Njengoba iSonto LamaKhatholika, ezintweni zonke, liphendukela emfundisweni egcina ukuthi kungaba "nempi elungile," kufanelekile ukubhekisisa ukucabanga ngalemfundiso yangezikhathi zasendulo, eyayizinze emandleni amakhulu amakhosi, ahlanganiswe usanta owayephikisana nokuzivikela kepha esekela ubugqila futhi ekholelwa ukuthi ukubulala amaqaba kwakulungele amaqaba - imfundiso engaqondakali ukuthi kuze kube namuhla isachaza amagama asemqoka esiLatini. Incwadi kaLaurie Calhoun, Impi Nokudakisa: Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile, uphonsa iso lesazi sefilosofi esithembekile ezimpikiswaneni zabaphikisi be "mpi elungile", bathatha ngokungathi sína konke okufunwayo okuyinqaba, futhi bachaze ngokucophelela ukuthi basilela kanjani. Njengoba ngisanda kuthola le ncwadi, nalu uhlu lwami olusha lokufunda okudingekayo ekuqedeni impi:
I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015.
Impi: Ubugebengu Ngomuntu by URoberto Vivo, i-2014.
Impi Nokudakisa: Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: UkuQala KweMpi, Ukuphela Kwempi by Isandla sikaJudith, i-2013.
Ukuphela kweMpi nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Ukuguquka Kuya Ekuthuleni nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ngaphandle kweMpi: I-Human Potenti for Peace nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwempi by I-Winslow Myers, i-2009.
Lezi yizinhlu zezinhlelo zeCalhoun jus ad bellum:
- kubekwe obala
- babe nethemba elihle lokuphumelela
- kufanele kwenziwe kuphela njengesenzo sokugcina
- ukulawulwa yigunya elisemthethweni ngenhloso efanele, futhi
- unesizathu sokubili okulinganayo nokulinganisa (ngokwanele ukufakazela ukuthi impi ephakeme kakhulu)
Ngingafaka esinye esinye njengesidingo esinengqondo:
- babe nethemba elihle lokuqhutshwa jus in bello.
Lezi yizinhlu zezinhlelo zeCalhoun jus in bello:
- kuphela izindlela zokulinganisa izinhloso zempi zingase zithunyelwe
- abangabambisani nabo bavikelekile ekuhlaselweni
- amasosha ezitha kumele ahlonishwe njengabantu, futhi
- iziboshwa zempi kufanele ziphathwe njengezingabambisani.
Kunezinkinga ezimbili ngalolu hlu. Okokuqala ukuthi noma ngabe yonke into ibihlangatshezwe ngokoqobo, engakaze yenzeke futhi engasoze yenzeke, lokho bekungeke kwenze ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi kube ngokokuziphatha noma ngokomthetho. Cabanga nje uma othile edale imibandela yobugqila nje noma i-lynching nje bese ehlangabezana nemibandela; lokho kungakunelisa? Inkinga yesibili ukuthi izindlela zikhona, njengoba ngishilo - njengoba kunjalo nangezindlela ezifanayo zikaMongameli Obama, ezengeziwe, zomthetho, zokuzibekela zokubulawa kwe-drone - azikaze zihlangane empeleni.
"Ukumenyezelwa esidlangalaleni" kufana nento eyodwa engahlangabezana nezimpi zamanje nezamuva nje, kepha akunjalo? Izimpi bezijwayele ukumenyezelwa ngaphambi kokuba ziqale, ngisho nokuhlelelwa ngokuvumelana kwamaqembu kwezinye izimo. Manje izimpi zimenyezelwa kakhulu ngemuva kokuthi amabhomu eseqale ukuwa futhi izindaba zaziwa. Ngezinye izikhathi, izimpi azikaze zimenyezelwe. Ukubika okwanele kwamanye amazwe kunqwabelanisa abathengi bezindaba abakhuthele e-United States ukuthola ukuthi izwe labo lisempini, nge-drones engagunyaziwe, nesinye futhi isizwe. Noma umsebenzi wokuhlenga abantu, njengaseLibya, uchazwa njengenye into engeyona impi, kodwa ngendlela ecacisela lowo obukele ukuthi kukhona okunye ukuketulwa kukahulumeni okuqhubeka nezinxushunxushu nezinhlekelele zabantu kanye namasosha aphansi okumele alandelwe. Noma umcwaningi oyisakhamuzi ozimisele angathola ukuthi amasosha aseMelika asiza iSaudi Arabia ibhomu iYemen, bese kamuva ethola ukuthi i-US yethule amabutho aphansi - kepha ayikho impi emenyezelwe esidlangalaleni. Ngicele izixuku zezishoshovu zokuthula ukuthi noma zingakwazi yini ukubiza izizwe eziyisikhombisa umongameli wamanje wase-US azishaye ngebhomu, futhi imvamisa akekho umuntu ongazenza. (Kepha babuze ukuthi ngabe ezinye izimpi ezingacacisiwe zilungile, futhi izandla eziningi zizodubula ziye phezulu.)
