NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Okthoba 22, 2021
Ngokusho the I-Smithsonian Magazine - alethwe kuwe ngabantu abaneminyuziyamu phezulu naphansi kweNational Mall eWashington DC - UKing George III wayengumbusi wentando yeningi nosizo ngo-1776.
Ngingazonda ukuthi lokhu kuzwakale njengokuluma embongolweni, kuza ngqo ezithendeni zokufa kukaColin Powell, owenza okuningi ngombono wokuthi impi ingahle isekelwe emaqinisweni aqinile. Kuyinhlanhla, mhlawumbe, ukuthi iMpi Yezwe II ithathe kakhulu indawo ye-American Revolution njengenganekwane yemvelaphi yobuzwe base-US (inqobo nje uma iningi amaqiniso ayisisekelo ngeWWII zigwenywa ngokucophelela).
Noma kunjalo, kukhona uthando lwezingane, inganekwane ekhazimulayo edliwa ngonya ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sithola ukuthi uGeorge Washington wayengenamazinyo okhuni noma ekhuluma iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi, noma ukuthi uPaul Revere akazange agibele yedwa, noma leso sigqila- ukuba nenkulumo kaPatrick Henry mayelana nenkululeko yabhalwa amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe, noma ukuthi uMolly Pitcher wayengekho. Kwanele ukungenza ngicishe ngifise ukukhala noma ngikhule.
Futhi manje nakhu kufika I-Smithsonian Magazine ukusiphuca ngisho nesitha esiphelele, umlungu kumculo we-Hamilton, uhlanya emafilimini aseHollywood, Ubukhosi Bakhe Bobukhosi be-blue piss, ummangalelwa nogwetshiwe ku-Declaration of Independence. Ukube bekungengenxa kaHitler, ngokweqiniso angazi ukuthi yini ebesiyoyishiya ukuze siphilele.
Empeleni, lokho okunyatheliswe ngabakwaSmithsonian, ngaphandle kokubukezwa nakancane yi-Intelligence Community, kuthathwe encwadini ebizwa ngokuthi. Inkosi Yokugcina yaseMelika ngummangalelwa wesikhathi esizayo we-Espionage Act u-Andrew Roberts. UDaniel Hale uvalelwe yedwa iminyaka emine ezayo ngenxa nje yokusitshela ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US wenzani ngama-drones nemicibisholo. Qhathanisa lokho nalokhu okuvela kuMnu. Roberts, ecaphuna iNkosi uGeorge ngobubi bobugqila:
“'Izaba ezazisetshenziswa abaseSpain ekugqilazeni iZwe Elisha zazifuna ukwazi kakhulu,' kuphawula uGeorge; 'ukusakazwa kwenkolo yobuKristu kwaba isizathu sokuqala, okwalandela kwaba amaMelika [aboMdabu] ayehluka kuwo ngemibala, imikhuba, namasiko, konke okuwumbudane kakhulu ukuba athathe inkathazo yokuphika.' Ngokuqondene nomkhuba waseYurophu wokugqilaza abantu base-Afrika, wabhala, 'zona kanye izizathu ezinxuswayo mhlawumbe ziyokwanela ukusenza sibe nomkhuba onjalo wokujezisa.' UGeorge akazange abe nezigqila yena ngokwakhe, futhi wavumelana nomthetho owawuqeda ukuhweba ngezigqila eNgilandi ngo-1807. Ngokuphambene, abasayine iSimemezelo Senkululeko abangaphansi kuka-41 kwabangu-56 ababengabanikazi bezigqila.”
