa ngaphandle kwemishini esebenzayo)." Eqinisweni, inkinga eyinhloko nge-Second Hague Convention akukhona ukuntuleka "kwemishini" kodwa ukuntuleka kokudinga noma yini ngempela. Uma umuntu ebengase afunde umbhalo walo mthetho futhi asuse “ukusebenzisa konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze” kanye nokuthi “uma izimo zivuma” nemishwana efanayo, ungaba nomthetho odinga ukuthi izizwe zixazulule izingxabano ngaphandle kobudlova — umthetho ohlanganisa incazelo eningilizayo yenqubo yokuxazulula.
URanney ngokufanayo, kodwa ngesisekelo esincane, uyawuchitha umthetho owamiswa eminyakeni engu-21 kamuva: “I-Kellogg-Briand Pact (isimiso esivamile esinqabela impi, kodwa ayikho indlela yokuphoqelela).” Kodwa-ke, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ayifaki noma yimaphi amagama othango atholakala ku-Second Hague Convention, nanoma yini mayelana nezimiso ezivamile. Idinga ukuxazululwa kwengxabano engenalo udlame, isitobhi esigcwele. Eqinisweni "isimiso esivamile esinqabela impi" - ekufundweni kwangempela kombhalo walo mthetho - ukuchithwa kwempi futhi akukho okunye. Akukho okunembile okushiwo ngokuthatha amagama athi “isimiso esivamile.” Isidingo “semishini,” uma kungesona “sokuphoqelela” (igama elinezinkinga, njengoba sizobona ngomzuzu) siyisidingo sangempela. Kodwa izikhungo zokuxazulula izingxabano zingangezwa ekuvinjweni kwempi okukhona ku-Kellogg-Briand Pact ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi ukuvinjelwa akukho (ukuthi noma ngabe oyedwa uyawamukela noma cha izintuba okuthiwa zivulwe yi-UN Charter).
Nazi izinyathelo ezintathu u-Ranney azihlongozayo zokuthi asuse impi ngomthetho:
“(1) ukuncishiswa kwezikhali—ikakhulukazi ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi, okuhambisana nokuncipha kwamandla avamile;”
Ngivumile!
“(2) uhlelo olunezigaba ezine lokuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke (ADR), olusebenzisa kokubili umthetho nokulingana;” (“izingxoxo eziyimpoqo, ukulamula okuyimpoqo, ukulamula okuyimpoqo, kanye nokwahlulela okuyimpoqo okwenziwa yiNkantolo Yomhlaba”)
Ngivumile!
"(3) izindlela zokuphoqelela ezanele, kubandakanya ne-UN Peace Force." ("hhayi i-pacifism")
Lapha kukhona ukungezwani okukhulu. Ibutho le-UN Peace Force, nakuba lingayalwanga ngokufanelekile nguGeneral George Orwell, likhona futhi belihluleka ngendlela emangalisayo kusukela kwethulwa impi yaseKorea. U-Ranney ucaphuna, ngokusobala evuma, omunye umbhali ohlongoza ukuthi leli phoyisa lomhlaba wonke lihlome ngezikhali zenuzi. Ngakho-ke, lowo mbono wokusangana usemusha. U-Ranney futhi uthanda lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isibopho sokuvikela” (i-R2P) umhlaba ekuqothulweni kohlanga ngempi (ngaphandle, njengokujwayelekile, ukucacisa njalo ukuthi yini ehlukanisa omunye komunye). Futhi naphezu kokuntuleka kokuhlonipha umthetho ocacile njenge-Kellogg-Briand Pact, u-Ranney unikeza inhlonipho yendabuko ye-R2P naphezu kokuthi ungewona nhlobo umthetho: “Kumelwe kuqashelwe kakhulu ukuchaza ngokucophelela lapho 'isibopho esisha vikela' iziyalezo ezijwayelekile.” Ayigunyazi lutho.
Le nkolelo yokwakhiwa kwempi ye-UN ngenjongo yokuthula isithathaphi? Izindawo ezinjengalezi (inkolelo yemisebenzi efanele engekho emthethweni): “Naphezu kokuphikiswa kukamongameli waseMelika wakamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwamasosha e-UN ukusiza ukwakhiwa kwesizwe yinto okusobala ukuthi kufanele ngabe yenzeke kudala e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, manje ebiza i-US. izigidigidi zamaRandi, izinkulungwane zabantu, futhi akusizuzi lutho ngaphandle kokudelelwa ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba.” Ukuhlonza "kwethu" nohulumeni wase-US kuyinkinga ejulile lapha. Umbono wokuthi lezi zimpi zokuqothulwa kohlanga zabeka izindleko e-United States okufanele ngisho zishiwo uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zezisulu eziyinhloko zezimpi yinkinga embi kakhulu lapha - embi kakhulu namanje kumongo wephepha elihlongoza ukusebenzisa izimpi eziningi ukuze "kuvinjwe ukuqothulwa kohlanga. ”
Ngokungakhethi, uRanney uthanda iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene yentando yeningi, okungase iphakamise ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwayo amabutho ayo kuzobukeka kuhluke kakhulu endleleni ekwenza ngayo namuhla. Kepha ukuthi umuntu ulingana kanjani nokuthi ngokuhlala e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan angikwazi ukusho.
