Ngu-Erin Niemela no-Tom H. Hastings
Inkulumo kaMengameli u-Obama ngoLwesithathu ebusuku ebhekise ku-Islamic State (ISIL) ibuyisele izwe elikhathele yizimpi ekungeneleleni ngodlame e-Iraq, elinye izwe elikhathele yizimpi. Abaphathi baka-Obama bathi ukuhlasela kwezindiza, abeluleki bezempi kanye nomfelandawonye wezempi wamaSulumane wezifundazwe zaseMelika kungamaqhinga asebenzayo okulwa nobushokobezi, kodwa lokho kungamanga asobala ngezizathu ezimbili ezinkulu.
Okokuqala, umlando wezempi yase-US e-Iraq isu elihluleke ngokuphindaphindiwe elinezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nemiphumela emibi.
Okwesibili, umfundaze kuwo womabili amaphekula kanye noguquko lwezingxabano kukhombisa ukuthi le ngxubevange yamasu iyisiphukuphuku sezibalo.
Abantu abaku-ISIL akuwona “umdlavuza,” njengoba kusho uMongameli Obama. Inkinga yezempilo yomphakathi yomhlaba wonke enkulu futhi ehlukahlukene udlame, oluhlanganyela izici nezifo eziningi, njengomdlavuza, ukuluthwa kwe-meth, i-Black Death kanye ne-Ebola. Udlame yisifo, hhayi ikhambi.
Lesi singathekiso sisebenza odlameni olwenziwa yi-ISIL kanye ne-US ngokufanayo. Bobabili bathi basebenzisa ubudlova ukuze baqede ukungabi nabulungisa. Kokubili i-ISIL kanye ne-US kwehlisa ubuntu kuzo zonke izinhlaka zabantu ukuze kuthethelelwe lolo dlame. Njengemilutha yezidakamizwa, womabili amaqembu ahlomile ahlukanisa futhi alimaza abanye ngokungakhethi kuyilapho ethi kuzuzisa wonke umuntu.
Isifo sokulutheka asiqedwa lapho amaphoyisa egasela ekhaya lomlutha, ngephutha adubula umfowabo bese emdubula ekhanda. Ukulutheka—kulokhu, udlame olwenziwa amasosha nhlangothi zonke—lunqotshwa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele ezitholwe yizazi zokulwa nobushokobezi kanye noguquko lwezingxabano futhi zanconywa iminyaka—ezinganakwa njalo ngabaphathi baseMelika abalandelanayo naphezu kobufakazi obukhulayo. Nazi izindlela zokwelapha eziyisishiyagalombili ezisekelwa ngokwesayensi zokusongelwa kwe-ISIL kokubili amaqiniso nama-idealists abakwazi futhi okufanele bakukhuthaze.
Okokuqala, yekani ukwenza amaphekula amaningi. Lahla wonke amaqhinga engcindezelo anodlame. Ingcindezelo enodlame, kungaba ngeziteleka zezindiza, ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, kuzobuyisela emuva. "Naphezu kokuqiniseka okuvamile ezindleleni zokuvimbela, izenzo zengcindezelo azikaze ziholele ekwehleni kobuphekula futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziye zaholela ekwandeni kobuphekula," kusho u-Erica Chenoweth noLaura Dugan ocwaningweni lwabo lwango-2012 ku-American Sociological Review eminyakeni engu-20 yamasu okulwa nama-Israel. Ababhali bathole ukuthi imizamo yengcindezelo engakhethi yokulwa nobuphekula - udlame olusetshenziswa kubo bonke abantu lapho amaphekula asebenza khona, njengokuhlasela kwezindiza, ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, njll., kwakuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwezenzo zobuphekula.
Okwesibili, yeka ukudlulisa izikhali nemishini yezempi esifundeni. Yeka ukuthenga nokuthengisa izinto, ezinenzuzo kubathengisi abambalwa futhi eziyingozi kuwo wonke umuntu. Siyazi kakade ukuthi izikhali zamasosha ase-US ezithunyelwe eSyria, eLibya nase-Iraq, phakathi kwezinye izifundazwe zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika (MENA), zithathwe noma zathengwa futhi zasetshenziswa yi-ISIL ngokumelene nezakhamuzi.
Okwesithathu, qala ukuveza uzwela lwangempela kubantu abathi amaphekula “bayabavikela.” Ucwaningo lwango-2012 lwe-Chenoweth and Dugan counterterrorism luphinde lwathola ukuthi imizamo yokubuyisana yokulwa nobuphekula ngokungakhethi - imivuzo emihle ezuzisa lonke iqembu lomazisi lapho amaphekula athola khona ukwesekwa - iyona engcono kakhulu ekwehliseni izenzo zobushokobezi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi lapho leyo mizamo iqiniswa isikhathi eside. -ithemu. Izibonelo zale mizamo zihlanganisa ukusayina izinhloso zezingxoxo, ukuhoxisa amasosha, ukuphenya ngobuqotho izimangalo zokuhlukumeza nokuvuma amaphutha, phakathi kokunye.
