NguDavid Swanson, I-American Herald Tribune
Izazi ziye zabhala ngokungaguquki iphethini. Yini eyenza izwe libe maningi amathuba okuthi lihlaselwe, lihlaselwe, “lingenelele,” noma ngamanye amazwi, ibhomu, akukhona ukuntula kwayo intando yeningi noma ubugebengu nokuhlukumeza kukahulumeni wayo, noma ubugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa kweqembu elithile elingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kodwa ukuba nowoyela kwalo. Nokho, ngempi ngayinye entsha, sitshelwa ukuba sicabange ukuthi lena yehlukile.
U-Robert F. Kennedy, Omncane, kufanele ashayelwe ihlombe ngokushicilela incwadi esihlokweni enesihloko esithi “Syria: Another Pipeline War.” Wona kanye umqondo wokuthi “ukwenza okuthile” nge-ISIS (okungukuthi, ake sibhekane nakho, kuleli phuzu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-republic yase-US kusho ukuqhuma ngamabhomu) angase ashayelwe uwoyela angase ashaye abaningi ngendlela ecasulayo. Angiphakamisi ukuthi kunengqondo. Izinkampani zase-US zingathenga uwoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngentengo efanayo ngaphandle kwazo zonke izimpi. I-United States izosindisa izigidigidi zamaRandi kanye nezigidi zezimpilo ngaleyo ndlela. Ingase futhi igweme ukucekelwa phansi okuthile kwesimo sezulu somhlaba ngokuthi, esikhundleni salokho, ishiye lowowoyela emhlabathini. Angiphakamisi futhi ukuthi ngoba umshayeli wangempela wezempi yase-US kuwukushisekela uwoyela, ubugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa kwe-ISIS noma i-Assad noma i-Russia noma i-Iran noma i-Saudi Arabia noma i-Israel noma iTurkey nanoma ubani omunye akukona okwangempela, noma yokukhathazeka okuncane noma ukukhathazeka okukhulu kunalokho abakufanelekelayo, noma ukuthi ukuphikiswa okungenabudlova okunobudlova ku-Assad eSyria akukaze kube khona, noma yikuphi ukufana okufanayo. Futhi angiphiki ukuthi kunezisebenzi zikahulumeni wase-US empeleni eziqhutshwa ukukhathazeka kobuntu, kuphela ukuthi akuzona izisebenzi ezikhuphuke ngendlela yokuthi noma ubani ake wezwa ngazo.
USenator Bernie Sanders kufanele ashayelwe ihlombe ngokuphindaphinda ukuketula umbuso wentando yeningi weCIA ngo-1953 e-Iran, ngo-1954 eGuatemala, njll. Kodwa kungani kuyisiqalo leso? Kuthiwani nge-1949 Syria? Ngabe lokho akubalwa ngoba umongameli wase-US wayeyiDemocrat? Njenge-Iran neVietnam kanye nezinye izizwe eziningi i-United States ezihlasele, iSyria yayisebenzele ukusungula intando yeningi ehambisana nezinkulumo zase-US. Kepha intando yeningi yayo ibingasekeli ipayipi likawoyela elihlongozwa yi-US phakathi kweSaudi Arabia neLebanon. Ngakho-ke, i-CIA yagumbuqela umongameli waseSyria futhi yafaka umashiqela.
Enye incazelo ngokuthula okumayelana nalesi sigameko ukuthi sehluleke ngokushesha kangakanani. Abantu baseSyria baphonse unodoli wabo wase-US emasontweni ayi-14. Uhulumeni wase-US wabe esechitha iminyaka engu-65 engafundi lutho kulokhu. Ichithe leyo minyaka ihlomisa futhi isekela omashiqela baseMpumalanga Ephakathi nabalweli bezenkolo, kuyilapho yenqaba zonke iziphakamiso zaseSoviet zokushiya lesi sifunda sikhululekile ukuze zizibuse. Ngo-1956, i-CIA yazama okunye ukuketula umbuso eSyria, ihlomisa futhi ixhasa amasosha amaSulumane, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Iminyaka eminingi, i-CIA yayilokhu izama - mhlawumbe kancane kancane kunemizamo yayo yokubulala uFidel Castro, kodwa ngokuqinisekile kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu.
