Amanga: Impi Yinto Nje

Umqondo wokuthi izimpi kwesinye isikhathi, okungenani ohlangothini olulodwa, kungathathwa ngokuthi "zilungile" kukhuthazwa ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga ngemfundiso nje yempi, iqoqo lezinkolelo zasendulo nezombusazwe ezingabambeki.

Impi yayiyohlangabezana nayo yonke imigomo ye-war theory kuphela, ukuze ibe yileli qiniso, kuzodingeka futhi ikhuphule yonke umonakalo owenziwe ngokugcina isikhungo sempi nxazonke. Ngeke kube kuhle ekugcineni ukuba nempi nje uma ukulungiswa kwezimpi nazo zonke izimpi ezingenakulungiswa ezingenakulungiswa ezibangelwa lezo zilungiso kwalimala kakhudlwana kunokuba impi yangempela yenza okuhle. Isikhungo sempi, yiqiniso, senza ingozi ye-nuclear apocalypse. Yimbangela enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ungumbhubhisi omkhulu kakhulu wendawo yemvelo. Yenza umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu ngokudonswa kwemali kude nezidingo zomuntu nezemvelo kunokusebenzisa ubudlova. Yindawo kuphela lapho kunokwesekwa khona imali eyanele yokwenza umzamo omkhulu wokushintshela emisebenzini eqhubekayo. Yimbangela eyinhloko yokuguguleka kwezinkululeko zomphakathi, kanye ne-generator ehamba phambili yobudlova nenzondo nokuhlukumezeka emasikweni azungezile. I-Militarism igxilisa amandla emaphoyiseni wendawo, kanye nezingqondo. Impi enembile yayiyoba nomthwalo osindayo wokudlula.

Kepha akukho mpi nje engenzeka. Eminye imibandela yethiyori yempi ingeyokukhuluma nje, ayinakulinganiswa nhlobo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayinakuhlangatshezwa ngokunengqondo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi "inhloso efanele," "imbangela nje," kanye "nokulingana." Ezinye akuzona neze izici zokuziphatha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi "ukumenyezelwa esidlangalaleni" futhi "kukhokhelwa igunya elisemthethweni nelinekhono." Noma kunjalo ezinye akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma iyiphi impi ihlangane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi "isinqumo sokugcina," "ithemba elifanelekile lokuphumelela," "abangezona izimpi abavikelekile ekuhlaselweni," "amasosha ezitha ahlonishwa njengabantu," kanye "neziboshwa zempi eziphathwa njengabantu abangewona impi." Umbandela ngamunye uxoxwa encwadini kaDavid Swanson Impi Akukaze Imane. Ake sixoxe lapha eyodwa kuphela, ethandwa kakhulu: “indlela yokugcina,” ekhishwe kuleyo ncwadi.

Last Resort

Kuyisinyathelo esiqonde ngqo lapho isiko lisuka esifisweni esivulekile sikaTheodore Roosevelt sempi entsha ngenxa yempi, ekuzenzekeni komhlaba wonke ngokuthi yonke impi iyisinqumo sokugcina. Lokhu kuzenzisa sekuyinto yonke manje, umphakathi wase-US umane ukuthathe ungatshelwanga ngisho nokutshelwa. Ucwaningo lwesazi muva nje luthole ukuthi umphakathi wase-US ukholelwa ukuthi noma nini lapho uhulumeni wase-US ephakamisa impi, usuvele uqede wonke amanye amathuba. Ngenkathi iqembu lesampula libuzwa ukuthi ngabe bayayisekela yini impi ethile, kwathi iqembu lesibili labuzwa ukuthi bayayisekela yini leyo mpi ngemuva kokutshelwa ukuthi zonke ezinye izindlela azilungile, neqembu lesithathu labuzwa ukuthi ngabe bayayisekela yini leyo mpi yize bekukhona izindlela ezinhle, amaqembu amabili okuqala abhalise izinga elifanayo lokuxhaswa, ngenkathi ukusekelwa kwempi kwehle kakhulu eqenjini lesithathu. Lokhu kuholele abacwaningi esiphethweni sokuthi uma kungakhulunywa ngezinye izindlela, abantu abacabangi ukuthi zikhona — kunalokho, abantu bacabanga ukuthi sezivele zazanywa.[i]