Ngabe zikhona izimpi "ezinethemba elifanelekile lempumelelo"? Lokho kungaxhomeka kwezinye izimo ezehlukile noma ezimeni ngqo ukuthi uyichaza kanjani “impumelelo,” kepha ngokusobala cishe zonke izimpi zase-US kule minyaka engama-70 edlule (futhi kube nezinqwaba eziningi) kube ukwehluleka ngokwemibandela yazo eyisisekelo. Izimpi “zokuzivikela” zidale izingozi ezintsha. Izimpi zombuso zehlulekile ukwakha umbuso. Izimpi “zosizo” zehlulekile ukuzuzisa isintu. Izimpi zokwakha isizwe zehlulekile ukwakha izizwe. Izimpi zokuqeda izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu ziye zenziwa ezindaweni lapho lezo zikhali zazingekho. Izimpi zokuthula zilethe izimpi eziningi. Cishe yonke impi entsha iyavikelwa ngokususelwa ekutheni kungenzeka ngandlela thile ibe njengempi eyalwiwa eminyakeni engaphezulu kwama-70 edlule noma njengempi engakaze yenzeke (eRwanda). Ngemuva kweLibya, zona lezo zizaba ezimbili zaphinde zasetshenziswa eSyria, ngesibonelo seLibya sisuswe futhi sikhohliwe njengabanye abaningi.
"Ukukhishwa njengecebo lokugcina" kumaphakathi ne- jus ad bellum, kodwa akakaze ahlangane futhi angeke ahlangane. Kukhona ngokusobala ukuthi kukhona enye indawo yokuhlala. Ngisho nalapho izwe noma isifunda empeleni lihlasela noma lihlaselwa, amathuluzi angenasivikelo angase aphumelele futhi ahlale ekhona. Kodwa i-United States ihola izimpi zayo ngokweqile kwamanye amazwe. (Calhoun ubonisa ukuthi i-2002 I-National Security Strategy kufakwe lo mugqa: "Siyabona ukuthi ukuzivikela kwethu konke kuyicala elihle.") Kulezi zimo, ngokusobala ngokwedlulele, kunezinyathelo ezingenakubalwa ezingenalo udlame ezihlale zitholakala - futhi zihlala zithandeka njengoba empeleni, empini, ukuzivikela okubi kakhulu kuyinto enhle ukoniwa.
"Ukuthwalwa yisiphathimandla esisemthethweni ngenhloso efanele," umbandela omuhle ongenamqondo. Akekho ochaze lokho okubalwa njengegunya elisemthethweni noma okufanele sikholelwe izinhloso zakhe zokuzisholo. Inhloso enkulu yalo mgomo ukuhlukanisa noma iluphi uhlangothi lwempi osuke ukuyo kolunye uhlangothi, okungekho emthethweni futhi okuhlose okubi. Kepha olunye uhlangothi lukholelwa okuphambene nalokho, ngokungenasisekelo. Lo mgomo usebenza futhi ekuvumeleni, ngokusebenzisa ubuqili be-Medieval Monkish Bullshitting, noma yikuphi ukwephulwa kwenqubo jus in bello. Ngabe uhlaba abantu abaningi abangewona amasosha? Ubuwazi ukuthi uzoya? Kulungile ngokuphelele uma nje usho ukuthi inhloso yakho bekungokunye ngaphandle kokubulala bonke labo bantu - into isitha sakho esingavunyelwe ukuyisho; isitha sakho empeleni singasolwa ngokuvumela labo bantu ukuthi bahlale lapho kuqhuma khona amabhomu akho.
Ngabe impi "ingaba nesizathu sokulunga nokulingana (ngokwanele ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa impi ngokweqile)"? Yebo, noma iyiphi impi ingaba nesizathu esihle, kepha leso sizathu asikwazi ukufakazela impi ephula yonke eminye imigomo kulolu hlu kanye nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha nomthetho. Isizathu esilungile ngaso sonke isikhathi silandelwa kangcono ngezinye izindlela ngaphandle kwempi. Ukuthi impi yalwa ngaphambi kokuphela kobugqila ayikushintshi ukukhetha kwenkosi izizwe eziningi ezithathe ekuqedeni ubugqila ngaphandle kwempi yombango. Ngeke sithethelele ukubulalana emikhakheni emikhulu manje, noma ngabe sizoqeda ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kaphethiloli ngemuva kwalokho. Izimbangela eziningi ezingacatshangwa noma sitshelwa ukuthi zikhona izimpi zangempela, azibandakanyi ukuphela noma ukuvimbela noma yini ukude njengempi. Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba, ngaphambi nangesikhathi lapho izikhulu zaseMelika nezaseBrithani zenqaba ukuhlenga izisulu zamaNazi zesikhathi esizayo, zivame ukuthethelelwa ngobubi bokubulala abantu emakamu, noma ngabe lokho kulungiswa kwavela ngemuva kwempi, noma impi yabulala abaningana abantu abaphindwe kaningi njengamakamu.
