NguNicolas JS Davies, Julayi 7, 2020
Lapho uMongameli Clinton ehla Amabhomu angama-23,000 Ngasohlangothini olusele lweYugoslavia ngo-1999 futhi i-NATO yahlasela futhi yathatha isifundazwe saseYugoslavia saseKosovo, izikhulu zase-US zethula impi emphakathini waseMelika "njengokungenelela kosizo" ukuvikela iningi labantu base-Albanian base-Kosovo ekuqothulweni kohlanga ezandleni zikamongameli waseYugoslavia uSlobodan. Milosevic. Lokho kulandisa bekulokhu kwembulwa kancane kancane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngo-2008 umshushisi wamazwe ngamazwe, uCarla Del Ponte, wasola uNdunankulu wase-US u-Hashim Thaci wase-Kosovo ngokusebenzisa umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu waseMelika ukuze abulale amakhulu abantu ukuze adayise. izitho zangaphakathi emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe yokufakelwa. Amacala kaDel Ponte abonakala ecishe abe yiqiniso. Kodwa ngoJuni 24, uThaci, manje onguMongameli waseKosovo, kanye nabanye abaholi abayisishiyagalolunye bangaphambili be-CIA-basekelwa i-Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA,) ekugcineni bamangalelwa ngalawa macala aneminyaka engu-20 ubudala yinkantolo ekhethekile yamacala empi eThe Hague.
Kusukela ngo-1996 kuqhubeke, i-CIA kanye nezinye izinhlaka zezobunhloli zaseNtshonalanga zasebenza ngokucashile neKosovo Liberation Army (KLA) ukugqugquzela nokubhebhezela udlame nezinxushunxushu eKosovo. I-CIA yabenqabela abaholi bobuzwe base-Kosovar abavamile bavuna izigelekeqe nabashushumbisi be-heroin abafana noThaci kanye nozakwabo, yabaqasha njengamaphekula namaqembu abulalayo ukuze babulale amaphoyisa ase-Yugoslavia nanoma ubani owayebaphikisa, ama-Serb ezinhlanga nama-Albania ngokufanayo.
Njengoba kwenzekile emazweni ngamazwe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950, i-CIA yakhipha impi yombango engcolile osopolitiki baseNtshonalanga nabezindaba ababeyisola ngokufanelekile kuziphathimandla zaseYugoslavia. Kodwa ekuqaleni kuka-1998, ngisho nesithunywa saseMelika uRobert Gelbard wabiza i-KLA ngokuthi "iqembu lamaphekula" futhi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN wagxeka "izenzo zobuphekula" ze-KLA kanye "nakho konke ukusekelwa kwangaphandle komsebenzi wamaphekula eKosovo, okuhlanganisa ezezimali, izingalo nokuqeqeshwa. ” Lapho impi isiphelile futhi iKosovo yathathwa ngempumelelo amabutho ase-US kanye ne-NATO, imithombo ye-CIA yaphumela obala. indima yesikhungo ekukhiqizeni impi yombango ukubeka inkundla yokungenelela kwe-NATO.
Ngo-September 1998, i-UN yabika ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingu-230,000 XNUMX zazibalekele impi yombango, iningi labo lawela umngcele liya e-Albania, futhi kwadlula uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN. isinqumo 1199, icela ukuba kumiswe ukulwa, umkhankaso wokuqapha wamazwe ngamazwe, ukubuyiswa kwababaleki kanye nesinqumo sezombangazwe. Isithunywa esisha saseMelika, uRichard Holbrooke, ukholise uMongameli waseYugoslavia uMilosevic ukuthi avume ukuqeda ukulwa kanye nokwethulwa komkhankaso “wokuqinisekisa” wamalungu ayizi-2,000 ovela ku-Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Kodwa i-US kanye ne-NATO ngokushesha baqala ukwenza izinhlelo zomkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu "ukuphoqelela" isinqumo se-UN kanye nokuqeda ukulwa kweYugoslavia.
