NguDavid Swanson
Umdlali wasemuva weSan Francisco 49ers uColin Kaepernick unikezwe udumo olumfanele ngokubhikisha ngokucwasa ngokuhlala ngaphandle. Isibhengezo Esinenkanyezi Esiphihliwe, okungagcini nje ngokukhazimulisa impi (okuyinto wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise no-Kaepernick epholile ngayo) kodwa futhi kufaka phakathi ukucwasa evesini elingaculwanga futhi labhalwa umnikazi wesigqila onobandlululo inguqulo yakhe yangaphambili yayifake ukubandlulula kwamaSulumane. Uma nje sisavula amehlo ethu ngomlando ongemuhle ocashe obala, kufanelekile ukubuza ukuthi kungani i-49ers ingelona igama leqembu wonke umuntu alihlanganisa nokuqothulwa kohlanga. Kungani u-Kaepernick engahambisani nomfaniswano wakhe?
Impela, ukubhikishela ukungabi nabulungiswa okukodwa kufanele ukubonga okungapheli, futhi empeleni angilindele ukuthi noma ngubani okhuluma ngento eyodwa aphikisane nakho konke okunye. Kodwa ngisanda kufunda incwadi entsha esabekayo engisola ukuthi ivumbulule umlando iningi labantu baseCalifornia abangawazi. Incwadi ithi I-American Genocide: I-United States kanye ne-California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873, nguBenjamin Madley, waseYale University Press. Ngiyangabaza ukuthi ngike ngabona incwadi ecwaningwe kangcono nebhalwe phansi kunoma yini eyake yabakhona. Ngenkathi le ncwadi igcina i-akhawunti ebandakanya ukulandelana kwezikhathi, futhi nakuba kunokuningi ukungaqiniseki kumarekhodi asetshenzisiwe, amakhasi angu-198 ezithasiselo ezibala ukubulawa okuthile, kanye namakhasi angu-73 amanothi asekela icala elimangalisayo lokuqothulwa kohlanga ngencazelo yezomthetho ye-UN.
Lapho i-United States yeba ingxenye yeMexico, kuhlanganise neCalifornia, kwathathwa ukukhanyiselwa kobuntu, ngisola ukuthi sonke siyobe sazi kangcono ukuthi kwahamba kanjani nokuthi kwenzekeni ngaphambili. Abantu baseCalifornia cishe bebezokhumbula ngokwethuka unya olwenziwa kubantu bomdabu baseCalifornia ngamaRussia, abaseSpain, nabaseMexico, ukube lezo zenzo zonya azizange zikhuliswe ngokumangazayo ngabangu-49. Komunye umlando onjalo, inani lamanje laseCalifornia labantu abanokhokho bomdabu lingaba likhulu kakhulu, futhi amarekhodi abo nemilando yabo iphelele.
Ngisho noma sinikezwe lokho okwenzeka ngempela, ukube besinomkhuba namuhla wokucabanga aboMdabu baseMelika njengabantu bangempela kanye/noma uma sidlula umkhuba wokuhlukanisa lokho amasosha ase-US akwenzayo endaweni efana ne-Iraq (“impi”) kulokho okuncane -i-despot yase-Afrika ehlome kakhulu yenza (“ukubulawa kohlanga”) khona-ke izincwadi zomlando wase-US ezikoleni ngeke zigxume zisuka empini yaseMexico ziye eMpini Yombango, ngokushiwo (oh so boring) ukuthula phakathi. Phakathi kwezimpi ezazilwiwa phakathi kwakunempi yabantu baseCalifornia. Yebo, kwakuwukubulawa kohlangothi olulodwa kwezakhamuzi ezingahlomile. Yebo, izisulu zazibuye zisebenze emakamu futhi zishaywe futhi zihlukunyezwe futhi zilanjwe, zaxoshwa emizini yazo, futhi zicekelwa phansi yizifo. Kepha uma ucabanga ukuthi noma yiziphi izimpi zamanje zase-US azinawo alawo maqhinga, ubusebenzisa imidiya yase-US kakhulu.