Okwesine, yeka ukudala izinhloso eziningi zobuphekula. Noma ubani i-US ehlose ukuvikela ngodlame uba impoqo. Isibopho Sokuvikela asidingi udlame, futhi inqubomgomo engcono kungaba ukubonisana nokweseka amabutho angahlomile angenalo udlame asephumelele kakade ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Muslim Peacemaker Teams, elise Najaf, Iraq isebenza nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe nezendawo okungezona zikahulumeni e-Iraq ukuze kwehliswe impi futhi kusizwe abantu abasindile. Elinye iqembu I-Peaceforce ye-Nonviolent, ithimba eligcina ukuthula elingahlomile elinomsebenzi ophumelelayo South Sudan, i-Sri Lanka kanye nezinye izinkundla zempi.
Okwesihlanu, udlame lwe-ISIL luwumlutha ophathwa kangcono ngokungenelela kosizo ngababambe iqhaza abanakekelayo kodwa abaqinile. Ukungenelela kosizo kuqondiswe ekuziphatheni, hhayi ubukhona bomlutha, futhi ugunyaza ukubambisana nabo bonke ababambiqhaza abakhona, okuhlanganisa amaSunni, amaShi'a, amaKurds, amaKristu, amaYazidis, amabhizinisi, othisha, abahlinzeki bezempilo, osopolitiki bendawo, kanye nabezenkolo. abaholi ukuthi bangenelele ezenzweni ezicekela phansi iqembu. I-ISIL yakhiwe yilabo ababengamasosha - amalungu omndeni, abangani kanye nezingane zemiphakathi; noma yikuphi ukungenelela kwangempela kosizo kufanele kufake phakathi umsebenzi nokusekelwa umphakathi - hhayi amabutho ahlomile angaphandle.
Okwesithupha, bheka udaba lwe-ISIL njengenkinga yamaphoyisa omphakathi, hhayi inkinga yezempi. Akekho othanda izindiza zempi ukuthi zindize phezu kwekhaya lakhe noma amathangi agibele endaweni yakhe, kungaba seFerguson, Mo. noma Mosul, Iraq. Imisebenzi yobuphekula esifundeni ivinjelwa kangcono noma incishiswe izixazululo ezisekelwe emphakathini ezizwelayo ngokwesiko futhi ezingaphansi kwemithetho esemthethweni.
Okwesikhombisa, yemukela ukuthotshelwa komthetho emhlabeni, hhayi amaphoyisa omhlaba ase-US. Sekuyisikhathi sokuqinisa ubukhosi bomphakathi womphakathi waso sonke isintu, hhayi ukuhlukumeza amandla kulabo abanezindiza zempi nemicibisholo.
Isishiyagalombili, yekani ukuzenza umholi eMENA. Yamukela ukuthi imingcele yakhona izodwetshwa kabusha yilabo abahlala khona. Lesi yisifunda sabo futhi bayayicasukela inkulungwane yeminyaka egcwele yenhlanganisela yezimpi zenkolo elandelwa ubukoloni obunqanyulwe amandla ombuso adweba imingcele yawo futhi akhiphe izinsiza zawo. Yeka ukuphakela lowo mlando omude wokungenelela okunodlame futhi unikeze isifunda ithuba lokululama. Ngeke kube kuhle kodwa izigigaba zethu ezimbi eziphindaphindiwe e-Iraq ziveze ukufa nokucekelwa phansi izikhathi eziningi kakhulu. Ukuphinda lezo zindlela zokwelapha eziyinhlekelele futhi silindele imiphumela ehlukene kuwuphawu lokuhlupheka kwethu.
Ukulutheka kobudlova kuyelapheka, kodwa hhayi ngobudlova obengeziwe. Ukulamba noma yisiphi isifo kusebenza kangcono kunokusipha ukudla futhi udlame olwengeziwe kuveza udlame olusobala—olwengeziwe. Ukuphatha kuka-Obama, kanye nabo bonke abaphathi baseMelika abandulele, kufanele bazi kangcono manje.
-Ukuphela-
Erin Niemela (@erinniemela), PeaceVoice Umhleli kanye PeaceVoiceTV Umphathi Wesiteshi, Uyikhandidethi Yeziqu Zokusebenza ohlelweni Lokuxazulula Izingxabano e-Portland State University, osebenza ngokukhethekile ekufomeni kwabezindaba kwezingxabano ezinodlame nezingenalo udlame. UDkt Tom H. Hastings unjalo PeaceVoice Umqondisi.