UHolbrooke wancenga usihlalo we-OSCE, ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle wasePoland uBronislaw Geremek, ukuthi aqoke. UWilliam Walker, owayeyiNxusa laseMelika e-El Salvador phakathi nempi yombango, ukuhola iKosovo Verification Mission (KVM). I-US yaqasha ngokushesha 150 Dyncorp mercenaries ukwakha umnyombo weqembu lika-Walker, amalungu ayo angu-1,380 asebenzise imishini ye-GPS ukwenza imephu yengqalasizinda yezempi yaseYugoslavia neyomphakathi emkhankasweni ohleliwe wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu we-NATO. IPhini likaWalker, uGabriel Keller, owayeyiNxusa laseFrance eYugoslavia, usole u-Walker ngokucekela phansi i-KVM, futhi Imithombo ye-CIA kamuva yavuma ukuthi i-KVM yayiyi-"CIA front" yokuxhumanisa ne-KLA kanye nenhloli ye-Yugoslavia.
Isigameko esiyingqophamlando sodlame oluvuswe yi-CIA olwabeka inkundla yezepolitiki yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu nokuhlasela kwe-NATO kwaba umlilo endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Racak, i-KLA eyayiyiqinise njengesizinda lapho kucasha khona amaphoyisa futhi athumele amathimba okufa ukuze abulale wendawo " abahlanganyeli.” NgoJanuwari 1999, amaphoyisa aseYugoslavia ahlasela isizinda se-KLA e-Racak, ashiya amadoda angu-43, owesifazane nomfana osemusha eshonile.
Ngemva kokucisha umlilo, amaphoyisa aseYugoslavia ahoxa kulelo dolobhana, futhi i-KLA yaphinde yahlala kulo futhi yahlela indawo yesigameko ukuze umlilo ubukeke njengokubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Lapho uWilliam Walker kanye nethimba le-KVM bevakashela i-Racak ngosuku olulandelayo, bamukela indaba yokubulawa kwabantu abaningi be-KLA futhi bayisakaza emhlabeni wonke, futhi yaba yingxenye evamile yokulandisa ukuze kuthethelelwe ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kweYugoslavia kanye nokuhlala kwezempi eKosovo.
Ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu yiqembu lamazwe ngamazwe le abahloli bezempilo athole imikhondo yesibhamu ezandleni cishe zonke izidumbu, okukhombisa ukuthi zidubule izikhali. Cishe bonke babulawa ukuqhuma kwesibhamu kaningi njengasezicimeni zomlilo, hhayi ngokudutshulwa okuqondile njengasekubulaweni kafushane, futhi isisulu esisodwa kuphela esidutshulwe eduze. Kodwa ngokugcwele imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwesidumbu zanyatheliswa kamuva kakhulu, futhi umhloli omkhulu wezokwelapha waseFinland wamangalela u-Walker emcindezela ukuziguqula.
Izintatheli ezimbili zaseFrance ezinokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nethimba lekhamera ye-AP endaweni yesigameko baphonsele inselelo inguqulo ye-KLA ne-Walker yalokho okwenzeka e-Racak. Christophe Chatelet's isihloko ku Okwezwe sasinesihloko esithi, “Ingabe ngempela abafileyo eRacak babulawa ngegazi elibandayo?” nomlobi wezindaba waseYugoslavia uRenaud Girard waphetha indaba yakhe in Figaro ngomunye umbuzo obalulekile, "Ingabe i-KLA yafuna ukuguqula ukunqotshwa kwezempi kube ukunqoba kwezombusazwe?"
Ngokushesha i-NATO yasabisa ngokuqhumisa i-Yugoslavia, futhi iFrance yavuma ukubamba izingxoxo eziphezulu. Kodwa esikhundleni sokumema abaholi bobuzwe abakhulu baseKosovo ezingxoxweni ezaziseRambouillet, uNobhala u-Albright wandizela ithimba elaliholwa umkhuzi we-KLA uHashim Thaci, kuze kube ngaleso sikhathi iziphathimandla zaseYugoslavia zaziwa njengeqembu lezigelekeqe kanye nephekula.
U-Albright wethule izinhlangothi zombili isivumelwano esisalungiswa ezingxenyeni ezimbili, ezomphakathi nezempi. Ingxenye yabantu abavamile yanikeza iKosovo inkululeko engakaze ibonwe evela eYugoslavia, futhi ithimba laseYugoslavia lakwamukela lokho. Kodwa isivumelwano sezempi sasiyophoqa iYugoslavia ukuthi yamukele umsebenzi wezempi we-NATO, hhayi nje waseKosovo kodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele yendawo, empeleni ukubeka yonke iYugoslavia ngaphansi. Umsebenzi we-NATO.
