UKafka On Acid: Isivivinyo SikaJulian Assange

Ngu-Felicity Ruby, Septhemba 19, 2020

Kusukela Ukuphikiswa Okudumile

U-Julian Assange udinga ukuvuka ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa ukuze asuke eJele laseBelmarsh aye enkantolo yase-Old Bailey, lapho ukuqulwa kwecala lakhe lokubuyiselwa kwakhe kwaqala khona ngomhlaka-7 Septhemba, amasonto amane. Ugqokiswa ukuya enkantolo kuphela ukuze aseshwe ngaphambi kokufakwa ebhokisini lomngcwabo i-Serco van ohambweni lwemizuzu engu-90 olunqamula eLondon esiminyaminya. Ngemva kokulinda eboshwe ozankosi ezitokisini, ufakwa ebhokisini lengilazi elingemuva kwenkantolo. Ngemuva kwalokho uphoqeleka ukuthi abuyele evenini yakwaSerco ezoseshwa e-Belmarsh ukuze abhekane obunye ubusuku eyedwa esitokisini sakhe.

Isenzo sakamuva setiyetha yezomthetho saqala ngokuboshwa kukaJulian kabusha ezitokisini ze-Old Bailey, ngaphambi kokubonana nabameli bakhe okokuqala ngqa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Naphezu kwazo zonke izinsuku eziwumnqamulajuqu zemibhalo sezidlulile isikhathi eside, naphezu kokuqulwa kwecala lokubuyiselwa kwecala kusukela ngoFebhuwari (ngoMeyi ukulalelwa kwecala kuhlehliselwe uSepthemba ngenxa ye-COVID-19), futhi ngemuva abavikeli babethumele zonke izimpikiswano zabo kanye nobufakazi obuningi, i-United States yakhipha elinye futhi icala, uJulian okwakudingeka aphinde aboshwe ngalo.

Icala lokuqala lavulwa yi-United States, njengoba uJulian eshilo ukuthi kuzokwenzeka, ngosuku i-Ecuador yamkhipha ngalo ehhovisi lenxusa layo, 11 April 2019. Icala bekungelokubopha itulo lokungena ngekhompyutha. Icala lesibili lavela ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa 23 May 2019, wengeza amanye amacala ayishumi nesikhombisa ngaphansi kwe-US Umthetho Wobunhloli, ngokokuqala ngqa uMthetho usetshenziswa ngokumelene nentatheli noma umshicileli. Icala lesithathu kanye nokushintshwa kwalo likhishwe ngokukhishwa kwabezindaba ku- 24 June 2020, ne-United States ingazihluphi ngokuyihambisa ngendlela efanele enkantolo kuze kube 15 Agasti. Kuhlanganisa namacala afanayo, kodwa, ngemva kokuhlomula kubo bonke ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezilethwe abavikeli, futhi sethula izinto ezintsha nencazelo ukuze kugcizelelwe ukulandisa kokuthi umsebenzi ka-Assange uyagebenga esikhundleni somsebenzi wentatheli noma wokushicilela, ngokusola ukuzihlanganisa ' Ongaziwa'. Iphinde yenza kube yicala usizo luka-Assange luka-Edward Snowden, futhi yengeza izinto ezintsha ezivela empahleni ye-FBI kanye nesela elilahlwe yicala, umkhohlisi kanye nomdlwenguli. Sigurdur 'Siggi' Thordarson.

U-Assange wabona icala elisha ngaphambi nje kokuba aphinde aboshwe. Njengoba lingayitholanga imiyalelo evela kuye noma lilungiselele ubufakazi noma ofakazi ngempahla entsha, ithimba lezokuvikela lacela ukuba ukulalelwa kwecala kubekelwe eceleni indaba entsha futhi kuqhubeke noma kuhlehliswe ukuze kulungiswe ukuzivikela ecaleni elisha. Ngokuphakamisa konke lokhu ̶ ukwenqaba ukukhipha into entsha noma ukuhlehliswa ̶ Imantshi uVanessa Baraitser yagxeka isiko elabhalwa kudala nguCharles Dickens Inganekwane Yamadolobha Amabili, lapho achaza khona i-Old Bailey ngokuthi, 'umfanekiso okhethwayo womthetho othi "Noma ngabe yini, ilungile"'.

