Sekuyisikhathi sokuqeda ukubhaliswa okubhalwe phansi futhi ubuyisele amalungelo aphelele kubantu abanembeza.

NguBill Galvin noMaria Santelli, Isikhungo Sonembeza Nempi[1]

Ngomkhawulo wokulwa wabesifazane kuma-US Armed Forces manje ophakanyisiwe, ingxoxo yokubhalisa okubhalwe emuva ibuyele ezindabeni, ezinkantolo, nasehholo le-congress. Kodwa izinkinga nge-Selective Service System (SSS) Ukubhalisa zijule kakhulu kunokulingana ngokobulili. Kunesithakazelo esincane sezombangazwe ekubuyiseleni umhlaka. Ukubhaliswa okubhalwe phansi kubalulekile ukuba kube ngumthwalo phezu kwezinsizwa zethu zesizwe - futhi manje, kungenzeka abesifazane bethu abasebasha, kanjalo.

Izijeziso ezingekho emthethweni ezifakwe kulabo abakhetha ukungabhalisi noma ukuhluleka ukubhalisa kwenza ukuphila kunzima kakhulu kwabaningi abavele bahlukanisiwe, futhi ikakhulukazi banqabe abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza abakholelwa ukuthi ukubhalisa ngeSelective Service kuyindlela yokuhlanganyela empini. Asikho ithuba lokubhalisa njengenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho kwabenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza kwanikezwa eminyangweni yamanani ambalwa asekuqaleni,[2] futhi yabhalwa ekuqaliseni kokuqala kwalokho okwaba yiziQuquko zokuQala neziBili kuMthethosivivinywa wamaLungelo omThethosisekelo wase-US.[3] Esikhundleni sokuhlonipha nokusekela le nkululeko nokuvikelwa, abomthetho bamanje baye bafaka phansi abangewona ababhalisile emithethweni ephika imfundo, umsebenzi kanye namanye amathuba ayisisekelo. Le mithetho ibhekene nomthwalo ongamukeleki kulabo abangakwazi ukubhalisa, ngenembeza omuhle, futhi empeleni bajezisa futhi baphazamise labo abaphila ngokuvumelana nalokho okushiwo intando yeningi yethu.

Ngemuva kwempi eVietnam iphelile ngo-1975, ukubhaliswa kokubhalisa sekuphelile. KuMongameli we-1980 uCarter wabuyisela ukubhaliswa ukuze athumele umlayezo eSoviet Union, esanda kuhlasela i-Afghanistan, ukuthi i-US ingaba ilungele impi nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Lokhu kusengumthetho wezwe namhlanje: cishe bonke abesilisa abahlala e-US nabo bonke izakhamuzi zesilisa phakathi kweminyaka engu-18 ne-26 kudingeka babhaliswe ngeSelective Service.

Izinhlawulo zokwehluleka ukubhalisa zingaba nzima impela: kuyimbumba yombuso ephethe inhlawulo engafika eminyakeni emihlanu ejele nenhlawulo efinyelela ku- $ 5.[4] Njengoba izigidi ze-1980 zezinsizwa ziphule umthetho ngokuhluleka ukubhalisa. Futhi kulabo ababhalise, izigidi eziningi zaphula umthetho ngokuhluleka ukubhalisa ngesikhathi sokubekwa komthetho.[5]  Njengoba i-1980 inani eliphelele labantu abangu-20 kuphela bashushisiwe ngenxa yokuhluleka ukubhalisa. (Isigwebo sokugcina saba ngoJanuwari 23rd, i-1986.) Cishe bonke labo abashushiswa babenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza ababeka obala ukuthi babhalisiwe njengenkulumo yenkolo, yenkolo noma yezopolitiki.[6]

Ekuqaleni, uhulumeni uhlele ukushushisa abantu abambalwa bezokuphepha futhi babesabe bonke abantu ukuba bahambisane nezidingo zokubhalisa. (Ngobugebengu, lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi "ukuvimbela ngokujwayelekile.") Le nqubo yaphelelwa yisikhathi: abaphikisi ngenxa kanembeza abhekene nokushushiswa babezindaba zakusihlwa ezikhuluma ngamagugu abo, bethi baphendula umthetho wokuziphatha ophakeme, nokungahambisani nokubhaliswa empeleni yanda.