Sekuyiminyaka kube nemizamo emikhulu eWashington, DC, ukuqala impi nge-Iran. Olunye lwengcindezi enkulu selufikile ngo-2007 nango-2015. Ukube leyo mpi yaqalwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngokungangabazeki ngabe ichazwe njengesixazululo sokugcina, noma ngabe ukukhetha ukungayiqali leyo mpi kukhethwe kaningi. . Ngo-2013, uMongameli wase-US wasitshela ngesidingo esiphuthumayo "sokugcina" sokuqalisa umkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eSyria. Ngemuva kwalokho wasibuyisa isinqumo sakhe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuphikisana nomphakathi kuso. Kwavela inketho ye- hhayi ukuqhuma amabhomu eSiriya kwakutholakala futhi.

Cabanga ngomlutha wotshwala owayekwazi ukudla i-whisky njalo ebusuku futhi njalo ekuseni ayefunga ukuthi ukuphuza i-whisky kwakuyinto yakhe yokugcina, wayengenakukhetha nhlobo. Kulula ukucabanga, ngokungangabazeki. Umlutha uyohlale ezithethelela, kodwa-ke ngokungenangqondo kufanele kwenziwe. Eqinisweni ukuhoxiswa kotshwala ngezinye izikhathi kungabangela ukuquleka noma ukufa. Kodwa ingabe ukuhoxa ezimpini kungakwenza lokho? Cabanga ngezwe lapho wonke umuntu ekholelwa kuwo wonke umlutha, kuhlanganise nomlutha wempi, futhi batshelana ngokuzithoba “Wayengenayo enye indlela. Impela wayezame konke okunye.” Akukholakali kangako, akunjalo? Cishe awucabangeki, empeleni. Futhi okwamanje:

Kukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi i-United States impi eSiriya njengendlela yokugcina, nakuba:

• I-United States isichitha iminyaka eminingi isabisa imizamo ye-UN yokuthula eSiriya.[Ii]
• I-United States yaxoshwa isiphakamiso sokuthula saseRussia eSyria ku-2012.[Iii]
• Futhi lapho i-United States ithi umkhankaso wokuqhuma amabhomu wawudingeka ngokushesha "njengesenzo sokugcina" ku-2013 kodwa umphakathi wase-US wawuphikisana ngokungafanele, ezinye izinketho zazisetshenziselwa.

Ngo-2015, amalungu amaningi e-US Congress athi isivumelwano senuzi ne-Iran sidinga ukwaliwa futhi ne-Iran ihlaselwe njengesinqumo sokugcina. Akushiwo lutho ngesithembiso sika-2003 sika-Iran sokuxoxisana nohlelo lwayo lwenuzi, isithembiso esasidelelwe ngokushesha yi-United States.

Kukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi i-United States ibulala abantu abane-drones njengendlela yokugcina yokugcina, yize kunjalo kuleso simo esincane lapho ama-United States azi khona amagama abantu abahlose kuwo, abaningi (ikakhulukazi nabo bonke) kubo kungenzeka ukuboshwa kalula.[Iv]

Kwakukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi i-United States yabulala u-Osama bin Laden njengesinqumo sokugcina, kuze kube yilapho labo abathintekayo bevuma ukuthi inqubomgomo "yokubulala noma yokubamba" empeleni ayibandakanyi inketho yokubanjwa (nokuthi uboshwe) nokuthi uBin Laden wayengahlomile ngenkathi wabulawa.[V]

Kwakukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi i-United States yahlasela iLibya ngo-2011, yagumbuqela uhulumeni wayo, yaphinde yagqugquzela udlame lwezifunda njengesinqumo sokugcina, yize ngoMashi 2011 i-African Union yayinecebo lokuthula eLibya kodwa yavinjelwa yi-NATO, ngokwakhiwa kwe indawo “engenampukane” nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, ukuhambela eLibya ukuyoxoxa ngakho. Ngo-Ephreli, i-African Union yakwazi ukuxoxa ngohlelo lwayo nomholi waseLibya uMuammar Gaddafi, wazwakalisa nokuvumelana kwakhe.[vi] I-NATO ithole imvume ye-UN yokuvikela amaLibyya asolwa ukuthi ayengozini, kodwa ayengenagunya lokuqhubeka nokuqhubhisa izwe noma ukudiliza uhulumeni.