UMadley uyabhala: “Ukubulawa ngokuqondile nangokungamabomu kwamaNdiya eCalifornia phakathi kuka-1846 no-1873 kwakuyingozi kakhulu futhi kwaqhubeka [kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo e-United States noma ezandulela amakoloni. Uyabhala: “Izinqubomgomo zombuso nezombuso zihlangene nodlame oluqaphile, zadlala indima enkulu ekuqothulweni kwamaNdiya aseCalifornia phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engamashumi amabili nesikhombisa yokubusa kwe-US. . . . [ukunciphisa] izinombolo zamaNdiya aseCalifornia okungenani ngamaphesenti angu-80, kusukela mhlawumbe ku-150,000 30,000 kuya kwezingu-XNUMX XNUMX. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka abasanda kufika - ngokusekelwa yizo zombili izifundazwe kanye nohulumeni wobumbano - bacishe baqothula amaNdiya aseCalifornia. "
Lona akuwona umlando oyimfihlo. Kuwumlando nje ongafunwa. Amaphephandaba, izishayamthetho zezwe, namalungu eCongress abhalwe phansi athanda ukuqothulwa kwabantu abababheka njengabancane kunabantu. Nokho kwakungabantu ababedale indlela yokuphila esimeme netusekayo futhi enokuthula kakhulu. I-California yayingagcwele izimpi kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika abantu inzalo yabo eyayizomemezela impi ukuba ibe ingxenye “yemvelo yomuntu”.
Bafika kuqala ngamanani amancane kakhulu ukuba alwe nazo zonke izakhamuzi. Okuvamile kunokubulawa kwabantu abaningi kuze kube ngu-1849 ubugqila. Kodwa imiphumela edabukisayo yobugqila, lapho abantu abamhlophe bebuka abantu bomdabu befunzwa emikhombeni njengezingulube, namaNdiya esebenza baze bafe futhi bathathelwa indawo abanye, yaba nengxenye ekucabangeni okwakucatshangwa amaNdiya njengezilwane zasendle, ezifana nezimpisi, ezidinga ukuqothulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwasungulwa uchungechunge lwenkulumo-ze olwalukholelwa ukuthi ukubulala amaNdiya “kwakuyofundisa amanye isifundo.” Futhi ekugcineni ukucatshangelwa okubusayo kungaba ukuzenzisa ukuthi ukuqedwa kwamaNdiya kwakungenakugwenywa, kulele ngaphandle kokulawulwa umuntu, ngisho nalokho kwabantu abakwenzayo.
Kodwa lokho bekungeke kube umbono ovamile kuze kufike ama-49ers, alabo abashiye yonke into ukuze bazingele amatshe aphuzi - futhi okokuqala phakathi kwabo kwakukhona labo abavela e-Oregon. Okwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi kwakufana nalokho okwenzeka empumalanga nalokho okwenzeka namuhla ePalestine. Amaqembu angenamthetho azingela amaNdiya ukuze adlale noma athathe igolide lawo. Uma amaNdiya ephendule ngodlame (oluncane kakhulu), lo mjikelezo unyuke kakhulu waba ukubulawa kwabantu ngezinga elikhulu kuwo wonke amadolobhana.
Abangu-49 batheleke ngasempumalanga nabo. Nakuba u-4% kuphela wabantu abashonile ohambweni olusentshonalanga ngenxa yokulwa namaNdiya, abafuduki bafika behlome behlome kakhulu ngenxa yokwesaba leyo ngozi ebabazekayo. Nabeza ngolwandle beza behlome bexhobile. Ngokushesha abokufika bathola ukuthi uma ubulele umlungu uyaboshwa, kanti uma ubulale iNdiya ngeke uboshwe. Amakholwa “Emisebenzi Yamahhala” abulala amaNdiya njengokuncintisana okungafanele ngomsebenzi, njengoba amaNdiya ayesetshenzwa njengezigqila. Uzamcolo wabasanda kufika ugaxe ukudla kwamaNdiya, okwawaphoqa ukuthi aphishekele ukuzondla emnothweni omusha. Kodwa babengafunwa, bedelelwa njengabangewona amaKristu, futhi besatshwa njengezilo.
Abasunguli baseCalifornia ngo-1849 bakha umbuso wobandlululo lapho amaNdiya ayengakwazi ukuvota noma ukusebenzisa amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo. Nokho, ubugqila babuqhutshwa ngaphandle kwegama elicacile labo. Amasistimu adalwe ngokusemthethweni futhi abekezelelwa ngaphandle komthetho lapho amaNdiya ayengafakwa khona, agcinwe ezikweletini, ajeziswe ngobugebengu, futhi aqashiswe, awenze izigqila ngaphandle kwegama. Nakuba uMadley engasho lutho ngakho, ngingamangala uma lolu hlobo lobugqila lungasebenzi njengesibonelo salokho okwathuthukiswa abantu base-Afrika baseMelika eNingizimu-mpumalanga ngemva koKwakhiwa Kabusha - futhi, vele, ngokunwetshwa, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nomsebenzi wasejele. e-United States namuhla. Ukugqilazwa ngamanye amagama e-California kuqhubekile ngaphandle kokuma kancane ngeSimemezelo Sokukhululwa nangale kwalokho, nokuqashiswa kweziboshwa zaseNdiya okusasele okusemthethweni nokugqilaza amaNdiya akhululekile kuginqika ngaphandle kwabasubathi bethelevishini abangabagxeka.