Lapho uMilosevich enqaba imigomo ka-Albright yokuzinikela okungenamibandela, i-US ne-NATO bathi ukwenqabile ukuthula, futhi impi kwaba ukuphela kwempendulo, "ithemba lokugcina." Abazange babuyele kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ukuze bazame ukwenza uhlelo lwabo lube semthethweni, bazi kahle ukuthi iRussia, iChina namanye amazwe azoluchitha. Ngenkathi uNobhala Wezangaphandle e-UK uRobin Cook etshela u-Albright ukuthi uhulumeni waseBrithani "unenkinga nabameli bethu" ngohlelo lwe-NATO lwempi yobudlova engekho emthethweni ngokumelene neYugoslavia, wamtshela ukuthi "thola abameli abasha."
Ngo-March 1999, amaqembu e-KVM ahoxiswa futhi kwaqala ukuqhuma kwamabhomu. UPascal Neuffer, isibukeli se-KVM saseSwitzerland sabika, “Isimo emhlabeni ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuqhuma kwebhomu asizange sikuthethelele ukungenelela kwamasosha. Besingaqhubeka nomsebenzi wethu. Futhi izincazelo ezinikezwe emaphephandabeni, ezithi umkhankaso wehliswa izinsongo zamaSerb, azihambisani nalokhu engakubona. Ake sithi sikhishwe ngoba i-NATO inqume ukuqhumisa amabhomu.”
I-NATO ibulewe izinkulungwane yezakhamuzi eKosovo kanye lonke Yugoslavia, njengoba kwaqhuma ibhomu Izibhedlela eziyi-19, izikhungo zezempilo ezingama-20, izikole ezingama-69, amakhaya angama-25,000, iziteshi zikagesi, izwe lonke. Isiteshi se-TV, lo Inxusa laseShayina eBelgrade nakwamanye ohambweni lwamanxusa. Ngemva kokuhlasela iKosovo, amasosha aseMelika asungula iCamp Bondsteel engamahektha angu-955, okungenye yezisekelo zayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, endaweni yayo entsha. UKhomishana Wamalungelo Abantu WaseYurophu, u-Alvaro Gil-Robles, wavakashela i-Camp Bondsteel ngo-2002 futhi wayibiza ngokuthi “inguqulo encane ye-Guantanamo,” eyiveza njengemfihlo. Isayithi elimnyama le-CIA ngokuboshwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokungemthetho, ngokungenamthetho.
Kodwa kubantu baseKosovo, usizi lwalungakapheli lapho ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kuyeka. Baningi kakhulu abantu ababebalekele ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kunalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuhlanzwa kohlanga” i-CIA eyayikuvuse ukukubekela inkundla. Kwabikwa ukuthi ababaleki abangu-900,000, cishe ingxenye yabantu, babuyela esifundazweni esasibhidlikile, esigcwele abantu, manje esibuswa izigelekeqe nezinduna zakwamanye amazwe.
AmaSerb nabanye abantu abambalwa baba izakhamuzi ezisezingeni lesibili, bebambelele ngokunganaki ezindlini nasemiphakathini lapho eminingi yemindeni yabo yayihlale khona amakhulu eminyaka. Bangaphezu kuka-200,000 ama-Serbs, amaRom kanye nabanye abancane ababaleka, njengoba umsebenzi we-NATO kanye nokubusa kwe-KLA kwashintsha inkohliso eyenziwe yi-CIA yokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga nento yangempela. UCamp Bondsteel wayengumqashi omkhulu wesifundazwe, kanti osonkontileka bezempi baseMelika baphinde bathumela amaKosovars ukuthi ayosebenza e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ngo-2019, i-GDP ye-Kosovo yomuntu ngamunye yaba kuphela $ 4,458, ngaphansi kwanoma yiliphi izwe Europe ngaphandle kwe-Moldova ne-Ukraine ekhungethwe yimpi, ngemva kokuketulwa umbuso.