Manje lokho akulungile. Abavukeli baseMelika bakhuluma “ngobugqila” kanye “nenkululeko” kodwa lezo zazingakaze zenzelwe ukuqhathaniswa nokwangempela, niyazi, ubugqila nenkululeko. Kwakungamathuluzi okukhuluma ayehloselwe ukukhombisa ukubusa kweNgilandi phezu kwamakoloni ayo kanye nesiphetho sakho. Eqinisweni, abaningi babavukeli baseMelika babenogqozi okungenani ngokwengxenye ngesifiso sokuvikela ubugqila ekuqedwa ngaphansi kombuso wamaNgisi. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokuthi iNkosi uGeorge yayingenazo izigqila ngenkathi uThomas Jefferson engakwazi ukuthola okwanele kubo alihambisani neze necala elibekwe inkosi ku-Declaration of Independence, u-Andrew Roberts (uma kuyigama lakhe langempela) elichazayo. njengenganekwane ekhiqiza.
“YiSimemezelo esasungula inganekwane yokuthi uGeorge III wayengumashiqela. Nokho uGeorge wayeyisibonelo senkosi yomthethosisekelo, eqaphela ngokujulile imingcele yamandla ayo. Akakaze avimbele nowodwa uMthetho wePhalamende, futhi wayengenalo ithemba noma izinhlelo zokusungula noma yini esondelayo phezu kwamakoloni akhe aseMelika, ayephakathi kwemiphakathi ekhululekile emhlabeni ngesikhathi seNguquko: Amaphephandaba ayengahlolisiswa, ayengavamile. amasosha emigwaqweni nezikhonzi zamakoloni angu-13 ayejabulela amalungelo nenkululeko eyengeziwe ngaphansi komthetho kunanoma yiliphi izwe laseYurophu langaleso sikhathi.”
Ngiyavuma lokho akuzwakali kukuhle. Noma kunjalo, amanye amacala akuSimemezelo kumelwe ukuba ayeyiqiniso, ngisho noma amaningi awo ayelingana nokuthi “uyena ophethe futhi akufanele aphathe,” kodwa icala elingumvuthwandaba emqulwini kwaba yileli:
"Unogqozi lokuvukela emndenini phakathi kwethu, futhi uzame ukuletha izakhamizi ezisemingceleni yethu, amaNdiya angamaSavages angenasihe, umthetho wawo wempi owaziwayo, ukubhujiswa okungaziwa kwayo yonke iminyaka, ubulili nezimo."
Kuyaxaka ukuthi abathandi benkululeko bekufanele babe nabantu ngaphakathi kubo abangasongela ukuvukela umbuso. Kazi laba bantu babengobani. Futhi la maqatha angenabubele avelaphi - ngubani owabamemela ezweni lamaNgisi kwasekuqaleni?
Abavukeli baseMelika, ngoguquko lwabo lwenkululeko, bavulela abaseNtshonalanga ukwanda kanye nezimpi zokulwa nabomdabu baseMelika, futhi empeleni balwa impi yokuqothulwa kwabomdabu baseMelika ngesikhathi seMelika Revolution, balandelwa ngokushesha yizimpi ezethulwe eFlorida naseCanada. Iqhawe lezinguquko uGeorge Rogers Clark uthe ubezothanda “ukubona lonke uhlanga lwamaNdiya luphela amandla” futhi “akasoze asindisa umuntu wesifazane noma ingane yabo angabeka izandla zakhe phezu kwayo.” UClark ubhalele izizwe ezahlukahlukene zaseNdiya isitatimende lapho asongela khona “Abesifazane Nezingane Zakho ezinikezwe Izinja ukuba zidle.” Wawalandela amazwi akhe.
Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe amaRevolutionary ayenamaphutha, futhi mhlawumbe kwezinye izimo iNkosi uGeorge yayiyinsizwa ehloniphekile ngesikhathi sayo, kodwa yayiseyisitha esibi esibi kubathandi bezwe abathanda inkululeko, er, ngiqonde amaphekula, noma ngabe babeyini, akunjalo? Nokho, ngokusho kukaRoberts:
“Ukuphana kukaGeorge III kwangimangaza ngenkathi ngiphenya ku I-Royal Archives, akhiwe ku-Round Tower e-Windsor Castle. Ngisho nangemva kokuba uGeorge Washington enqobe amabutho kaGeorge eMpini Yokuzimela, inkosi yabhekisela eWashington ngo-March 1797 ngokuthi 'umlingiswa omkhulu kunabo bonke kuleso sikhathi,' futhi lapho uGeorge ehlangana noJohn Adams eLondon ngoJuni 1785, wathi kuye, 'Ngizokwenza. Khuluma nawe. Ngaba ngowokugcina ukuvuma ukuhlukaniswa [phakathi kweNgilandi namakoloni]; kodwa ukuhlukana sekwenziwe, futhi njengoba sekungenakugwenywa, bengilokhu ngisho, futhi ngisho manje, ukuthi ngizoba ngowokuqala ukuhlangabezana nobungane be-United States njengombuso ozimele.' (Ukuhlangana kwakuhluke kakhulu kunalokhu okuvezwe engosini ethi ‘John Adams,’ lapho u-Adams, odlalwa uPaul Giamatti, ephathwa ngokungafanele.) Njengoba la maphepha agqamile ekwenza kucace, akukho ukuhlubuka kweMelika noma ukunqotshwa kweBrithani okungasolwa ngakho. UGeorge, owasebenza njengenkosi evinjiwe yomthethosisekelo, elandela iseluleko songqongqoshe nojenene bakhe.”
Kodwa-ke, yayiyini ngempela injongo yempi echitha igazi eliningi lokubulala? Izizwe eziningi - okubandakanya iCanada njengesibonelo esiseduze - zithole ukuzimela ngaphandle kwezimpi. E-United States, abantu bathi “obaba abasungulayo” balwela inkululeko, kodwa ukube besingaba nazo zonke izinzuzo ezifanayo ngaphandle kwempi, bekungeke yini kube ngcono kunokubulala amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu?
Emuva ngo-1986, incwadi yanyatheliswa ngusomaqhinga omkhulu ongenalo ubudlova u-Gene Sharp futhi kamuva i-Virginia State Delegate uDavid Toscano, nabanye, ababizwa. Ukumelana, Ipolitiki, kanye Nomzabalazo WaseMelika Wokuzimela, 1765-1775.
Lezo zinsuku aziwona iphutha. Ngaleyo minyaka, abantu bamakoloni aseBrithani ayezoba yi-United States basebenzisa ama-boycotts, imibuthano, amamashi, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, ukungathobeli imithetho, ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ohulumeni abahambisana nezomthetho, ukunxenxa iPhalamende, ukuvalwa kwezinkantolo ngokomzimba. kanye namahhovisi namachweba, ukucekelwa phansi kwezitembu zentela, ukufundisa nokuhlela okungapheli, nokulahlwa kwetiye echwebeni - konke ukuze kuzuzwe ngempumelelo isilinganiso esikhulu sokuzimela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngaphambi kweMpi Yenkululeko. Izingubo zokuphotha ekhaya ukumelana nombuso waseBrithani zaziqhutshwa e-United States esizayo esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba uGandhi azame. Abakutsheli lokho esikoleni, akunjalo?
Amakholoni awazange akhulume ngemisebenzi yawo ngokwemibandela yesiGandhi. Abazange balubikezele udlame. Ngezinye izikhathi babeyisongela futhi ngezinye izikhathi bayisebenzise. Futhi, ngokudabukisayo, bakhuluma ngokumelana “nobugqila” baseNgilandi ngisho nalapho belondoloza ubugqila bangempela “Ezweni Elisha.” Futhi bakhulume ngokwethembeka kwabo eNkosini noma begxeka imithetho yayo.
Nokho benqabe kakhulu udlame njengokungakhiqizi lutho. Bawuchithile uMthetho Wesitembu ngemuva kokuwuqeda ngempumelelo. Bachitha cishe yonke i-Townsend Acts. Amakomiti abawahlele ukuze aphoqelele ukuduba kwezimpahla zaseBrithani nawo aphoqelela ukuphepha komphakathi futhi asungula ubunye obusha bezwe. Ngaphambi kwezimpi zaseLexington naseConcord, abalimi baseWestern Massachusetts babezithathele zonke izindlu zenkantolo ngokungenabudlova futhi baxosha abaseBrithani. Bese-ke abaseBostonia baphendukela obala ebudloveni, ukukhetha okungadingi ukuthethelelwa, ingasaphathwa eyokudunyiswa, kepha okudinga isitha ngasinye esinamadimoni.