Cishe noma ngubani osebenzelayo, futhi ufisa ukuqhubeka esebenza, i-US enkulu imithombo yezindaba ithi i-United States ihlasele i-Iraq ku-2003 njengesenzo sokugcina noma uhlobo oluthile, noma into ethize, noma ngabe:

• Umengameli we-US ubelokhu eqoqa izinhlelo ze-cockamamie ukuze kuqalwe impi.[vii]
• Uhulumeni wase-Iraq ubesondele ku-CIA uVincent Cannistraro ngesicelo sokuvumela amasosha ase-US aseshe izwe lonke.[viii]
• Uhulumeni wase-Iraq wanikezela ukhetho lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi neminyaka emibili.[ix]
• Uhulumeni wase-Iraq wanikezela isikhulu sikaBush uRichard Perle ukuvula izwe lonke ukuhlola, ukuguqula umsolwa kwi-1993 World Trade Center ebhomu, ukusiza ukulwa nobuphekula, nokusiza izinkampani zamafutha ase-US.[X]
• Umongameli wase-Iraq wanikezela, ekulandiseni ukuthi umongameli waseSpain wanikezwa umengameli we-US, ukuba ashiye i-Iraq uma engakwazi ukugcina $ 1 billion.[xi]
• I-United States yayihlale inenketho yokumane nje iqale enye impi.

Iningi lawo wonke umuntu licabanga ukuthi i-United States yahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001 futhi yahlala lapho kusukela lapho njengochungechunge “lwezindawo zokungcebeleka zokugcina,” yize amaTaliban enikela kaninginingi ukuguqula uBin Laden angene ezweni lesithathu ukuze aquliswe icala, i-al Qaeda ibingenalo Ukuba khona okukhulu e-Afghanistan isikhathi esiningi sempi, futhi ukuhoxa kuye kwaba inketho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.[xii]

Abaningi bathi iMelika yaya empini ne-Iraq ngo-1990-1991 “njengecebo lokugcina,” yize uhulumeni wase-Iraq wayezimisele ukuxoxisana ngokuhoxa eKuwait ngaphandle kwempi futhi ekugcineni wanikela ngokuvele avele eKuwait kungakapheli amasonto amathathu ngaphandle kwemibandela. INkosi yaseJordani, uPapa, uMongameli waseFrance, uMongameli weSoviet Union, nabanye abaningi banxenxa ukuthi kuhlalwe ngokuthula, kepha i-White House yagcizelela ukuthi "izothatha isinqumo sokugcina."[xiii]

Ngisho nokubeka eceleni imikhuba evamile ekwandisa ubutha, ukuhlinzeka ngezikhali, nokunika amandla ohulumeni abanobudlova, kanye nezingxoxo ezikhohlisayo ezihloswe ukusiza kunokuba zigweme impi, umlando wezempi yase-US ungenziwa emuva emuva kwamakhulu eminyaka njengendaba yochungechunge olungapheli amathuba okuthula ngokugwema ngokucophelela kuzo zonke izindleko.

UMexico wayezimisele ukuxoxisana nokudayiswa kwesigamu sawo esenyakatho, kodwa i-United States yayifuna ukuyenza ngesenzo sokubulala abantu abaningi. ISpain yayifuna indaba yalokho Maine ukuya embangweni wamazwe omhlaba, kepha i-US yayifuna impi nombuso. ISoviet Union yaphakamisa izingxoxo zokuthula ngaphambi kwempi yaseKorea. I-United States ihlukumeze iziphakamiso zokuthula zeVietnam ezivela eVietnam, eSoviet, naseFrance, bephikelela ngokungagunci "enkambweni yabo yokugcina" nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, kusukela ngosuku okwenzeka ngalo iGulf of Tonkin impi naphezu kokuba ingakaze yenzeke.[xiv]