Lo mlando awubalulekile nje kuphela njengomhlahlandlela walokho okungafanele ukwenze, kodwa futhi ngoba abantu baseSiriya nesifunda bayawazi lo mlando, ngakho ukhanyisa indlela ababuka ngayo izenzakalo zamanje.
UWesley Clark uthi iSyria yayisohlwini lwePentagon lohulumeni ababezoketula ngo-2001. UTony Blair uthi yayisohlwini lukaDick Cheney ngaleso sikhathi. Kepha iSyria ibivele ikulolo hlu amashumi eminyaka. I-WikiLeaks isazise ukuthi ngo-2006, uhulumeni wase-US wayesebenzela ukudala impi yombango eSyria. Futhi asiwadingi neze ama-WikiLeaks lapho abantu abafana noSenator uJohn McCain bebephumela obala bephindelela besho kuthelevishini ukuthi iSyria kumele iketulwe ukuze kwenziwe buthaka i-Iran okumele iketulwe. Kepha iWikiLeaks iyakuqinisekisa ukuthi isu lase-US bekuwukubhebhethekisa u-Assad ekuhlaseleni ngesihluku okuzobhebhethekisa ukuphikiswa kombuso wakhe, nokuthi i-US ibilokhu ihlomisa ama-Islamist eSyria kusukela ngo-2009 lapho u-Assad enqaba ipayipi elivela eQatar elalizohlinzeka iYurophu ngeMiddle East. Ubuthi baseMpumalanga kunobuthi baseRussia obucekela phansi isimo sezulu.
Umnyombo wezinto ezintsha eziseqhulwini zase-US zokuketula iSyria ngaleso sikhathi, futhi, isifiso sokusebenzisa ipayipi likawoyela elinqamula eSyria. Umnyombo wohlelo lwase-US kube, futhi, ukuhlomisa nokuqeqesha amasosha amaSulumane. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani wethu ezwe nge-ISIS, i-US Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) yaphawula ukuthi "i-Salafist, i-Muslim Brotherhood kanye ne-AQI (manje eyi-ISIS), ingamandla amakhulu aqhuba ukuvukela umbuso eSiriya. . . . Uma isimo siqhubeka nokubonakala, kungenzeka kusungulwe inhloko yamaSalafist eshiwo noma engadalulwanga empumalanga yeSyria (iHasakah kanye neDeir ez-Zor) futhi yilokhu kanye amandla asekela amaqembu aphikisayo akufunayo ukuze ahlukanise umbuso waseSyria. " Kungakho i-United States yachitha iminyaka ibhuntshisa imizamo ye-UN yokuthula eSyria, futhi yasichitha isiphakamiso sika-2012 esivela eRussia sokuthula eSyria. Uhulumeni wase-US ubenamaphupho okuketula uhulumeni waseSyria ngodlame, futhi wabheka ukunyuka kwe-ISIS njengenani okufanele likhokhwe.
Kube namaphutha ohlelweni. Okokuqala abaseBrithani, kanye ne-US, kanye nabantu bomhlaba bathi cha ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eSyria ngo-2013 ohlangothini olufanayo ne-al Qaeda. Ngemuva kwalokho i-al Qaeda (ISIS) yakhipha amavidiyo anqumayo, njengoba ayehlosiwe, agqugquzela abantu baseMelika baseMelika ukuthi basekele impi - ngokumelene nabo kunokuba balwe nabo. I-ISIS ibone amandla ayo okukhula ngokubonakala ihamba phambili Isitha yase-United States, hhayi ithuluzi lase-US lokuketula okunye. Ikhiqize amavidiyo anxusa i-United States ukuthi iyihlasele. Kodwa ngokwenza kanjalo, akuzange kuhlukanise uhulumeni waseSyria; kunalokho yahlanganisa umhlaba nohulumeni waseSyria. Uhulumeni wase-US waqala ukuphika ukuthi wake wahlangana ne-ISIS, noma wasola iSaudi Arabia neTurkey ngokusekela i-ISIS (ngenkathi enza okuncane ukunqamula lokho kusekelwa).