Nakuba sicabanga ukuthi iMpi yase-Iraq kube ukuphela kwempi eyaqalwa ngamanga, siyakhohlwa ukuthi iBoston Massacre yahlanekezelwa ngendlela engenakuqashelwa, okuhlanganisa nokuqoshwa kukaPaul Revere okubonisa abaseBrithani njengababulali. Sisula iqiniso lokuthi uBenjamin Franklin ukhiqize udaba olungamanga lwe I-Boston Independent lapho abaseBrithani babezishaya isifuba ngokuzingela isikhumba sasekhanda. Futhi sikhohlwa imvelo ephezulu yokuphikisa iBrithani. Sehlisa imbobo yenkumbulo iqiniso lalezo zinsuku zakuqala kubantu abajwayelekile abangenamagama. UHoward Zinn wachaza:
"Emhlabeni we-1776, abantu abathintekayo emakoloni aseNgilandi benza ukutholakala okuzofakazela kakhulu kakhulu eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili ezayo. Bathola ukuthi ngokudala isizwe, uphawu, ubunye obungokomthetho olubizwa ngokuthi i-United States, bangathatha umhlaba, inzuzo, kanye namandla ezombangazwe avela ezintandweni zoMbuso waseBrithani. Kule nqubo, bangabambelela eziningana zokuhlubuka futhi bavumelane ngokusekelwa okuthandwayo ekubuseni ubuholi obusha, obunelungelo. "
Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuvukela umbuso okunobudlova, kuye kwaba nezibhelu ezingu-18 ezimelene nohulumeni bamakoloni, amavukela-mbuso ayisithupha amnyama, nezibhelu ezingu-40. Izikhulu zezombangazwe zabona ithuba lokuqondisa kabusha intukuthelo eNgilandi. Abampofu ababengeke bazuze empini noma bazuze izinzuzo zayo zezombangazwe kwakudingeka baphoqwe ngenkani ukuba balwe kuyo. Abaningi, kuhlanganise nabantu abagqilaziwe, bathembisa inkululeko eyengeziwe ngabaseBrithani, izinhlangothi ezingenalutho noma ezishintshiwe.
Isijeziso sokwephulwa kwemithetho e-Continental Army kwaba imivimbo eyi-100. Lapho uGeorge Washington, indoda ecebe kakhulu eMelika, engakwazi ukukholisa iCongress ukuthi inyuse umkhawulo ongokomthetho ube nemivimbo engu-500, wacabanga ukusebenzisa umsebenzi onzima njengesijeziso esikhundleni salokho, kodwa wawuyeka lowo mbono ngoba ukusebenza kanzima bekungeke kuhlukaniseke emsebenzini ojwayelekile. i-Continental Army. Amasosha nawo ashiya ngoba ayedinga ukudla, okokwembatha, indawo yokuhlala, imithi nemali. Babhalisela ukukhokhelwa, abakhokhelwa, futhi babeka impilo yomndeni wabo engcupheni ngokuhlala eMbuthweni bengakhokhelwe. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zaziphikisana noma ziphikisana nembangela ababeyilwela futhi behlupheka. Izihlubuki ezidumile, njengokuvukela kukaShays eMassachusetts, kuzolandela ukunqoba koguquko.
Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe iNguquko enodlame yayingadingeki, kodwa inkolelo yokuthi yayiyiyo isisiza ukuba sazise i-oligarchy yamanje eyonakele esiphila kuyo njengento yokubiza kabi “intando yeningi” futhi siqale impi ye-apocalyptic e-China. Ngakho-ke, awukwazi ukusho ukuthi kukhona owafela ize.