Ephendula, kusukela ku-1982, uhulumeni wesifundazwe wenza umthetho wokujezisa nemigomo eyenzelwe ukuphoqelela abantu ukuba babhalise ngeSelective Service. Le mithetho, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uSolomon" imithetho ngemuva kokuba ilungu leCongress liqale lazise (hhayi ngenxa yokuhlakanipha kwabo okudingekayo!), Abangekho ababhalisiwe abavunyelwe bayakwenqaba lokhu okulandelayo:

• Usizo lwezezimali lwe-Federal kubafundi bekolishi;
• Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi wase-Federal;
• Ukuqashwa nama-ejenti aphezulu ase federal;
• S. Ubumpofu kwabokufika.

Isevisi ekhethiwe ibike njalo ukuthi umgomo wabo ukwandisa amazinga okubhalisa, hhayi ukushushisa abangabhalisile. Bawubhalisa ngenjabulo ukubhaliswa kwesikhashana kuze kube yilapho umuntu ephenduka i-26, ngemva kwesikhathi esingekho ngokomthetho noma ngokusemthethweni ukuthi angabhalisa. Ngenxa yokuthi kunemithetho emihlanu yemingcele yokuphulwa komthetho weSelective Service, lapho umuntu ongabhalisile ephenduka i-31[7] ngeke usashushiswa, kodwa ukuphika usizo lwezezimali lwezemfundo, ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, nokuqashwa kuqhubeka phakathi nokuphila kwakhe konke.

Isevisi ekhethiwe iye yafakazela phambi kweCongress ukuthi akukho lutho olutholayo ngokuphika lezi zinzuzo kulabo asebekhulile kakhulu ukuze babhaliswe.[8] Kodwa-ke, ephikiseni eliyinkimbinkimbi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zithi ukuthola umuntu obhalisa ukwenza lowo muntu umusa, ngoba ukwehluleka ukubhalisa kwenza ukuba kungabonakali kulezi zinzuzo "zikahulumeni." Eqinisweni, yilokho isimo sengqondo esenza umqondisi wangaphambili Sesevisi Ekhethiwe Gil Coronado ukugcina,

“Uma singaphumeleli ukukhumbuza abesilisa emadolobheni angaphakathi ngesibopho sabo sokubhalisa, ikakhulukazi abambalwa nabesilisa bokufika, bazolahlekelwa ngamathuba okufeza iphupho laseMelika. Bazolahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwemali mboleko yasekolishi nezibonelelo, imisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuqeqeshwa emsebenzini kanye nabokufika abaneminyaka yobudala, ubuzwe. Ngaphandle kokuthi siphumelele ekufezeni ukuthobela okuphezulu kokubhaliswa, iMelika ingase ibe sengozini yokwakha i-underclass ehlala njalo. ”[9]

Esikhundleni sokusebenza ukuqeda lezi zijeziso ezingenabhaliswa ngabangewona ababhalisile, futhi ukulinganisela ngempela inkundla yokudlala kubo bonke, Isevisi yokukhetha ikhuthaze ukuthi iyakwamukela Eyengeziwe izinhlawulo kulabo abangabhaliseli uhlaka. Ngokwe-2015 SSS Report Report to Congress, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesibili kwamadoda abhaliswe ku-FY 2015 baphoqwa yizinyathelo ezifana nemikhawulo yelayisense yokushayela noma ukufinyelela kosizo lwezezimali.[10]

Eminyakeni kusukela uhulumeni wesifunda esebenzisa izigwegwe zesitayela sikaSolomon, i-44 ithi, iSifunda saseColombia, nezindawo eziningana zenze umthetho okhuthaza noma ophoqelela ukubhaliswa ngeSelective Service. Le mithetho ithatha amafomu amaningi: ezinye zithi zenqaba usizo lukahulumeni lwezezimali kubafundi ababhalisiwe; ezinye zokubhaliswa kwenqaba emazingeni kahulumeni; abanye balabo abangabhalisi imali yokukhokhela izikole eziphuma ngaphandle; kanti abanye bathi inkokhelo inhlanganisela yalezi zijeziso. Izikweletu ezivimbela ukuqashwa kwamanye amazwe kahulumeni ziye zadluliselwa emazweni e-20 nasendaweni eyodwa.

Imithetho ixhumanisa ukubhalisa kwilayisense yokushayela, imvume yomfundi, noma i-ID yesithombe zihluka ngombuso, ekudingeni ukubhaliswa ukuze kulungele ukuthola i-ID noma ilayisensi, okuyinto esithathwe yiziningi zezifundazwe, ukunikeza nje ithuba lokubhalisa. Okuwukuthi kuphela okwamanje okwedlulele noma yimuphi umthetho wombuso mayelana nokubhaliswa ngeSelective Service yiNebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, naseWyoming.