Khona-ke, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaqala. Kuze kube yileli cala, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa e-UK ubukade ubhekane ne-COVID-19 ngokusebenzisa ikhithi ye-teleconferencing yango-1980 eyayimemezela njalo uma othile engena noma ephuma engqungqutheleni, kungekho msebenzi wokuthulisa ophakathi nendawo, okusho ukuthi wonke umuntu ubengenwa umsindo wangemuva wezindlu eziningi. kanye namahhovisi. Ubuchwepheshe phakathi nale seshini buthuthukiswe kancane, ngokusakaza kwevidiyo okungaqondakali okutholakala ezintathelini ezigunyaziwe ngaphandle kwase-United Kingdom. Imisakazo yabo ye-twitter ihlale ikhala ngokuthi abantu abezwa noma ababoni, ngokubanjelwa emakamelweni okulinda e-limbo, noma ukubona kuphela emagumbini okuphumula eqembu labasekeli bezobuchwepheshe. Kulokhu ubulungiswa obuvulekile buvulwa kuphela kuze kube manje imicu ye-twitter yabantu abafana @MaryKostakidis futhi @AndrewJFowler, uthayipha ngobusuku be-Antipodean, noma amaposi ebhulogi aphelele futhi aphoqelelayo we UCraig Murray, ziyatholakala.  Ngokuphindaphindwe imifudlana ovela ngaphandle kwenkantolo ehlinzeka ngezibuyekezo ezivela ku Musa Extradite Assange ithimba lomkhankaso, nalo khiqiza amavidiyo ukunquma ukugunyazwa kwezinqubo.

Cishe izinhlangano ezingamashumi amane, okuhlanganisa ne-Amnesty International, zathola ukugunyazwa ukuze zibukele ukuqulwa kwecala. Kodwa-ke lokhu kwahoxiswa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso noma incazelo, kwasala kuphela iReporters Without Borders (RSF) ukuthi ibheke egameni lezinhlangano zomphakathi. Umqondisi Wemikhankaso ye-RSF Rebecca Kusho uVincent,

Asikaze sibhekane nezithiyo ezinkulu kangaka ekuzameni ukuqapha noma yiliphi elinye icala kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe njengoba senzile nezinqubo e-UK ecaleni likaJulian Assange. Lokhu kuyakhathaza kakhulu endabeni enentshisekelo enkulu kangaka yomphakathi.

U-Kristinn Hrafnsson, uMhleli Omkhulu we-WikiLeaks, uqale wanikezwa isihlalo ekamelweni elalibukela phansi ezinye izintatheli, ngaphandle kokubuka isikrini. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yombhikisho wakhe kamabonakude owawucacile, wavunyelwa ukuba angene enkantolo ngezinsuku ezalandela, kodwa uJohn Pilger, uyise kaJulian uJohn Shipton noCraig Murray usuku ngalunye bakhuphuka izitebhisi ezinhlanu beya endaweni yokubuka, njengoba amakheshi e-Old Bailey engasebenzi kalula. .

Naphezu kwalo mkhosi we-ad hockery kanye nesikhathi esilahlekile, futhi naphezu komshushisi efuna impendulo ethi Yebo noma Cha emibuzweni ende neyinkimbinkimbi ngokubhekisela emakhulwini amakhasi anikezwe ofakazi ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuvela kwabo, ofakazi bokuqala abane ababizwe ngabavikeli bakaJulian benze a umsebenzi omuhle wokugcizelela isimo sezepolitiki samacala, kanye nobuntatheli bomsebenzi ka-Assange kanye noWikiLeaks. Izitatimende zochwepheshe abanikeze ngazo ngamunye zalungiswa ngaphansi kwecala langaphambilini.