Ngo-2007, umbiko wezobunhloli wezempi waseJalimane wachaza iKosovo njenge "Umphakathi weMafia," ngokusekelwe "ekuthunjweni kombuso" yizigebengu. Lo mbiko uqambe uHashim Thaci, owayengumholi weDemocratic Party ngaleso sikhathi, njengesibonelo “sobudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kwabenzi bezinqumo abaholayo bezombusazwe kanye nesigaba sobugebengu esivelele.” Ngo-2000, I-80% ye-heroin ukuhweba eYurophu kwakulawulwa amaqembu ezigelekeqe e-Kosovar, futhi ukuba khona kwezinkulungwane zamasosha ase-US kanye ne-NATO kwabhebhethekisa ukuqhuma kobufebe kanye ukuhweba ngocansi, futhi ilawulwa isigaba esisha esibusa izigebengu saseKosovo.
Ngo-2008, uThaci wakhethwa njengoNdunankulu, futhi iKosovo yamemezela ukuzimela ngaphandle kweSerbia. (Ukuhlakazwa kokugcina kwe-Yugoslavia ngo-2006 kwakushiye i-Serbia ne-Montenegro njengamazwe ahlukene.) I-US kanye nabalingani abangu-14 babona ngokushesha ukuzimela kwe-Kosovo, futhi amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesikhombisa amazwe, cishe ingxenye yamazwe omhlaba, manje asekwenzile lokho. Kepha iSerbia noma i-UN ayikuqapheli lokho, okushiya iKosovo isenkingeni yesikhathi eside.
Ngenkathi inkantolo yaseHague iveza amacala abhekene noThaci ngoJuni 24, wayesendleleni eya eWashington emhlanganweni we-White House noTrump kanye noMongameli uVucic waseSerbia ukuze azame ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye kwe-Kosovo. Kodwa lapho amacala amenyezelwa, indiza kaThaci yangena i-U-turn phezu kwe-Atlantic, wabuyela eKosovo futhi umhlangano wakhanselwa.
Icala lokubulala kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezitho zomzimba ngokumelene noThaci laqala ukwenziwa ngo-2008 ngu UCarla Del Ponte, uMshushisi Omkhulu we-International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), encwadini ayibhala ngemva kokushiya kuleso sikhundla. U-Del Ponte kamuva wachaza ukuthi i-ICTFY yavinjelwa ekukhokhiseni uThaci nabamangalelwa kanye naye ngokungasebenzisani kwe-NATO kanye ne-UN Mission eKosovo. Engxoxweni ye-documentary ka-2014, Isisindo Samaketango 2, wachaza, “I-NATO kanye ne-KLA, njengabahlanganyeli empini, abakwazanga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene bodwa.”
I-Human Rights Watch futhi i-BBC walandela izinsolo zikaDel Ponte, wathola ubufakazi bokuthi uThaci nabangane bakhe babulala iziboshwa ezifinyelela ku-400 iningi labo okwakuyiziboshwa zaseSebian ngesikhathi kuqhuma ibhomu le-NATO ngo-1999. kanye nethuna lenqwaba elingaziwa eliseduze.
Umphenyi we-Council of Europe u-Dick Marty waxoxisana nofakazi, waqoqa ubufakazi futhi washicilela umbiko, uMkhandlu WaseYurophu. kuvunyelwe ngoJanuwari 2011, kodwa iphalamende laseKosovo alizange livume uhlelo lwenkantolo ekhethekile eHague kwaze kwaba ngu-2015. I-Kosovo Amakamelo Ochwepheshe futhi ihhovisi lomshushisi ozimele lagcina liqale ukusebenza ngo-2017. Manje amajaji anezinyanga eziyisithupha zokubuyekeza amacala omshushisi futhi anqume ukuthi icala kufanele yini liqhubeke.