Noma ikuphi ukwephulwa komthetho kuthwala inhlawulo engaba khona uma umuntu elahlwa yicala. Noma kunjalo - futhi kufanelekile ukuphinda - uhulumeni akashushanga muntu ngokuphula umthetho weNkonzo Yezokukhethwa kusukela ku-1986, kanti izinkulungwane zezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zase-US ziye zajeziswa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.[11] Lo mkhuba wokubheka ngaphandle kokushushiswa noma ukukholelwa komthetho uchitha uhlelo lomthetho olusungulwe ngumThethosisekelo wethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukupholisa abantu ngezindlela ezingahambisani nesenzo sabo sokusola - icala abangazange bahlawuliswe - liphikisana nesistimu yethu esemthethweni yomthetho kanye nombono wethu wobulungiswa. Uma kukhona intando yezombangazwe yokuphoqelela umthetho, abahlukumezi kufanele bashushiswe futhi banelungelo lokugwetshwa yijaji labangane babo. Uma kungekho intando yezombangazwe yokuphoqelela umthetho, umthetho kufanele ususwe. 

Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokususa lo mthetho ongathandeki nongumthwalo, ukunakwa kwezombangazwe kanye nezamanje kuye kwagxila ekudluliseni kwabesifazane. NgoFebhuwari 2, i-2016 oyiNhloko yoMsebenzi weMpi kanye noMphathi we-Marine Corps bobabili bafakaze phambi kweKomidi Lezinsizakalo Zase-Senate ekusekeleni ukwandisa izidingo zokubhaliswa kwabesifazane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili, ummeli uDuncan Hunter (R-CA) kanye noMmeli uRyan Zinke (R-MT) wethule Umthetho we-Draft America's Girls, okuyinto, uma idlulile, ingadlulisela imfuneko yokubhalisa kwabesifazane. Kuzophinde kubhekane nabesifazane, futhi ngokungahambisani nabesifazane abanembeza, ekushushisweni okungenzeka kubekwe icala lobugebengu, kanye nokujeziswa okungekho emthethweni ngenxa yesenzo sabo senembeza.

Emuva ku-1981, lapho ukubhaliswa kweNsizakalo yezinsizakalo zobulili olulodwa kungenselele njengoba kubandlululwa ngokocansi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqamba ukuthi ukubhaliswa kweSonto okuSebenzi kuphela okwemthethweni kwakungokomthetho. Bathi, "Abesifazane abangekho emisebenzini yokulwa," akuyona nje into ehlelwe ngenhloso yokuhlela noma yokubhalisa, "neCongress, enegunya lomthethosisekelo" lokukhulisa nokulondoloza "amasosha, babe negunya lokucabangela "isidingo sempi" ngaphezu "kokulingana."[12]

Kodwa izikhathi zishintshile, kanti manje abesifazane manje baqashelwa ngokuthi "kukhona okufanayo." Manje ukuthi abesifazane besasavinjelwe empini, isizathu sokuthi iNkantolo ivumele uhlelo lokubhalisa olulodwa lwesilisa lungasekho. Amacala amacala amacala enkantolo eminyakeni yamuva nje ayinselele inhlawulo yowesilisa kuphela emibhalweni yomthethosisekelo "yokuvikelwa okulinganayo", futhi enye yalezi zimo wayephikisana ngaphambi kwe-9^th Inkantolo Yezikhalazo Zezifundazwe ngoDisemba 8, 2015. NgoFebhuwari 19, i-2016, inkantolo yezikhalazo inqabe izizathu zobuchwepheshe eziphansi zokususa leli cala futhi libuyisele emuva ukuze zicutshungulwe.

Kodwa ukwengeza abesifazane kubantu abajeziswe yizinqumo ezingokomthetho nezomthethosisekelo weSelective Service System azixazulula lutho.

Njengamanje imithetho yezinsizakalo zikahulumeni kanye neyezwe, uma umuntu efuna ukubuyela emuva esikoleni esikhathini esizayo noma efuna umsebenzi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni noma zombuso, angathola ukuthi lawo mathuba avinjelwe ngoba akazange abhalise. Ngaphandle kwe-ID yesithombe noma ilayisense yokushayela, amalungelo abantu ngabanye abanembeza abahambayo bavinjelwe. I-ID yesithombe idinga ukuthenga ithikithi lendiza noma isitimela, noma amathikithi okuhamba kwezinye izindlela zokuhamba ngisho nase-US. Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu I-13.1 ithi, "wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuhamba nokuhlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yombuso ngamunye."[13] Umthelela wale mithetho ukuphazamisa leli lungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izidingo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ID yokuzivocavoca ziyaqhubeka nokusabalalisa futhi zigcinwa yizinkantolo, le mithetho ingavimbela ilungelo labo abangafuni ukuya empini ngenxa yenkolo yentando yeningi yokuvota: ivoti.

