I-Ken Burns i-Vietnam War War Documentary Glosses Ngaphezulu Kwezindleko Zomphakathi Ezihlaselayo

"Ngicabanga ukuthi uma abaseMelika ukukhuluma ngeMpi YeVietnam ... sivame ukukhuluma kuphela ngathi. Kodwa uma sifuna ngempela ukukuqonda ... noma zama ukuphendula umbuzo oyinhloko, 'Kwenzekani?' Kufanele u-triangulate, " uthi umculi wefilimu uKen Burns wochungechunge lwakhe oluqoshiwe lwe-PBS "I-Vietnam War." "Kufanele wazi ukuthi kwenzekani. Futhi sinempi eminingi lapho unamasosha aseNingizimu Vietnam nabeluleki baseMelika noma ... nabalingani babo neV Vietcong noma eNyakatho yeVietnam. Kufanele ungene lapho futhi uqonde ukuthi bacabangani. "

Burns kanye wakhe umqondisi ohlangene ULynn Novick wachitha iminyaka 10 ku "Impi YeVietnam," esasizwa ngumkhiqizi wabo uSara Botstein, umlobi uGeffrey Ward, abacebisi be-24 nabanye. Baqoqe izithombe ze-25,000, zibandakanya izingxoxo ze-80 zabaseMelika nabaseVietnam, futhi basebenzisa imali eyizigidi ezingu-30 kuphrojekthi. Uchungechunge lwe-18-hour olumphumela luyisimangaliso Ukuxoxa ngezindaba, into okuthi uBurns no-Novick bathathe ukuziqhenya okusobala. "Impi YeVietnam" inikeza izithombe eziningi zamafilimu amavini, izithombe ezimangalisa, i-Age Age of Aquarius soundtrack, futhi iningi lokushaya umsindo. Mhlawumbe yilokho okushiwo yi-Burns ukuxolisa. Lolu chungechunge lubonakala lubuciko lobuciko ukuze ludlulisele izilaleli ezilalele kakhulu zaseMelika. Kodwa ngokusitshela ukuthi "kwenzekeni," angiboni ubufakazi obuningi balokho.

NjengoBurns noNoveick, ngiphinde ngichitha iminyaka eyishumi ngisebenza e-Vietnam War epic, nakuba senziwa ngesabelomali esincane kakhulu, incwadi ethi "Bulala noma yini ehambayo. "NjengoBurns noNovickick, ngikhuluma namadoda nabesifazane basezempi, abaseMelika nabaseVietnam. NjengoBurns noNoveick, ngacabanga ukuthi ngingafunda "okwenzekile" kubo. Kwangithatha iminyaka ukubona ukuthi ngiphambene nokufa. Yingakho ngithola "IVietnam YeVietnam" kanye nokubonakala kwayo okungapheli kwesosha namagundane okukhulumayo okubuhlungu ukubukela.

Impi ayikulwa, nakuba ukulwa kuyingxenye yempi. Izimpikiswano azizona abahlanganyeli abakhulu empini yanamuhla. Impi yanamuhla ithinta izakhamuzi kakhulu futhi ide kakhulu kunezimbangi. Amasosha amaningi aseMelika noMarines basebenzisa izinyanga ezingu-12 noma ze-13, ngokulandelana, bekhonza eVietnam. IsiVietnam esivela eNingizimu Vietnam, ezifundazweni njengeQuang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, kanye nalawo aseMekong Delta - izindawo zasemaphandleni ezishintshwayo nezinguquko - zazihlala ngeviki lempi ngesonto, inyanga emva kwenyanga , unyaka nonyaka, kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kwesinye. Ama-Burn no-Novick kubonakala sengathi abaphuthele kakhulu laba bantu, abalahlekelwa izindaba zabo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, balahlekelwa yinhliziyo emnyama yokulwa.

Ukunciphisa izitha zabo zaseVietnam zokudla, ukuqoqwa, ukuhlakanipha, nokunye ukusekelwa, inqubomgomo yomyalo waseMelika yaphenduka izimpikiswano ezinkulu zalezo zifundazwe zibe "ezingxenyeni zomlilo ezingenasici," ngokubhebhetheka kwamabhomu nokuqhuma kwamabutho, okukhulunywe ngokuqondile ukuba "ukukhiqiza" ababaleki, ukushayela abantu emakhaya abo egameni elithi "pacification." Izindlu zaqedwa, imizi yonke yayinqwabalala, futhi abantu baphoqelelwa ekamu lababaleki kanye nezindawo ezingcolile zasemadolobheni emanzini, ukudla nokuhlala.

I-US Marine iphethe owesifazane ombethe amehlo obhekene nemisebenzi yaseV Vietcong ehlombe. Yena kanye nezinye iziboshwa zahlanganiswa ngesikhathi se-Vietnamese-US Operation Mallard, eduze kwaseDa Nang, eVietnam.