Kepha umsuka we-ISIS awuphikisani ngempela. "I-ISI[S] iwumphumela oqondile we-al-Qaeda e-Iraq owakhula ekuhlaselweni kwethu," kuvuma uMongameli Obama. Amasosha ase-US acekele phansi i-Iraq futhi ahlakazeka ngaphandle kokuphuca amasosha ayo. Yabe isihlukanisa i-Iraq ngemigqa yamahlelo futhi yahlukumeza abantu iminyaka eminingi emakamu angamajele lapho babekwazi khona ukuhlela nokwenza itulo lokuziphindiselela. I-Iraq ehlomile yase-US, kanye ne-al Qaeda/ISIS bashaqa lezo zikhali. I-US yaketula uhulumeni waseLibya, futhi izikhali zayo zasabalala isifunda sonke. Futhi ama-US ahlomile futhi aqeqeshelwe ukulwa eSiriya, edlala isifiso seSaudi Arabia sokuketula futhi manje isifiso sayo esisha sokulwa izimpi eziningi, kanye nesifiso saseTurkey sokuhlasela amaKurds. UNobhala Wezwe u-John Kerry wavuma kuCongress ngoSepthemba 3, 2013, ukuthi iSaudi Arabia inikele ngomthethosivivinywa wokuhlasela kwe-US eSyria - okuzwakala kufana nombono wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yomuntu ozokhethwa uBernie Sanders lapho ephoqeleka ukuthi ethule. Eqinisweni, iTurkey, iSaudi Arabia, kanye neQatar baxhasa ngezimali ukuhlonyiswa kwezikhali zase-US kwamasosha aseSyria okuhlanganisa ne-ISIS (amaphupho kaSanders eSaudi Arabia exhasa impi. ngokumelene ISIS). I-Pentagon ilahle izigidigidi zamarandi ekuhlomeni nasekuqeqesheni impi, into i-CIA kade iyenza ngezindleko zezigidigidi. Izilwi ezithembekile “ezine noma ezinhlanu” zaba umphumela wePentagon. Bonke abanye ngokusobala base beyekile ukuba ababulali “abalinganiselayo” futhi babe ababulali “abaqisayo”. Bangaki abahlomile futhi “baqeqeshwa” izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, njengoba abantu base-Afghan benomkhuba wokwenza, asazi.
Kungani umphakathi wase-US wawuzimisele ukubekezelela impi entsha yase-US e-Iraq naseSyria ngo-2014-2015, ngemva kokuphikisa ngo-2013? Kulokhu isitha esikhangisiwe kwakungeyena uhulumeni waseSyria, kodwa amaphekula abesabekayo kune-al Qaeda, futhi okuthiwa awahlobene ne-al Qaeda, ebizwa nge-ISIS. Futhi i-ISIS yaboniswa ukuthi inqamula umphimbo wamaMelika kumavidiyo. Futhi okuthile kwacima ezingqondweni zabantu futhi bayeka ukucabanga—ngaphandle kokumbalwa. Izintatheli ezimbalwa ziveze ukuthi uhulumeni wase-Iraqi oqhumisa i-Iraqi Sunnis empeleni wayeshayela laba bamuva ukuthi basekele i-ISIS. Ngisho Newsweek ishicilele isexwayiso esisobala sokuthi i-ISIS ngeke ihlale isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuthi i-United States isisindise ngokuyiqhumisa ngamabhomu. U-Matthew Hoh uxwayise ngokuthi ukunqunywa amakhanda kwakungafanele kuthathwe.
Umphakathi nabezindaba bakugwinye konke, futhi uhulumeni wase-US wacishe waklinywa. Yayifuna ukungena empini ngasohlangothini olufanayo ne-ISIS. Manje yayinethuba lokungenela ngokumelene ne-ISIS. Kubuke lokhu njengendlela yokungena nhlangothi zombili ngokuvulela amasosha ahlomile icala azophikisana ne-ISIS ne-Assad, noma ngabe abekho abalwi abanjalo.
Ukwenza impi entsha ihlonipheke kakhudlwana, kwalandela isidingo sokuhlenga izakhamuzi ezivaleleke esiqongweni sentaba futhi zilindele ukufa ezandleni ze-ISIS. Indaba yayingelona iqiniso ngokuphelele, kodwa imininingwane yayo yayilufifi. Iningi labantu liyishiyile intaba noma lenqaba ukusuka entabeni lapho lalincamela ukuhlala khona, ngaphambi kokuthi kwenziwe umkhankaso wokuhlenga wase-US. Futhi i-US ibonakala iwisa amabhomu kakhulu ngenhloso yokuvikela uwoyela kunokuvikela abantu (iziteleka ezine zomoya eduze kwentaba, eziningi eduze ne-Erbil enothe ngowoyela). Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yabasiza labo bantu noma cha, kwadalwa impi yase-US, futhi abahleli bempi abazange babheke emuva.