Amasosha abandakanyeka ekubulaleni abantu abaningi amaNdiya awazange ajeziswe, kodwa anxeshezelwa uhulumeni wezwe kanye nohulumeni wobumbano. Lesi sakamuva sadabula zonke izivumelwano ezikhona ezingu-18, zaphuca amaNdiya aseCalifornia noma yiziphi izivikelo ezingokomthetho. Izenzo Zamasosha ZaseCalifornia zango-1850, kulandela isiko Lokuchitshiyelwa Kwesibili Kwase-US (Kungcweliswe Ngegama Lalo) zakha amasosha ayimpoqo nawokuzithandela "zonke izakhamuzi ezikhululekile, ezimhlophe, ezinamandla" ezineminyaka engu-18-45, kanye namasosha ngokuzithandela - angu-303 kubo. lapho abantu baseCalifornia abangu-35,000 babambe iqhaza phakathi kuka-1851 no-1866. Iziphathimandla zendawo zinikeze u-$5 ngekhanda ngalinye laseNdiya elilethwa kubo. Futhi iziphathimandla zombuso emuva empumalanga kuCongress zaxhasa ngezimali ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngamasosha aseCalifornia ngokuphindaphindiwe nangokwazi, okuhlanganisa noDisemba 20, 1860, usuku olungemva kokuba iNingizimu Carolina izihlukanise (nobusuku bangaphambi kwenye yezimpi eziningi kangaka "zenkululeko").
Ingabe abantu baseCalifornia bayawazi lo mlando? Ingabe bayazi ukuthi iCarson Pass neFremont neKelseyville nezinye izindawo zihlonipha ababulali abaningi? Ingabe bayazazi izibonelo zamakamu asejele aseJapane ango-1940, kanye namakamu amaNazi enkathi efanayo? Siyazi yini ukuthi lomlando usaphila? Ukuthi abantu baseDiego Garcia, isibalo sonke esikhishwe emhlabeni wabo, bafuna ukubuya ngemuva kweminyaka engama-50? Siyazi yini ukuthi iningi lenani lababaleki elikhona manje nelingakaze libonwe livelaphi? Ukuthi babalekela izimpi zase-US? Ngabe siyacabanga ngalokho amasosha ase-US akwenzayo ezinze unomphela ezizweni eziyi-175, iningi uma kungezona zonke ngezinye izikhathi abezibiza ngokuthi “Izwe LamaNdiya”?
EPhilippines, i-United States yakha izisekelo emhlabeni wabantu bomdabu base-Aetas, “abagcina sebegaya udoti wezempi ukuze basinde. "
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II i-US Navy yathatha isiqhingi esincane saseHawaii i-Koho'alawe ukuze ithole uhla lokuhlola izikhali futhi yayala izakhamuzi zaso ukuthi zihambe. Isiqhingi siye saba echithekile.
Ngo-1942, i-Navy yasusa i-Aleutian Islanders.
UMongameli uHarry Truman wanquma ukuthi izakhamuzi zomdabu zase-Bikini Atoll ezingu-170 zazingenalo ilungelo lesiqhingi sazo. Wabakhipha ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi ka-1946, futhi balahlwa njengababaleki kwezinye iziqhingi ngaphandle kokusekelwa noma isakhiwo senhlalo. Eminyakeni ezayo, i-United States izosusa abantu abangu-147 e-Enewetak Atoll kanye nabo bonke abantu baseLib Island. Ukuhlolwa kwebhomu le-athomu ne-hydrogen kwase-US kwenze iziqhingi eziningi ezingenabantu nezisenabantu abaningi zingahlali muntu, okuholele ekuthutheni okwengeziwe. Kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1960, amasosha ase-US axosha amakhulu abantu e-Kwajalein Atoll. I-ghetto enabantu abaningi idalwe ku-Ebeye.
On Vieques, ePuerto Rico, iNavy yasusa izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi phakathi kuka-1941 no-1947, yamemezela izinhlelo zokuxosha i-8,000 esele ngo-1961, kodwa yaphoqeleka ukuba ihlehle futhi - ngo-2003 - ukuyeka ukuqhuma ibhomu esiqhingini.
E-Culebra eseduze, i-Navy yasusa izinkulungwane phakathi kuka-1948 no-1950 futhi yazama ukususa labo ababesele ngeminyaka yawo-1970.