Isithombe: Bettmann Archive / Getty Izithombe

Ngikhuluma namakhulu aseVietnam kulezi zindawo zasemaphandleni. Ngasemakhaya emva kwendawo, bangitshela mayelana nokukhishwa emakhaya abo bese bephoqeleka ukuba baphinde babuyele emanxiweni, ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo nezenkolo ezijulile, futhi bavame ukusinda. Bachaza ukuthi kwakunjani ukuhlala, iminyaka ekupheleni, ngaphansi kokusongelwa kwamabhomu kanye nezikhali zamabutho kanye nezikhali zezindiza ze-helicopter. Baxoxa ngemakhaya bashisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngaphambi kokuba bayeke ukuvuselela futhi baqala ukuhlala endaweni engaphansi kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni zokuhlala ezihlaselweni eziqothulwa emhlabathini. Bangitshela mayelana nokugeleza ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo zokuqothula lapho izikhali zomlilo ziqala. Bese bangitshela ngomdlalo wokulinda.

Wahlala isikhathi esingakanani endlini yakho? Kude isikhathi eside ukugwema ukugoqa, kodwa, hhayi isikhathi eside kangangokuba usengaphakathi ngaphakathi lapho kufika amaMelika namabhomu abo. Uma ushiye indawo yokukhosela uvale ngokushesha, umshini womshini ovela endizeni yezimoto ungakunquma uhhafu. Noma ungabanjwa phakathi komlilo phakathi kokukhipha ama-guerrilla nokuhlasela amasosha ase-US. Kodwa uma ulinde isikhathi eside kakhulu, amaMelika angase aqale ukugudluza amabhomu endaweni yakho yokukhosela ibhomu ngoba, kubo, kwakukhona isikhundla sokulwa nesitha.

Bangitshela ukuthi ngilinde, ngigubha ebumnyameni, ngilinga ukuqagela ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi abantu baseMelika abasebasha baseMelika abahlomile, bevame ukuthukuthela futhi besaba, befikile emnyango wabo. Njalo kwesibili kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Kwakungeyona nje impilo yakho emgqeni; umndeni wakho wonke ungase ususwe. Futhi lezi zibalo zaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, zifaka zonke izinqumo zokushiya izingqimba zendawo yokuhlala, imini noma ubusuku, ukuze zikhulule noma zilandele amanzi noma zama ukuqoqa imifino yomndeni olambile. Ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwaba uchungechunge olungapheli lokuhlolwa kwezinhlekelele zokuphila-noma-ukufa.

Kwakudingeka ngizwe ngezikhathi eziningi le ndaba ngaphambi kokuba ngiqale ukuthola umuzwa wokuhlukunyezwa nokuhlupheka. Ngabe ngiqala ukubonga izinombolo zabantu abathintekayo. Ngokwezibalo zePentagon, ngoJanuwari 1969 yedwa, izigameko zomoya zenziwa ezindaweni noma eduze nezindawo lapho izigidi ze-3.3 zihlala khona. Lona inyanga eyodwa yempi eyadlula iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi. Ngaqala ukucabanga ngabo bonke abahlali bashaywa uvalo njengoba amabhomu awela. Ngaqala ukuphazamisa ukwesaba nokulimala. Ngaqala ukuqonda "okwenzekile."

Ngaqala ukucabanga ngamanye izinombolo, futhi. Abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-58,000 base-US kanye ne-254,000 yabalingani babo baseNingizimu Vietnam balahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo empini. Abaphikisi babo, amasosha aseNyakatho yeVietnam kanye nama-guerrillas aseSouth Vietnamese, ahlupheka ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu nakakhulu.

Kodwa ababulali abasemakhaya bahlukumeza ngokuphelele lezo zinamba. Nakuba kungekho muntu ozokwazi ukubona isibalo sangempela, isifundo se-2008 sabacwaningi abavela eHarvard Medical School kanye ne-Institute for Health Metrics nokuVavanya eYunivesithi yaseWashington kanye nokulinganisa kukahulumeni waseVietnam, basikisela ukuthi kwakukhona ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, iningi labantu eNingizimu neVietnam. Isibalo esibulawe ngokubulawa kwabantu abalimele ukulimala senza inani labantu abangu-5.3 million balimala. Yengeza kulezi zinamba izigidi ezingu-11 zabantu abaqhutshwa emazweni abo futhi bangenasici ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi abaningi njengoba izigidi ezingu-4.8 zifakwe ngamanxepheli ezinobuthi njenge-Agent Orange. "Impi yaseVietnam" isenzo esibucayi kuphela kulo mgwaqo wezombusazwe nokuthi kusho ukuthini.

Owesifazane osekhulile waseVietnam ufinyelela embizeni enkulu ukudweba amanzi ezama ukulwa namalamlilo aqeda umuzi wakhe emzaneni we-20 miles eningizimu-mpumalanga yeDa Nang, eNingizimu Vietnam ngoFebhu 14, 1967.