Umhlaba, njengoba umelwe eNhlanganweni Yezizwe, awuzange uvume ngokuphelele futhi awuzange ugunyaze le mpi ngaphezu kokuhlasela okwakuhlongozwa ngonyaka owedlule, ingxenye enkulu ngoba i-UN yayigunyaze ukuthi kube nokuhlenga abantu eLibya ngo-2011. futhi wabona lokho kugunyazwa ngokubikezelwa nangokushesha kusetshenziswe kabi ukuze kuthethelelwe impi ebanzi kanye nokuketulwa kukahulumeni.
Ngaphezu kwezimangalo ezingabazekayo mayelana nabantu abadinga ukuhlengwa entabeni, i-United States iphinde yakhipha lokho okubekwe eceleni kokusindisa izimpilo zaseMelika, okuyizimpilo zabantu baseMelika edolobheni eligcwele uwoyela i-Erbil, bonke abebengaba khona. bagibela indiza eyodwa futhi baphuma lapho bekunesidingo sangempela sokubahlenga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanga aphelele kwakungenye indaba ephathelene nobubi. Uma kwenzeka abantu bengesabi ngokwanele, i-White House kanye ne-Pentagon empeleni basungula inhlangano yamaphekula engekho, abayiqamba ngokuthi iQembu LamaKhorasan, futhi i-CBS News bayibiza ngokuthi "usongo olusheshayo ezweni laseMelika." Ngenkathi i-ISIS yayimbi kakhulu kune-al Qaeda ne-al Qaeda imbi kakhulu kuneTaliban, lesi silo esisha saboniswa njengesibi kakhulu kune-ISIS futhi sihlela ukuqhunyiswa kwezindiza zase-US ngokushesha. Abukho ubufakazi balokhu obanikezwayo, noma ngokusobala obufunwa “izintatheli.” Omunye wabakhi bempi baseMelika bangene ngokuphepha empini entsha, konke ukukhuluma ngeQembu leKhorosan kwaphela.
Ukube ubungethukile ngokwanele, futhi uma ubungenandaba nabantu entabeni ukuphonsa amabhomu kubantu esigodini, bekunomsebenzi wakho wokushisekela izwe ukunqoba “ukukhathala kokungenela,” okuyinxusa laseMelika e-United States. Izizwe uSamantha Power waqala ukubhala nokukhuluma, empeleni exwayisa ngokuthi uma sinaka kakhulu ukuthi yiziphi izindawo eziqhunyiswa ngamabhomu njengeLibya ezibenze kuzo sizohluleka esibophweni sethu sokusekela ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwezindawo ezintsha njengeSyria. Ngokushesha nje, imithombo yezindaba yase-US yayibambe izimpikiswano ezazisukela ekukhulumeni ukuze kuqalwe uhlobo olulodwa lwempi kuze kufike ekukhulumeni kokwethulwa kohlobo oluthile lwempi oluhlukile. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngoFairness and Accuracy in Reporting luthole ukuthi ukufakwa kwezivakashi ezimelene nempi kwabezindaba ezinkulu zase-US kwakushoda kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwempi ka-2014 kunokuba kwakunjalo ngo-2003 kulungiselelwa ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq.
Intshisekelo yase-US empini eSyria nase-Iraq kusukela i-2014 ithathe lesi sithombe esisha sokuphikiswa okungenakugwenywa kokubi. Kepha intshisekelo ye-US yokuketula uhulumeni waseSyria isalokhu iphambili futhi iphakathi, naphezu kwezinhlekelele ezidalwe eLibya, e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan, nakwezinye izizwe “ezikhululiwe”. Njengakuzo zonke ezinye izimpi, lena inezikhali zase-US nhlangothi zombili, nezithakazelo zase-US nhlangothi zombili. Njengasempini “yokwesabisa” iyonke, le mpi idala ubuphekula obengeziwe futhi ibhebhezela inzondo eningi emelene ne-US, ingavikeli i-United States, lapho i-ISIS engeyona usongo olukhulu. Baningi abantu abalinyazwe embuthanweni kaDonald Trump futhi baningi kakhulu ababulawa ugwayi noma izimoto ukudlula i-ISIS e-United States. Okuheha abantu abaphazamisekile e-United States kanye nomhlaba wonke ku-ISIS, ingxenye enkulu okungahambi kahle I-US ihlasela i-ISIS.