Uma ubheka ezimpini ezanele, uzothola izehlakalo ezicishe zifane ezisetshenziswe kwesinye isikhathi njengezaba zempi nakwesinye isenzakalo njengezingelona neze uhlobo. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush uphakamise uNdunankulu wase-UK uTony Blair ukuthi ukudutshulwa ngendiza ye-U2 kungabenza balwe.[xv] Kodwa lapho iSoviet Union ibetha indiza ye-U2, uMongameli uDwight Eisenhower akazange aqale impi.

Yebo, yebo, omunye angaphendula, amakhulu ezimpi zangempela nezingenabo ubulungiswa akuzona izindawo zokungcebeleka zokugcina, noma ngabe abasekeli babo bethi leso simo sazo. Kepha iMpi Yethiyori kungaba yindlela yokugcina. Ngabe kunjalo? Ngabe ngeke ibe khona enye indlela elinganayo ngokuziphatha noma ephakeme? U-Allman noWinright bacaphuna uPapa John Paul II “ngomsebenzi wokwephula lo mcindezeli uma zonke ezinye izindlela zingabonakali zingasebenzi.” Kepha "ukuzivikela" kufana ncamashi "nebhomu noma ukuhlasela"? Sibonile izimpi ziqaliswa okuthiwa zingahlukumeza izikhali, futhi umphumela ube yizikhali eziningi kunanini ngaphambili. Mayelana nani ukuyeka ingalo njengendlela eyodwa yokudambisa? Kuthiwani nge-international embargo yezikhali? Kuthiwani mayelana nokugqugquzelwa kwezomnotho nezinye izinto zokuvimbela?

Kwakungekho mzuzu lapho ukuqhuma ibhomu eRwanda kwakuzoba "isinqumo sokugcina" sokuziphatha. Kwakunomzuzwana lapho kungenzeka ukuthi amaphoyisa ahlomile ayengasiza, noma ukusika isignali yomsakazo esetshenziselwa ukuvusa ukubulawa kwabantu kungasiza. Kwakunezikhathi eziningi lapho abasebenza ngokuthula ababengahlomile babezosiza khona. Kube nesikhathi lapho bekuzosiza khona ukuphendula ngokubulawa kukamengameli. Kwakuneminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kwalokho lapho ukugwema ukuhlomisa nokuxhasa ngezimali ababulali base-Uganda kwakuzosiza.

Izimangalo “zokugcina” zivame ukuba buthakathaka kakhulu uma umuntu ecabanga ukubuyela emuva emuva esikhathini senkinga, kepha kuba buthakathaka kakhulu uma umuntu ecabanga ukubuyela emuva kancane. Abantu abaningi bazama ukuthethelela iMpi Yezwe II kuneMpi Yezwe I, noma ngabe omunye wabo ubengeke kwenzeke ngaphandle komunye noma ngaphandle kwesimungulu sokuwuqeda, okwaholela ababukeli abaningi ngaleso sikhathi ukubikezela iMpi Yezwe II ngokunemba okukhulu . Uma ukuhlasela i-ISIS e-Iraq manje "kuyindlela yokugcina" kungenxa yempi eyakhuphuka ngonyaka we-2003, eyayingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMpi YaseGulf eyedlule, eyayingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuhloma nokusekela uSaddam Hussein empini ye-Iran ne-Iraq, njalonjalo emuva emakhulwini eminyaka. Impela izimbangela ezingenabulungisa zezinkinga azenzi ukuthi zonke izinqumo ezintsha zingabi nabulungisa, kepha ziphakamisa ukuthi umuntu onombono ongeyona impi eyengeziwe kufanele angenele kumjikelezo owonakalisayo wokuzikhulisa kwesizukulwane senkinga.