Ufakazi wokuqala wayengummeli waseBrithani-waseMelika kanye nomsunguli we-Reprieve UClive Stafford Smith, uveze amacala amaningi amalungelo abantu kanye nezomthetho ngokumelene nezenzo ezingekho emthethweni njengokuthumba, ukuguqulwa, iziteleka zama-drone kanye nokuhlukunyezwa lapho ukushicilelwa kwe-WikiLeaks kwenze ukuba amakhasimende akhe enze ubulungisa. Ukujwayelana kwakhe nezinhlelo zezobulungiswa zaseBrithani nezaseMelika kwakusho ukuthi u-Stafford Smith angasho ngokuzethemba ukuthi nakuba kungekho ukuvikela okuthakaselwa umphakathi okuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwe-UK. Umthetho Osemthethweni Wezimfihlo, lokho kuzivikela kuvunyelwe ezinkantolo zase-US. Ngesikhathi ephekwa ngemibuzo, umshushisi u-QC James Lewis wacacisa impikiswano yase-US, yokuthi u-Assange usolwa ngokushicilela amagama, u-Stafford Smith athi uzodla isigqoko sakhe uma kuyilokho kuphela okwethulwa enkantolo e-United States. . Lapho kuhlolwa kabusha, icala laphinde lahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi alibhekiseli emagameni kuphela kodwa futhi 'nokuxhumana ngamabomu imibhalo ephathelene nokuvikela izwe' nokuthi amanye amacala awagcini nje ekushicileleni amagama.

Ufakazi wesibili kwakuyintatheli yezemfundo neyophenyo UMark Feldstein, uSihlalo we-Broadcast Journalism eMaryland University, okwadingeka ukuthi ubufakazi bakhe bunqanyulwe ngenxa yamadrama obuchwepheshe futhi baqalwa kabusha ngosuku olulandelayo. U-Feldstein uphawule ngenani elikhulu lezincwadi ze-WikiLeaks ezibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga kanye namazwe esiwakhangisile, wathi ukuqoqa ulwazi oluyimfihlo 'kuyinqubo evamile yokusebenza' yezintatheli, wengeza ngokuthi ukucela ulwazi 'akuhambisani kuphela nenqubo evamile yobuntatheli, kuyahambisana. igazi layo, ikakhulukazi kubaphenyi noma izintatheli zokuphepha kazwelonke'. Uqhube wathi: 'Wonke umsebenzi wami bekuwukucela imibhalo eyimfihlo noma amarekhodi'. Ubufakazi bukaFeldstein buhlanganisa nokubhekisela ku-Nixon (okuhlanganisa nezingcaphuno ezihlanganisa inhlamba; akukho okukuvusa ngo-3 ekuseni njengokuzwa igama elithi 'iqhude' lishiwo enkantolo yaseBrithani edidekile futhi edidekile). UFeldstein wagomela ngokuthi abaphathi baka-Obama babone ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhokhisa i-Assange noma i-WikiLeaks ngaphandle kokukhokhisa New York Times kanye nabanye ababeshicilele indaba ye-WikiLeaks okukhulunywa ngayo, lapho u-Lewis ephikisa ngokuthi abaphathi baka-Obama abazange bayeke ijaji elikhulu futhi bathole ulwazi ngokuthula, kuyilapho u-Assange enze itulo no-Chelsea Manning ukuze bathole ulwazi. U-Craig Murray uphawula ukuthi u-Lewis wakhuluma phakathi kwamagama amahlanu naphindwe kashumi kunalobu bufakazi.