I-Navy manje ibheke esiqhingini sase I-pagan njengokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-Vieques ingasetshenziswa, isizwe esivele sisusiwe ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Yiqiniso, noma yikuphi ukubuyisela kuyobe kunciphise kakhulu.
Kusukela phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi kuqhubeke ngawo-1950s, amasosha aseMelika asusa ikota yesigidi sama-Okinawans, noma ingxenye yabantu, ezweni lawo, ephoqelela abantu emakamu ababaleki futhi athumela izinkulungwane zabo eBolivia - lapho kwathenjiswa umhlaba nemali kodwa. akulethiwe.
Ku-1953, i-United States yenza isivumelwano neDenmark ukususa abantu be-150 Inughuit kusuka eThule, eGreenland, bebanika izinsuku ezine ukuba baphume noma babhekane nezibhamu. Babenqatshelwe ilungelo lokubuyela.
Kunezikhathi lapho ukuziphatha okunjalo kufaneleka njengokumelene nobuKhomanisi kanye nezikhathi lapho kuthiwa kuphambene nobuphekula. Kodwa yini echaza ukuba khona kwayo okungaguquki, okuqhubekayo kusukela kudala ngaphambi kokuba igolide litholakale eCalifornia kuze kube namuhla?
Ngomhla lu-1 kuNcwaba wezi-2014 iPhini likaSomlomo wePhalamende lakwa-Israel lathumela ekhasini lakhe le-FaceBook uhlelo ukuze kubhujiswe ngokuphelele abantu baseGaza kusetshenziswa amakamu okuhlushwa. Ubeke uhlelo olufanayo ngoJulayi 15, 2014, ikholomu.
Elinye ilungu lePhalamende lakwa-Israel, u-Ayelet Shaked, kubizwe ukuqothulwa kohlanga eGaza ekuqaleni kwempi yamanje, ebhala: “Ngemva kwawo wonke amaphekula kumi inqwaba yamadoda nabesifazane, ababengenakuhileleka ebuphekula ngaphandle kwabo. Bonke bangabalweli bezitha, futhi igazi labo liyoba phezu kwawo wonke amakhanda abo. Manje lokhu kuhlanganisa nomama babafel’ ukholo, ababathumela esihogweni ngezimbali nangokuqabula. Kufanele balandele amadodana abo, akukho okuyoba nokulunga okwedlula lokho. Kufanele bahambe, njengoba kufanele bahambe emakhaya angokwenyama ababekhulisela kuwo izinyoka. Kungenjalo, kuzovuswa izinyoka ezengeziwe lapho.”
Ngokuthatha indlela ehluke kancane, isazi saseMpumalanga Ephakathi uDkt. Mordechai Kedar wase-Bar-Ilan University uye wanda kakhulu. kucashunwe emithonjeni yezindaba yakwa-Israel ethi, “Ukuphela kwento engavimba [abaseGazan] ulwazi lokuthi udadewabo noma unina bazodlwengulwa.”
The Times of Israel eshicilelwe ikholomu ngo-August 1, 2014, futhi kamuva ayishicilelwanga, enesihloko esithi “Lapho Ukuqothulwa Kohlanga Kuvunyelwe.” Impendulo yavela ukuthi: manje.
Ngomhla zi-5 kuNcwaba 2014, u-Giora Eiland, owayeyinhloko yoMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezokuphepha Wakwa-Israel, washicilela incwadi. ikholomu enesihloko esithi “EGaza, Ayikho Into Enjengethi ‘Izakhamuzi Ezingenacala’.” U-Eiland wabhala: “Bekufanele simemezele impi ngokumelene nezwe laseGaza (kunokuba silwe nenhlangano yeHamas). . . . [T]okufanele akwenze ukuvala iziphambano, ukuvimbela ukungena kwanoma yiziphi izimpahla, okuhlanganisa nokudla, futhi kuvinjwe nakanjani ukuhlinzekwa kwegesi nogesi.”
Konke kuyingxenye yokubeka iGaza “ekudleni,” endaweni ehlasimulisayo amagama womeluleki kaNdunankulu wakwa-Israel, enanela ulimi kanye nesenzo sokubulawa kwabantu baseCalifornia.
Nginxusa noma ngubani okhathalelayo ukuthi abhekisise kahle ukuthi kwenziwani eCalifornia nalokho okwenziwa ePalestine, angitshele ukuthi uyini umehluko. Labo abaphishekela ukuqothulwa kohlanga manje banethemba lokuthi ukuqothulwa kohlanga okwedlule kuzolibaleka, nokuthi esikhathini esizayo ukuqothulwa kohlanga kwamanje kuzolibaleka. Ubani ongasho ukuthi unephutha? Singa!