Ngisho nasesikhathini senhlekelele, ingabe ngempela kuyisimo esiphuthumayo njengalabo abasekela impi? Ingabe iwashi likhathaza lapha ngaphezu kokuzama ukucabanga kokuhlushwa? U-Allman noWinright basikisela lolu hlu lwezindlela ezingasetshenziswa empini okumele ngabe selusetshenzisiwe ukuze impi ibe yisinqumo sokugcina: "unswinyo oluhlakaniphile, imizamo yezombusazwe, izingxoxo ezivela eceleni, noma isiphetho."[xvi] Yilokho kuphela? Lolu hlu lunohlu oluphelele lwezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo lokho okukhonjiswa yiNational Public Radio okuyi- “All Things Considered” kuzo zonke izinto. Kufanele bayiqambe kabusha “Amaphesenti Amabili Ezinto Abhekiwe.” Kamuva, u-Allman noWinright bacaphuna isimangalo sokuthi ukuketula ohulumeni kunomusa kunokuba "kube" nabo. Le ngxabano, abalobi bathi, izinselelo "zabasekeli bezempi nabanamuhla bezempi ngokufanayo." Ingabe kunjalo? Yikuphi ukukhetha lezo zinhlobo ezimbili okuthiwa zazithanda? "Ukuqukethwe"? Lokho akuyona indlela enokuthula futhi ngokuqinisekile akuyona ukuphela kwempi.

Ukube isizwe empeleni sasihlaselwe futhi sakhetha ukulwa nokuzivikela, sasingeke sibe nesikhathi sokujeziswa kanye nenye yezinye izinketho ezisohlwini. Kwakungeke kuze kube nesikhathi sokuxhaswa kwabafundi kusuka kuma-Just War theorists. Kuzovele kutholakale ukuthi ilwa nayo. Indawo okumele isebenze kuyo i-Just War ithi, ngakho-ke, okungenani ingxenye enkulu, yilezo zimpi ezingavikeleki, lezo zimpi ezenzelwe "ukuzivikela," "ukuvimbela," "ukuvikela," njll.

Isinyathelo sokuqala esisuka ekuzivikeleni empeleni yimpi eyethulwe ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okuseduze. Abaphathi baka-Obama, eminyakeni yamuva nje, bachaze kabusha “okuseduze” ukusho ukuthi kungenzeka ngelinye ilanga kungenzeka ukuthi bathile. Bese bethi babulala ngamadroni kuphela abantu ababenza “usongo oluseduze futhi oluqhubekayo e-United States.” Vele, ukube bekuseduze ngaphansi kwencazelo ejwayelekile, bekungeke kuqhubeke, ngoba kuzokwenzeka.

Nayi indawo ebucayi evela eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa "iPhepha Elimhlophe" echaza "okuseduze":

"[T] umbandela wokuthi umholi osebenzayo wethule usongo 'oluseduze' lokuhlaselwa ngodlame olubhekiswe e-United States akudingi ukuthi i-United States ibe nobufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukuhlaselwa okuthile kwabantu base-US kanye nezintshisekelo kuzokwenzeka kungekudala. ”[xvii]

Abaphathi beGeorge W. Bush babona izinto ngendlela efanayo. I-US National Strategy Strategy yango-2002 ithi: “Siyaqaphela ukuthi ukuzivikela kwethu konke kuyicala elihle.”[xviii] Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyiqiniso, njengoba izimpi ezihlaselayo zivuselela inzondo. Kodwa futhi ubuqotho ngokuthembeka.

Lapho nje sikhuluma ngeziphakamiso zempi ezingazivikeli, mayelana nezinkinga lapho umuntu enesikhathi soswidi, ubumbano, kanye ne-ultimatums, omunye unesikhathi sazo zonke izinhlobo zezinye izinto. Amathuba afaka phakathi: ukuzivikela okungenabudlova (okungahlomile) okususelwa emphakathini: ukumemezela inhlangano yokungahambisani nodlame kunoma imuphi umzamo wokuzama ukungena emsebenzini, imibhikisho yomhlaba kanye nemibhikisho, iziphakamiso zokulwa nezikhali, ukumenyezelwa kokulwa nezikhali okuhlangene, isenzo sobungani kubandakanya usizo, ukuthatha ingxabano ekubambisaneni noma enkantolo, ukubiza ikhomishini yeqiniso nokubuyisana, izingxoxo zokubuyisana, ubuholi ngesibonelo ngokujoyina izivumelwano ezibophezelayo noma iNkantolo Yamacala Obugebengu Yomhlaba Wonke noma ngokwenza ngentando yeningi iNhlangano Yezizwe, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ukusebenzisana kwamasiko, kanye nokungabi nodlame lokudala kokuhlukahluka okungapheli.