Ufakazi wesithathu kwaba UProfesa Paul Rogers waseBradford University, umbhali wezincwadi eziningi ezikhuluma nge-War on Terror futhi onesibopho sokuqeqesha amabutho ezempi emthethweni nezimiso zokuziphatha ezingqubuzanayo zoMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-UK iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. U-Rogers unikeze ubufakazi ngesimo sezepolitiki somsebenzi ka-Assange kanye ne-WikiLeaks kanye nokubaluleka kwezambulo zokuqonda izimpi zase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ubalule ukuthi u-Assange wayengamelene ne-US kanjalo kodwa wayephikisana nenqubomgomo ethile yase-US yena nabanye abaningi ababefuna ukuyilungisa. Echaza ukuphatha kukaTrump ubutha bokungafihli lutho kanye nobuntatheli, uchaze ukushushiswa njengepolitiki. Lapho ephekwa ngemibuzo, u-Rogers wenqaba ukwehliselwa ku-Yebo noma Cha izimpendulo, njengoba 'le mibuzo ayizange ivumele izimpendulo ezimbili'.

UTrevor Timm, ongumsunguli weFreedom of the Press Foundation, wabe esekhuluma. Inhlangano yakhe yasiza izinhlangano zabezindaba njenge New York Times, lo Guardian kanye ne-ABC ukuthatha isofthiwe eyakhiwe ngu-Aaron Swartz ebizwa ngokuthi i-SecureDrop, ngokusekelwe ebhokisini elingenalutho eliqanjwe yi-WikiLeaks ukuze ukuvuza kunikezwe izintatheli ngokungaziwa. U-Timms uthe ukumangalelwa kwamanje no-Assange kwakuphambene noMthethosisekelo ngezizathu zokuChitshiyelwa kokuQala (inkulumo yenkululeko), nokuthi Umthetho Wobunhloli yabhalwa kabanzi kangangoba izoba yingozi ngisho nakubathengi nabafundi bamaphephandaba aqukethe imininingwane eputshuziwe. Ephekwa ngemibuzo, u-Lewis uphinde wabhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi akubona bonke ubufakazi obenziwe butholakale enkantolo yase-UK nokuthi buphethwe yijaji elikhulu lase-US. UTimm wagomela kaninginingi ukuthi izinqumo zenkantolo ezingenakubalwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka e-United States zazisisekela Isichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Usihlalo webhodi la Phendula U-Eric Lewis-ummeli waseMelika onolwazi lweminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu noke wamela iziboshwa zase-Guantanamo nase-Afghan efuna ukulungiswa ngokuhlukunyezwa - waneba izitatimende zakhe ezinhlanu enkantolo ephendula amacala ahlukahlukene. Ukuqinisekisile ukuthi imibhalo yeWikiLeaks ibibalulekile emacaleni asenkantolo. Uphinde wathi, uma u-Assange ethunyelwa e-United States, uzoqale avalelwe ejele lase-Alexandria City ngaphansi kwe-Special Administrative Measures, futhi ngemuva kokulahlwa yicala uzochitha iminyaka engamashumi amabili ejele lezokuphepha eliphakeme i-ADX Florence eColorado. futhi okubi kakhulu uchitha impilo yakhe yonke esitokisini amahora angamashumi amabili nambili noma angamashumi amabili nantathu ngosuku, engakwazi ukuhlangana nezinye iziboshwa, ngokuzivocavoca kanye ngosuku ngenkathi eboshiwe. Umshushisi wavuka umbhejazane ngesikhathi ephekwa ngemibuzo lo fakazi, ekhononda kumantshi ngokuthi, nakuba esenamahora amane, udinga isikhathi esengeziwe njengoba ufakazi enqaba ukunikeza izimpendulo ezithi 'Yebo' noma 'Cha'. Wenqaba ukulawula ufakazi, owayenikeza izimpendulo ezifanele, okwathi umshushisi uLewis waphendula ngokuthi lokhu 'ngeke kwenzeke enkantolo yangempela'. Uxolise ngolimi lwakhe olungalawuleki ngemuva kwekhefu.