Kungani ngingeze le nto: “ngibe nethemba elihle lokuqhutshwa ne-jus in bello”? Yebo, uma impi elungile kufanele ihlangabezane nezinqubo zombili, ngakho-ke akumele yethulwe ngaphandle kokuthi inethemba lokuhlangabezana nesethi yesibili - into engekho impi eyake yenziwa futhi ayikho impi eyoke yenzeke. Ake sibheke lezi zinto:
"Kusetshenziswe izindlela ezilinganiselwe kuphela zokuzwakala izinhloso zempi." Lokhu kungahlangatshezwa kuphela ngoba akunangqondo ngokuphelele, konke kufanele kube okwakho ukuzenzela okwakheke ngeso lempi noma umnqobi. Akunasivivinyo esinamandla sokuvumela iqembu elingathathi hlangothi ukuthi limemezele ukuthi okuthile kukhona noma akulingani noma kuzwakala, futhi akukho mpi eyaziwa ukuthi ivinjelwe noma ivinjelwe kakhulu yilolo vivinyo. Lo mgomo awusoze wahlangatshezwa ngokwenelisa izisulu noma abahluliwe.
"Izimpi ezingekho empini zivikelekile ekuhlaselweni." Lokhu kungenzeka akukaze kuhlangatshezwane nakho. Ngisho nezazi eziphikisana nempi zivame ukugxila ezimpini ezedlule phakathi kwamazwe acebile kunezimpi ezedlule zokuqedwa ezenziwa izizwe ezicebile ngokumelene nabantu bomdabu. Iqiniso ngukuthi impi ibihlala iyizindaba ezinyantisayo kwabangeyona impi. Ngisho nezimpi zaseYurophu zangesikhathi esidlule lapho kwakhiwa khona le mfundiso engenangqondo yaveza ukuvinjezelwa kwamadolobha, indlala nokudlwengulwa njengezikhali zempi. Kodwa phakathi neminyaka engama-70 edlule abantu abangezona izimpi bebelokhu bengabaningi bezisulu zezimpi, imvamisa iningi labo, futhi ngasohlangothini olulodwa. Into eyinhloko izimpi zakamuva ezenzile ukubulala izakhamizi ngakolunye uhlangothi lwempi ngayinye. Impi imane nje iwukubulala uhlangothi olulodwa, hhayi ibhizinisi elithile elicatshangelwayo lapho “abangezona izimpi bengavikelekile ekuhlaselweni.” Ukuchaza “ukuhlaselwa,” njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukungafaki ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi “okungahlosiwe” ababulali ngeke kukushintshe lokhu.
"Amasosha ezitha kumele ahlonishwe njengabantu." Ngempela? Uma uhamba kamakhelwane ubulala umakhelwane wakho, bese uya phambi kwejaji uchaze ukuthi umhlonipha kanjani umakhelwane wakho njengomuntu, ubungathini? Kuphakathi kokuthi unomsebenzi ovulekele wena njengethiyori "yempi nje", noma usuqalile manje ukubona ubuze balowo msebenzi.
"Iziboshwa zempi kufanele ziphathwe njengezimpi." Angazi noma iyiphi impi lapho lokhu kuhlangatshezwe khona ngokuphelele futhi angiqiniseki ukuthi kungaba kanjani ngaphandle kokukhulula iziboshwa. Impela amanye amaqembu kwezinye izimpi asondele kakhulu kunamanye ukuhlangabezana nale nqubo. Kepha i-United States ithathe ukuhola kwakamuva ekuhambiseni umkhuba ojwayelekile kude kakhulu nale, kunokuba isondele.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlobo zezinkinga ngombono "wempi nje", uCalhoun uveza ukuthi ukuphatha isizwe sengathi ngumuntu kuyinkinga engapheli. Umqondo wokuthi amasosha athunyelwe empini azivikela ngokuhlanganyela awusebenzi ngoba angazivikela ngokushiya. Eqinisweni bazibeka engcupheni yokubulala abantu ngokuvamile abangahlangene nanoma yiliphi icala labo baholi babantu abasolwa ngalo - futhi bekwenza lokho ukuze bathole umholo.