Kepha kuthiwani uma sicabanga impi evikela empeleni, kungaba ukuhlasela okwesatshwayo kepha okungenakwenzeka okungenangqondo kwe-United States, noma impi yase-US ebukwa ngakolunye uhlangothi? Ingabe kwakwenzelwe abaseVietnam kuphela ukuzilwela? Ingabe kwakwenzelwe ama-Iraq kuphela ukuthi alwe? Njalonjalo. (Ngisho lokhu ukufaka isimo sokuhlaselwa ezweni langempela lase-United States, hhayi ukuhlaselwa, ngokwesibonelo, amasosha ase-US eSyria. Njengoba ngibhala, uhulumeni wase-United States usongela "ukuvikela" amasosha akhe ISyria kumele uhulumeni waseSyria "abahlasele".)

Impendulo emifushane yalowo mbuzo wukuthi uma umhlukumezi ebengavimbela, akumele kube nokuvikela. Ukuguqula izimpi zase-US ukulungiswa kwemali yezempi yase-US ngokuphambene nesonto kunesiphambeko esikhulu ngisho nakwe-lobbyist K Street.

Impendulo ende kancanyana ukuthi ngokuvamile akuyona indima efanelekile yomuntu ozelwe futhi ohlala e-United States ukweluleka abantu abahlala ngaphansi kwamabhomu ase-US ukuthi kufanele bazame ukumelana nonviolent.

Kepha impendulo eyiyo inzima kakhulu kunenye yalezi. Impendulo iba sobala uma sibheka ukuhlasela kwangaphandle kanye nokuvukelwa / izimpi zombango. Kuningi okwakamuva okufanele kubhekwe kukho, futhi kunezibonelo ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe ongazikhomba kuzo. Kepha injongo yethiyori, kufaka phakathi ithiyori ye-Anti-Just-War, kufanele kube ukusiza ukukhiqiza izibonelo zomhlaba wangempela zemiphumela ephezulu, njengokusebenzisa ukungabi nodlame ekuhlaselweni kwamanye amazwe.

Izifundo ezinjengo-Erica Chenoweth sezisungule ukuthi ukumelana nobudlova ngokungenabudlova kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kuphumelele, futhi impumelelo kungenzeka ihlale isikhathi eside, kunokumelana nodlame.[xix] Ngakho-ke uma sibheka okuthile okufana nenguquko engenabudlova eTunisia e2011, singathola ukuthi ihlangabezana nezindlela eziningi njenganoma isiphi esinye isimo seMpi Efanele, ngaphandle kokuthi bekungeyona impi nhlobo. Umuntu ubengeke abuyele emuva ngesikhathi futhi aphikisane namasu okuthi angaphumeleli kepha abangele ubuhlungu nokufa okuningi. Mhlawumbe ukwenza kanjalo kungahle kube yingxabano ye-Just War. Mhlawumbe kungaphikiswana ngempi yeJust War, ngokwe-anronronist, ukuze "kungenelele" kwe-2011 yase-US ukuletha intando yeningi eTunisia (ngaphandle kokuhluleka okusobala kwe-United States ukwenza into enjalo, kanye nenhlekelele eqinisekisiwe engaba nomphumela). Kepha uma usenze uguquko ngaphandle kokubulala nokufa konke, ngeke kusaba nengqondo ukuphakamisa konke ukubulawa nokufa — hhayi uma kudalelwe imihlangano eyinkulungwane entsha yeGeneva, futhi noma ngabe kunamaphutha empumelelo engenalo udlame.