Intatheli uJohn Goetz ufakaze ngokusebenza kwi-consortium nabanye abalingani bemidiya kanye ne-WikiLeaks ngenkathi Isibuko ngo-2010 ekukhishweni kwe-Afghan War Diary, Iraq War Logs kanye nezintambo zamanxusa. Wagomela ngokuthi i-Assange ne-WikiLeaks zinezimiso zokuphepha ezinobuhlakani futhi zenze umzamo omkhulu wokushintsha amagama emibhalweni. Ufakaze ngokuthi wayecasukile futhi ecasulwa yizinyathelo zokuphepha 'ezixakile' u-Assange agcizelela kuzo, kamuva abona ukuthi zazifanelekile. Uveze izikhathi eziningi ukuthi izintambo zokusebenzela umphakathi zitholakala ngoba Guardian izintatheli u-Luke Harding no-David Leigh bashicilele igama-mfihlo encwadini, futhi noma kunjalo iwebhusayithi i-Cryptome yayizishicilele zonke kuqala. Ummangalelwa uzame ukuthi uGoetz afakaze ukuthi uye esidlweni sakusihlwa lapho kuthiwa u-Assange wathi, 'Bayizimpimpi; bafanelwe ukufa', angashongo nje. Abashushisi bawuphikisa lo mbuzo, ijaji lavumelana nalokhu.

Umkhulumeli we-Pentagon Papers u-Daniel Ellsberg usanda kuhlanganisa iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalolunye, kodwa wenze izinto ezinhle zobuchwepheshe ukuze avele njengofakazi amahora amaningi. Wayewafunde ngokugcwele amakhasi angu-300 ayenikezwe umshushisi ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuvela kwakhe. Ubalule ukuthi u-Assange ngeke akwazi ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukudalula kwakhe kuhlomulisa umphakathi ngoba lokho kuzivikela akukho ngaphansi kombuso. Umthetho Wobunhloli, umthetho ofanayo u-Ellsberg ayebhekane ngaphansi kwawo namacala ayishumi nambili neminyaka engu-115—amacala ahoxiswa lapho kwembulwa ukuthi uhulumeni wawuqoqe ubufakazi ngaye ngokungemthetho. Wathi 'umphakathi waseMelika udinga ngokushesha ukwazi ukuthi yini eyenziwa njalo egameni lawo, futhi ibingekho enye indlela yokuthi ukufunde ngaphandle kokudalula okungagunyaziwe'. Ukhumbuze inkantolo ukuthi, ngokungafani no-Assange, akazange akhiphe nelilodwa igama lempimpi noma i-ejenti ye-CIA ku-Pentagon Papers, nokuthi u-Assange uye eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela kanye Nombuso ukuze ahlele kabusha amagama ngokugcwele.

Abanye ofakazi bazobizwa ngabavikeli emasontweni ezayo zichazwe lapha by Kevin Gosztola.

Ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukulalelwa, Abamaphephandaba Abangenamaphethelo izame ukuletha incwadi yezikhalazo enama-80,000 ku-10 Downing Street, futhi yenqatshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingcezu zemidiya ezibalulekile ezimbalwa zanyatheliswa, kuhlanganise nase-UK Sunday Times, ebeke icala ekhasini lokuqala futhi yafaka a ucezu olunemibala egcwele yomagazini-isici-ubude kumlingani kaJulian nezingane. Isihleli esivela ku- Times ngesonto wavulela icala lokukhipha u-Assange. I-Amnesty International yenze umkhankaso we-video owawuhlanganisa nowayengungqongqoshe wezangaphandle UBob Carr kanye nowayeyisigele Scott Ludlam futhi wengeze amasiginesha angaphezu kuka-400,000 kubo isikhalazo. Kukhishwe uchwepheshe wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu akwa-Amnesty ucezu lombono, imibono enanelayo nayo ebekwe phambili ngu Ken Roth, oyinhloko ye-Human Rights Watch, ezingxoxweni ezihlukahlukene.  U-Alice Walker noNoam Chomsky ibonise ukuthi 'u-Julian Assange akaqulwa kanjani icala ngenxa yobuntu bakhe—kodwa nansi indlela uhulumeni wase-US akwenze ngayo ukuba ugxile kukho'. Omunye wabangane bakaJulian abadala, UDkt Niraj Lal, wabhala ucezu olushukumisayo mayelana nefilosofi yokuqala ye-WikiLeaks nempilo kaJulian njengomfundi we-physics.