UCalhoun wenza okunye encwadini yakhe, ngokudlula nje, okwadala ukuhlaselwa okunonya lapho uJane Addams ezama ukuthi isishoshovu esikhulu sokuthula sacishe sashaywa saxoshwa ensimini. UCalhoun ubalula ukuthi amasosha ayalungiselelwa impi. U-Addams uthe, enkulumweni yakhe eNew York, ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, ukuthi emazweni ayewavakashele eYurophu, amasosha asemasha athi kunzima ukwenza icala lokubulala insizwa eduze, ngaphandle kokuthi "kuvuswe , ”Ukuthi amaNgisi anikezwa i-rum, i-ether yaseJalimane, ne-absinthe yaseFrance. Ukuthi lokhu bekuyinkomba ethembisayo yokuthi abesilisa akubona bonke ababulali bemvelo, nokuthi bekunembile, bakhishelwa eceleni ekuhlaselweni "kokunyundelwa" kwamasosha angcwele. Eqinisweni amasosha ase-US abamba iqhaza “ezimpini nje” zanamuhla afa kakhulu ngokuzibulala kunanoma isiphi esinye isizathu, futhi imizamo kuya Cindezela elokucisha ukulimala kwabo kokuziphatha kungase kube nakho wabenza abaningi waxilisa ababulali umlando.
Bese kunenkinga yokuthi i-United States izenze umhlinzeki wezikhali ophezulu kubo bonke abenzi bezimpi emhlabeni wonke futhi imvamisa izithola ilwa nezikhali zase-US, futhi ithola namasosha ase-US ahlomile futhi aqeqeshwe yi-US elwa wodwa, njengoba khona manje eSyria. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi noma yiliphi ibhizinisi lifune izisusa ezilungile nezokuzivikela ngenkathi lihola ukwenza inzuzo kwezikhali nokwanda?
Ngenkathi umbono "wempi nje" uqubuka lapho kubhekwa ukuthi kukhona yini ukuhweba ngezikhali, wona uqobo ufana nokuhweba ngezikhali. Ukumaketha nokwanda kwenkulumo “yempi nje” emhlabeni wonke kunikeza zonke izinhlobo zabenzi bempi ngezindlela zokunqoba abasekeli bezenzo zabo ezimbi.
Esikhathini esingengakanani emuva, ngezwa ku-blogger ngibuza ukuthi ngabe ngiyazi yini ukuthi inkolelo yokuthi "impi nje" ngabe yonke impi iye yayivimba impi ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa kwayo. Nayi ifayili le- ibhulogi eholele:
"Ukulungiselela le ndatshana ngabhala abantu abangama-XNUMX — abashisekeli bokulwa kanye namaqhawe nje, izifundiswa-ezishoshovu, ezazi okuthile ngokusetshenziswa kwethiyori yempi nje-ngibuza ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukusho ubufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka kube nempi evinjelwe (noma eguqulwe kakhulu) ngenxa yezingqinamba zezinqubo zempi nje. Abangaphezu kwesigamu baphendule, futhi akekho noyedwa ongavula icala. Okumangalisa kakhulu ukuthi inombolo ebheke umbuzo wami njengenoveli eyodwa. Uma i-matrix yempi efanele kufanele ibe ngumthengisi oqotho wezinqumo zenqubomgomo, impela kufanele kube namamethrikhi aqinisekisiwe. ”
Nakhu ebengikuphendule embuzweni:
“Umbuzo omuhle kakhulu, ngoba noma ngubani angabhala inqwaba yezimpi ezivikelekile kusetshenziswa 'impi nje,' kepha inhloso bekuhlale kubonakala kungukuvikela lezo zimpi noma izingxenye zazo noma imibono yazo, ngokungafani nezinye 'izimpi ezingenabulungiswa,' hhayi ukuvimbela empeleni izimpi ezithile. Vele, ngemfundiso yasendulo futhi esabalele kangaka, umuntu angaveza noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuvimbela kuyo, noma yikuphi ukuphathwa kahle kweziboshwa, noma yisiphi isinqumo sokungazisebenzisi izikhali zenuzi, isinqumo se-Iran sokungazisebenzisi izikhali zamakhemikhali ukuziphindiselela e-Iraq, njll. esinye sezizathu engingakaze ngicabange ngaso 'njengempi nje' njengendlela yokuvimbela noma yokuqeda noma yokubeka umkhawulo ezimpini zangempela ukuthi akusizo ezomthetho; konke kusesweni le-warmonger. Ingabe ileveli ethile yokubulala 'ilingana' noma 'iyadingeka'? Kwazi bani! Akukaze kube khona enye indlela yokwazi empeleni. Akukaze eminyakeni eyi-1700 yenziwe ithuluzi lokusetshenziswa kwangempela. Kuyithuluzi lokuzivikela ngezinkulumo zokubhala, hhayi ukubhekelwa eduze kakhulu. Uma sibhekisisa kahle manje, singathemba ukuthi izovela kubantu abaningi kakhulu ibumbene njengobugqila nje, ukudlwengulwa nje nokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane nje. ”