Naphezu kokuntula okulinganiselwe kwezibonelo kuze kube manje ukuphikisana nokungapheli komsebenzi wangaphandle, kukhona labo asebeqala ukufaka isicelo sokuphumelela. Nakhu uStephen Zunes:

"Ukuphikisana okungekho emthethweni kuye kwaba nenselele ngempumelelo emisebenzini yamazwe angaphandle. Ngesikhathi i-intifada yasePalestina yokuqala kuma-1980s, iningi labantu abahlukumezekile laba yizikhungo ezizimele ngokuzibandakanya okukhulu nokudala ezinye izikhungo, ukuphoqelela u-Israyeli ukuba avumele ukudala iPalestine Authority kanye nokuzibusa komasipala abaningi izindawo zaseWest Bank. Ukuphikiswa okungenasiphambano eNingizimu Western Sahara kuye kwaphoqelela iMorocco ukuba inikeze isiphakamiso sokuzimela-ngenkathi sisalokhu sifinyeleleke esifundweni sikaMorocco sokunikeza iSahrawis ilungelo labo lokuzikhethela-okungenani liyavuma ukuthi insimu ayiyona nje enye ingxenye yaseMorocco.

“Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuhlasela kweJalimane iDenmark neNorway phakathi ne-WWII, amaNazi ayengasakwazi ukulawula abantu. ILithuania, iLatvia, ne-Estonia bazikhulula ekuqothulweni yiSoviet ngokusebenzisa amandla angenabudlova ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-USSR. ELebanon, isizwe esacekelwa phansi yimpi amashumi eminyaka, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokubuswa kweSyria yaqedwa ngokuvukela okukhulu, okungenabudlova ngo-2005. , hhayi ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu nangezikhali ezenziwa amasosha ase-Ukraine, kodwa lapho izinkulungwane zabasebenza ngensimbi bengahlomile bemashela ngokuthula ezingxenyeni ezihlala abantu ezisenkabeni yedolobha futhi bexosha abahlukanisi abahlomile. ”[xx]

Omunye angase abheke ukuthi angase abe nezibonelo eziningi zokuphikisa amaNazi, futhi ngokumelene namaJalimane nokuhlasela kwamaFrance eRuhr ku-1923, noma mhlawumbe ekuphumeleleni kwesikhathi esisodwa kwePhilippines kanye nokuphumelela okuqhubekayo kwe-Ecuador ekuxosheni izinsizakalo zasezempi zase-US , futhi ngempela isibonelo seGandhian sokuqothula iBrithani ngaphandle kweNdiya. Kodwa izibonelo eziningi kakhulu zokuphumelela okungenasiphelo emnyangweni wezandla zasekhaya zinikeza futhi umhlahlandlela wenzalo yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuba nokuziphatha okulungile, ukuphikisana okungenaluvivinyo ekuhlaselweni kwangempela akumelwe kubonakale sengathi kunempumelelo kunokuphumelela kokuphendula. Kudinga nje ukuvela cishe cishe cishe. Ngoba uma iphumelela izokwenza kanjalo ngokulimala okungaka, futhi impumelelo yayo iyoba yinto engcono yokugcina.

Lapho kungekho kuhlaselwa, ngenkathi kusenziwa izimangalo zokuthi impi kufanele yethulwe "njengecebo lokugcina," izixazululo ezingenalo udlame zidinga ukubonakala zinengqondo. Nakuleso simo, kufanele bazanywe ngaphambi kokuqalisa impi kungabizwa ngokuthi "yisinqumo sokugcina." Kepha ngenxa yokuthi azinamkhawulo ngokuhlukahluka futhi zingazama kaninginingi, ngaphansi komqondo ofanayo, umuntu akasoze afinyelela lapho ukuhlasela elinye izwe kuyisinqumo sokugcina.

Uma ungayifinyelela lokho, isinqumo sokuziphatha siyoqhubeka sidinga ukuthi izinzuzo ezicatshangwayo zempi yakho zidlula konke umonakalo owenziwe ngokugcina isikhungo sempi.

Bona Uhlu Olukhulayo Lwezenzo Ezingenalo Ubudlova Eziphumelelayo Ezisetshenziswa Esikhundleni Sezimpi.