Amadokhumentari amaningana nawo akhululiwe; eyodwa echaza izindaba zenkululeko yezindaba ezisengcupheni ebizwa ngokuthi I-War on Journalism: Icala likaJulian Assange yethulwe isonto elingaphambi kwecala, futhi likhona idokhumentari enhle yokusakaza yomphakathi yaseJalimane. U-Fran Kelly uxoxisane nommeli ka-Assange wase-Australia UJennifer Robinson ku-RN Breakfast, futhi uRobinson waphinde wacela uhulumeni wase-Australia ukuba enze okuthile egameni lesakhamuzi.

Ukuthula kukahulumeni wase-Australia kwephulwa yizenzo eziningi zezakhamizi emkhankasweni othathe iminyaka eyishumi. Ababhikishi bakhuphukele ePhalamende, bahlele imilindelo yamasonto onke ngaphandle kweSiteshi sase-Flinders Street kanye nemvula yaseHholo LeDolobha lase-Sydney, isichotho noma libalele iminyaka emibili edlule, nokuboshwa umsebenzi we-consulate yase-UK okuholela ekuqulweni kwamacala enkantolo mhla ziyisi-7 kuMandulo kulo nyaka. Njalo ngonyaka, Usuku lokuzalwa luka-Julian imakwe ngamakhandlela amangalisayo ngaphandle kweNdlu yePhalamende nakwezinye izindawo, neGreens' ukwesekwa okungaguquki ekugcineni bajoyinwa abanye ekubunjweni kwe Letha i-Assange Home Parliamentary Group ngo-Okthoba 2019, iqembu manje elinamandla angamashumi amabili nane. Isicelo senziwe zithunyelwe ephalamende lethu kwathi ngo-Ephreli 2020 yasayinwa abangu-390,000, okuyisicelo sesine esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zethulwa. NgoMeyi ka-2020, bangaphezu kwe-100 base-Australia abasebenza kanye nabakade bengosopolitiki, ababhali nabashicileli, abameli bamalungelo abantu kanye nochwepheshe bezomthetho babhalela uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-Australia. UMarise Payne ucela uhulumeni ukuthi aqede ukuthula kwakhe okusemthethweni. Futhi inyunyana ka-Assange yahlala iqinile, i-MEAA ikhipha a ividiyo emfushane ngokubaluleka kwecala, ukukhumbuza amalungu ngokumela kwawo umphakathi nowangasese egameni lika-Assange nohulumeni kanye noKhomishana Omkhulu wase-UK, futhi eqhubeka nokukhipha ikhadi lakhe lokushicilela. Esontweni lokuqala lokuqulwa kwamacala, i-MEAA ibambe isithangami no UKristinn Hrafnsson yagqama evela eLondon kumalungu ase-Australia.

Amazwi asekela u-Assange avela emikhakheni yonkana yezombangazwe, naphakathi kwekhwaya ebanzi yezinhlangano zomphakathi nezinhlangano zabezindaba, aya ngokuya ezwakala. Igagasi liyashintsha, kodwa ingabe lizoshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?

UFelicity Ruby uyikhandidethi le-PhD e-Sydney University futhi ongumhleli we- Imfihlo yase-Australia Evezwe yi-WikiLeaks Exposés, ezokhishwa ngomhlaka-1 Disemba 2020.