Ukube izisusa zase-US bezisiza abantu, bekuzoyeka ukubhebhethekisa udlame, futhi bekungeke kube yizimpi nokuhlukumeza ohulumeni abanonya emhlabeni wonke kubandakanya ne-Middle East, mhlawumbe evelele kakhulu manje iSaudi Arabia, umthengi ohamba phambili wezikhali zase-US eziqhuma amabhomu. izakhamuzi zaseYemen zisebenzisa lezo zikhali, zibulala abantu abaningi kakhulu ekhaya kune-ISIS, futhi empeleni exhase ubuphekula obubalulekile e-United States.
U-Tim Clemente utshele uRobert F. Kennedy Jr. ukuthi ubone umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwempi yase-Iraq yango-2003 kanye nempi yakamuva kakhulu yaseSyria: “izigidi zamadoda asekhulile abalekela inkundla yempi eya e-Europe kunokuba ahlale elwela impi. imiphakathi yabo. 'Unaleli butho lempi elisabekayo futhi bonke bayabaleka. Angiqondi ukuthi ungaba kanjani nezigidi zamadoda amadala ezempi abaleke enkundleni yempi. E-Iraq, isibindi sasidabukisa—nganginabangane abenqaba ukulishiya izwe nakuba babazi ukuthi bazokufa. Bazokutshela nje ukuthi yizwe lami, ngidinga ukuhlala ngilwe, ”kusho uClemente. Incazelo esobala ukuthi abalingani besizwe babalekela impi okungeyona impi yabo. Bafuna nje ukubalekela ukuchotshozwa phakathi konya luka-Assad lwaseRussia olusekelwe kanye nesando esinonya i-Jihadi Sunni [uhulumeni wase-US] abe nesandla ekubambeni iqhaza empini yomhlaba wonke yokuqhudelana kwamapayipi. Awukwazi ukusola abantu baseSyria ngokungawamukeli kabanzi ipulani lesizwe sabo elakhiwe eWashington noma eMoscow. Amandla amakhulu awashiyanga izinketho zekusasa elinombono abantu baseSyria abalinganiselayo abangacabanga ukulilwela. Futhi akekho ofuna ukufela ipayipi.”
U-Kennedy uphakamisa njengesinyathelo sokuqala sase-US sokuxazulula le nkinga: ukuyeka ukusebenzisa uwoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngingakwenza kube lula lokho ukuthi: ngiyeke ukusebenzisa uwoyela. Ukubeka iYurophu kuwoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi esikhundleni sikawoyela waseRussia akukhona nje ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-US. Imayelana nokubangisana neRussia. I-United States idinga ukuthi ivuseleleke futhi izinzile ekusebenziseni kwayo amandla nokucabanga kwayo. Ikweleta Middle East izinxephezelo kanye nosizo ngezinga elikhulu. Ikweleta usizo lomhlaba ekutshaleni amandla ngezinga elikhulu. Amaphrojekthi anjalo, vele, angabiza kancane ngokwezimali nangayo yonke enye indlela kunokuqhubeka nempi ephikisayo.
Lokhu ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bafunde umlando, okuhlanganisa nomlando wokuholela eMpini Yezwe II, izinganekwane ngazo ezigcina ukwethembeka kwe-US esikhungweni sempi. Lokho kusho ukuthatha igxathu elikhulu ngale kwezingxoxo zenkulumompikiswano kamongameli yangeSonto eledlule mayelana nezikole ezinesikhunta namagundane nokudutshulwa kwabantu abaningi. Kusho uhlelo lokuxhumana lapho ingekho nje indawo yento efana ne-CNN. Sizokwenza kabusha abezindaba zethu nezikole zethu, noma sizozicekela phansi singazi ukuthi senze kanjani.
UDavid Swanson ungumbhali wencwadi ethi War Is A Lie: Second Edition, ezoshicilelwa yiJust World Books ngo-Ephreli 5, 2016.