Ingxenye emaphakathi yokulandisa kwaseNtshonalanga ngeYugoslavia kwakuwukubonakaliswa kwamadimoni kukaMongameli uMilosevich waseYugoslavia, owamelana nokunqunywa kwezwe lakhe okusekelwe eNtshonalanga phakathi nawo wonke ama-1990s. Abaholi baseNtshonalanga bahlambalaza uMilosevich ngokuthi "uHitler Omusha" kanye "noButcher WaseBalkan," kodwa wayesaphikisana nobumsulwa bakhe lapho efela esitokisini eThe Hague ngo-2006.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ekuqulweni kwecala lomholi wamaSerb aseBosnia uRadovan Karadzic, amajaji amukela ubufakazi babashushisi bokuthi uMilosevich wayephikisana ngokuqinile necebo likaKaradzic lokuqopha iRiphabhulikhi YaseSerbia eBosnia. Balahla uKaradzic ngecala lokuba necala ngokugcwele ngempi yombango eyaba umphumela, empeleni ngemva kokufa kwakhe exonerating UMilosevich unesibopho ngezenzo zamaSerbs aseBosnia, amacala abucayi kakhulu abekwe wona.
Kepha umkhankaso ongapheli we-US wokupenda zonke izitha zayo ngokuthi “omashiqela abanobudlova” kanye “noHitler Abasha” baqhubeka njengomshini wokukhipha amadimoni ku-autopilot, ngokumelene noPutin, uXi, uMaduro, uKhamenei, ongasekho uFidel Castro nanoma yimuphi umholi wangaphandle omelana neziyalo zombuso waseMelika. Le mikhankaso ye-smear isebenza njengezaba zokujeziswa okunonya nezimpi eziyinhlekelele ngokumelene nomakhelwane bethu bamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa futhi njengezikhali zezombusazwe zokuhlasela nokunciphisa. noma yimuphi usopolitiki wase-US omele ukuthula, idiplomacy kanye nokwehliswa kwezikhali.
Njengoba iwebhu yamanga esungulwe nguClinton no-Albright seyidalulwa, futhi iqiniso ngemuva kwamanga abo selichitheke liqeqebana elinegazi, impi yaseYugoslavia ivele njengesibonelo sokuthi abaholi baseMelika basidukisa kanjani empini. Ngezindlela eziningi, iKosovo yasungula ithempulethi abaholi base-US abaye bayisebenzisa ukuze bafake izwe lethu kanye nomhlaba empini engapheli kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Lokho abaholi baseMelika abakuphuthile “empumelelweni” yabo eKosovo ukuthi ukuba semthethweni, ubuntu kanye neqiniso akufani nesiphithiphithi namanga enziwe yiCIA, futhi baliphinda kabili lelo qhinga lokuphonsa i-US kanye nomhlaba empini engapheli.
Njengoba kwenzeka e-Kosovo, i-CIA isasebenza kabi, yenza izaba zezimpi ezintsha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali okungenamkhawulo kwezempi, ngokusekelwe kulokho. amacala angenasisekelo, imisebenzi yokuvala futhi ubuhlakani obunamaphutha, obunepolitiki. Sivumele osopolitiki baseMelika ukuthi bazibambele mathupha ngenxa yokuba lukhuni “komashiqela” kanye “nabayizigilamkhuba,” bebavumela ukuthi bazitholele isibhamu esishibhile esikhundleni sokubhekana nomsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokuqinisa abashoshozeli bangempela bempi neziyaluyalu: the US military kanye ne-CIA.
Kodwa uma abantu baseKosovo bekwazi ukubamba izigelekeqe ezisekelwa yiCIA ezabulala abantu babo, zathengisa izitho zemizimba yazo futhi zaduna izwe labo ngamacala abo, ingabe kukhulu ukwethemba ukuthi abantu baseMelika bangenza okufanayo futhi baphendule abaholi bethu ngamacala abo. ubugebengu bempi obusakazeke kakhulu nobuhlelekile?
Iran muva nje usolwa UDonald Trump ngokubulawa kukaGeneral Qassem Soleimani, futhi wacela i-Interpol ukuthi ikhiphe incwadi egunyaza ukuboshwa kwakhe emhlabeni jikelele. Kungenzeka ukuthi uTrump akalahlekelwa ubuthongo ngalokho, kodwa ukuthweswa icala komlingani obalulekile wase-US njengoThaci kuwuphawu lokuthi i-US "indawo engena-accountabilty" ukungajeziswa ngamacala empi ekugcineni sekuqala ukuncipha, okungenani ekuvikelweni okukunikeza abalingani base-US. Ngabe uNetanyahu, uBin Salman noTony Blair kufanele baqale ukubheka emahlombe abo?