Isithombe: AP

Isiqephu sesihlanu esithi "IVietnam yaseVietnam," esibizwa ngokuthi "Yilokho Esikwenzayo," siqala noMnumzana waseMarine Corps uRoger Harris ekhuluma ngempi yempi. "Uvumelana nezimo ezimbi zempi. Ujwayele ukubulala, ufe, "yena uthi. "Ngemva kwesikhashana, akukukhathazi. Kufanele ngithi, akukukhathazi okuningi. "

Kuyinto ezwakalayo ecacile futhi ngokusobala inikezwa ababukeli njengendlela iwindi ebusweni obuqotho bempi. Kodwa kwangenza ngicabanga ngomuntu oye wahlangabezana nempi isikhathi eside futhi esondelene kakhulu noHarris. Igama lakhe lalinguHo Thi A futhi ngezwi elithambile, elilinganisiwe wangitshela ngosuku oluyi-1970 lapho ama-US Marines efika emzini wakhe weLe Bac 2. Wangitshela ukuthi, njengentombazane encane, wayezogubungela egodini nomkhulu wakhe nomakhelwane osekhulile, behamba njengamaqembu aseMarines - nokuthi omunye wabaseMelika uphonse kanjani isibhamu sakhe wadubula Abesifazane ababili abadala bafile. (Omunye wamaMarines enyakatho ngalolo suku wangitshela ukuthi wabona owesifazane osekhulile "ugundane-shot" futhi efa kanye namacembu amancane abantu abafile, kuhlanganise nabesifazane nezingane, njengoba ehamba.)

U-Thi A watshela indaba yakhe ngokuthula futhi eqoqwe. Kwakuphela lapho ngidlulisela eminye imibuzo ejwayelekile ukuthi wahlehla ngokuzumayo, ekhala ngokudumala. Wakhala imizuzu eyishumi. Kwabe sekuyi-15. Khona-ke amashumi amabili. Khona-ke ngaphezulu. Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo yakhe yokuzivimbela, umkhumbi wezinyembezi waqhubeka uchithela.

NjengoHarris, wayesezivumelanisa futhi waqhubeka nokuphila kwakhe, kodwa ubuhlungu, ukubulala, ukufa, kwamkhathaza

I-Ho Thi A ku-2008.

Isithombe: Tam Turse

- kancane kancane. Lokho akuzange kusimangaze kimi. Kwafika impi emnyango wakhe, wathatha ugogo wakhe, wambulala. Wayengenakho ukuvakasha okwenziwe ngaphambilini. Wahlala empini nsuku zonke ebusheni bakhe futhi wayelokhu ephila izinyathelo ezivela kulowo mhlaba wokubulala. Yengeza ndawonye konke ukuhlupheka kwabo bonke abaseNingizimu Vietnam abaHo Thi A, bonke abesifazane nabantwana namadoda asebekhulile abathintekayo kulabo bunkers, labo abanemidlana yabo bashiswa, labo abahlala bengenamakhaya, labo abafa ngaphansi kwamabhomu kanye ne-shelling, nalabo abangcwaba izinhlungu ezibhubhisayo, futhi ziyisigxobo esikhulu esingaqondakali-futhi, ngezinombolo eziningi kuphela, okuyiyona nto eyinhloko yempi.

Kukhona noma ubani onentshisekelo ekutholeni. Vele ubheke amadoda ane-napalm-ebomvu noma ebomvu ubuso obuncibilikisiwe. Bheka ukuthi ugogo alahlekile izingalo nezinyawo, abesifazane abasha abanezibazi ze-shrapnel nabangabikho amehlo. Akukho ukuntuleka kwabo, ngisho noma kuncane nsuku zonke.

Uma ufuna ngempela ukuthola umqondo we "okwenzekile" eVietnam, ngokubheka konke ukubuka "iMpi YeVietnam." Kodwa njengoba wenza kanjalo, njengoba uhlala lapho uhlonipha "imidwebo engavamile yokubona imidwebo," ngesikhathi ukuguqula "ukuqoshwa komculo wesithombe esiyingqayizivele kusuka kuba [aba] abaculi abakhulu kunazo zonke," futhi futhi ukuzindla "ukuhlambalaza umculo wokuqala ovela eTrent Reznor nase-Atticus Ross," ucabange nje ukuthi empeleni ukhonjiswe esiteji sakho, ukuthi indlu yakho ngenhla iyashisa, lezi zindiza ezindizayo zihamba phezulu, t sikhuluma ulimi lwakho - zikhona lapho egcekeni lakho, zikhala imilayezo ongayiqondi, ukuqhuma amabhomu emgodini womakhelwane wakho, futhi uma uphuma emalangabi, ungene emangcwabeni, omunye wabo angase akudubule nje.

Isithombe esiphezulu: I-US Marine imise nezingane zaseVietnam njengoba zibukela indlu yazo ngemuva kokudlula iphoyisa ngemuva kokuthola izinhlamvu ze-AK-47, uJan 13, 1971, 25 ngamamayela aseningizimu yeDa Nang.

UNick Turse ungumbhali we "Ukubulala Noma yini Ehambayo: Impi YamaMelika YaseMixico, "Enye yezincwadi iphakanyiswe ngokuthi" okuhambisana nefilimu "ku-PBS iwebhusayithi ngoba "IVietnam YeVietnam." Ufaka isandla njalo kuThe Intercept.