Ukwesekwa kukaRanney umshini wempi we-UN othuthukisiwe emhlabeni wonke kungenela enye inkinga ephakanyiswe encwadini yakhe, ngicabanga. Ukholelwa ukuthi i-World Federalism ayithandeki futhi ayinakuthandeka kangangokuthi akufanele iphakanyiswe noma nini maduze. Kodwa-ke ngikholwa ukuthi ukunikezela igunya lokubusa kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ebusa ngentando yeningi akujabulisi kakhulu futhi akwenzeki. Futhi ngiyavumelana nemizwa edumile kulesi sikhathi. Uhulumeni womhlaba obanzi okwaziyo ukuzama ukunqanda ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ngama-homo sapiens udingeka kabi, kuyilapho umekiswa ngokuqinile. Isikhungo somhlaba esilwa nezimpi esiphuma ngaphansi kwesithupha se-United States siphikiswa kakhulu, kanye nombono omubi kakhulu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi umqondo wokuthi kungani kuwumbono omubi ucacile. Uma ukusetshenziswa kodlame olubulalayo kudingekile ukuze kufezwe okuhle emhlabeni okungenakufezwa ngaphandle kobudlova (isimangalo esingabazisayo, kodwa esikholelwa kakhulu futhi ngokujulile) khona-ke abantu bazofuna ukulawula okuthile phezu kodlame olubulalayo, futhi abaholi bezwe bazofuna. abanye ukulawula ubudlova obubulalayo. Ngisho neNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ebusa ngentando yeningi ingasusa ukulawula ezandleni zamaqembu akufuna kakhulu. Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sikholelwa idatha yokuthi ukungabi nabudlova kusebenza kakhulu kunobudlova, ngakho-ke akukho mshini wempi odingekayo - okuyisizathu sokuthi abaningi bethu babona ukuzama ukuqeda impi.
U-Ranney unikeza izibonelo zalokho akubiza ngokuthi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe “oqinile”, njenge-WTO, kodwa awubandakanyi ukulwa. Akukacaci ukuthi kungani ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kwemithetho emelene nempi kusebenzisa impi ngokuziphula. Exoxa ngokuphoqelelwa kokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi, uRanney uyabhala: “Umuntu ongaphandle kwezwe onohlonze kufanele aphathwe ngendlela efanayo nombulali wasekhaya.” Yebo. Kuhle. Kodwa lokho akudingi “amandla okuthula” ahlomile. Ababulali ababhekwana nabo ngokuqhumisa amabhomu wonke umuntu obazungezile (izizathu zokuhlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001 kuyinto ehlukile futhi eyinhlekelele kulowo mthetho).
U-Ranney futhi uyakweseka njengokucabanga kwakamuva engicabanga ukuthi kufanele kube umgogodla wale phrojekthi. Uyabhala: “Akukhona ukuthi i-UNPF [United Nations Peace Force] akufanele ihileleke kokunye ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele kube namandla 'wokuthula nokubuyisana' asebenzisa ngokugcwele ukuxazulula izingxabano nezinye izindlela ezingenalo udlame, into efana ne-Non-Violent Peaceforce ekhona. Kuzodingeka kube nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabutho okuthula, anabasebenzi abafanelekile futhi abaqeqeshelwe ukugxila ezinseleleni ezihlukahlukene. "
Kodwa kungani wenze le ndlela ephezulu ibe inothi eseceleni? Futhi ukwenza kanjalo kwehluke kanjani kulokho esinakho njengamanje?
Hhayi-ke, futhi, uRanney uhlongoza i-UN yentando yeningi engabuswa abenzi bempi abakhulu abahlanu nabathengisi bezikhali. Lesi yiphuzu elikhulu lesivumelwano. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubambelele odlameni noma cha, umbuzo wokuqala uwukuthi ungayiletha kanjani i-United States kanye nabalingani bayo emphakathini womthetho womhlaba - okuhlanganisa nendlela yokwenza intando yeningi noma esikhundleni seNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene.
Kodwa uma sibona ngeso lengqondo indikimba yomhlaba ebusa ngentando yeningi, masingayiboni ngeso lengqondo sisebenzisa amathuluzi eNkathi Ephakathi, nakuba kunenqubekelaphambili enyantisayo kwezobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kufana emqondweni wami amadrama esayensi ezinganekwane lapho abantu befunde khona ukuhamba emkhathini kodwa bemagange kakhulu ukuqalisa izimpi zesibhakela. Lokho akulona iqiniso okungenzeka. Akuwona futhi umhlaba lapho i-United States isilahlile isimo sesizwe esikhohlakele kuyilapho ukusebenzelana okujwayelekile phakathi kwezizwe kubandakanya ukuqhuma kwamabhomu.
Ukufika ku-a world beyond war ngaphandle kokusebenzisa impi ukwenza kanjalo akuyona indaba yokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu, kodwa yokwandisa amathuba okuphumelela.