Bambalwa bangaphikisana ngokuthi abomthetho abathintela le mithetho yokujezisa bafuna futhi bazihlose ngenhloso ukulimaza noma ukuhlukumeza amaqembu athile, kodwa lokho akuyona imiphumela yezenzo zabo. Isikhathi sesivuthiwe ukuze inselele le mithetho - hhayi ukwengeza abesifazane abanembeza (noma abanye abanye besifazane) eqenjini elijeziswayo. Isikhathi siphinde siphumelele ukuyinselele uhlelo lokuSebenza Service ngokwabo, futhi ngoFebhuwari 10, uMmeli UMike Coffman (R-CO), kanye nabamele Peter DeFazio (D-OR), UJared Polis (D-CO) futhi Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) wethule umthethosivivinywa lokho kungakufeza kokubili. U-HR 4523 angaqeda uMthetho Wezempi Wokukhethwa Kwamasosha, aqede imfuneko yokubhaliswa kwawo wonke umuntu, ngenkathi edinga ukuthi “umuntu angeke anqatshelwe ilungelo, ilungelo, inzuzo, noma isikhundla somsebenzi ngaphansi komthetho weFederal” ngokwala noma ukwehluleka ukubhalisa ngaphambi ukususa. Isikhalazo manje iyajikeleza ukusekela lo mzamo ohlakaniphile nesikhathi esifanele.

Yize i-spin ekwenza kube lula ukubhaliswa (“Kuyashesha, kulula, umthetho;” Ukubhaliswa nje, akusilo uhlaka), lezi zingxoxo zisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esivuselelwe sokuthi, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasho emuva ngo-1981, “injongo ukubhaliswa ukwakha inqwaba yamasosha alwa. Inhloso yokubhalisa ukulungiselela impi. Amadodakazi ethu kanye namadodana ethu kufaneleka kangcono.

[1] ICentre on Conscience & War (CCW) yasungulwa ngo-1940 ukuvikela amalungelo Abenqaba Ngenxa Yenembeza. Umsebenzi wethu uyaqhubeka namuhla, ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lobuchwepheshe nolomphakathi kubo bonke labo abaphikisana nokuzibandakanya kwabo empini noma ekulungiseleleni impi.

[2] ULillian Schlissel, Unembeza eMelika (I-New York: iDutton, i-1968) p. I-28

[3] Ibid, k. 47. Lapha uSchlissel ucaphuna uJames Madison, Iziphakamiso eziya kuCongress mayelana noMqulu Wamalungelo, Annals of Congress: Izimpikiswano Nezinqubo eNkongweni Yase-United States, Umq. Mina, Congress First, Session First, June 1789 (Washington DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834). Bhekafuthi U-Harrop A. Freeman, "Isikhumbuzo Sembeza," i-Univ. Penn. Umthetho Rev., vol. I-106, cha. I-6, iphe. 806-830, ku-811-812 (ngo-Ephreli 1958) (ephindaphinda umlando wokubhalisa ngokuningiliziwe).

[4] Uhlelo lwe-50 USC. I-462 (a) ne-18 USC 3571 (b) (3)

[5] Uhlelo Lokusebenza Olukhethiwe Imibiko Yonyaka Yonyaka we-Congress, 1981-2011

[6] http://hasbrouck.org/draft/prosecutions.html

[7] Sisebenzisa isimemezelo esithi "yena" ngoba umthetho uthinta kuphela abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi.

[8] Richard Flahavan, Selective Service System Associate Director, Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, emhlanganweni obuphakathi kweSelection Service nabasebenzi beCentre on Conscience & War, Nov 27, 2012

[9] Umbiko Wonyaka we-1999 eNkongweni Yase-United States, kusukela kuMqondisi Wezinsiza Ezikhethiwe, p.8.

[10] https://www.sss.gov/Portals/0/PDFs/Annual%20Report%202015%20-%20Final.pdf

[11] ibid.

[12] I-Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 US 57 (1981).

[13] Isigaba 13 soMemezelo Wamazwe Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml