I-Iron Cage of War: I-System War yamanje echazwe

(Lesi yisigaba 3 se- World Beyond War iphepha elimhlophe I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War. Qhubeka esandulele | okulandelayo ingxenye.)

Lapho amazwe aqala ukuqala ezweni lasendulo babhekene nenkinga esisanda kuqala ukuxazulula. Uma iqembu lezizwe ezinokuthula libhekene nezwe elihlomile, elinokulwa nempi, babe nezinqumo ezintathu kuphela: ukuhambisa, ukubalekela noma ukulingisa isimo esifana nempi nethemba lokunqoba empini. Ngale ndlela umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe waba nezempi futhi uhlale unjalo. Ubuntu buzikhiphe ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sempi sensimbi. Ukungqubuzana kwaqala impi. Impi iyinqola eqinisekisiwe futhi edidiyelwe phakathi kwamaqembu okuholela ezinengi zezisulu. Impi nayo isho, njengombhali John Horgan libeka, impi, isiko lempi, amabutho, izingalo, izimboni, izinqubomgomo, izinhlelo, inkulumo-ze, ukubandlulula, izinkolelo ezenza iqembu elibulalayo alinakwenzeka kuphela kodwa futhi kungenzeka.^i-note1

Endabeni yokushintsha kwempi, izimpi azigcini kuphela ezizweni. Omunye angase akhulume ngezimpi ezingavamile, lapho izimpi ezivamile, izenzo zobuphekula, ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zebudlova obukhulu abangakhethi.^i-note2 Abadlali abangekho emphakathini badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu empini, okuvame ukuthatha isimo sezimpi ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-asymmetric warfare.^i-note3

Nakuba izimpi ezithile zibangelwa izenzakalo zendawo, 'aziphuli' ngokuzenzekelayo. Ziwumphumela ongenakugwemeka wesistimu yezenhlalakahle ekulawuleni izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe nezombango, i-War System. Isizathu sezimpi ngokujwayelekile yi-War System elungiselela umhlaba kusengaphambili ngezimpi ezithile.

Uhlelo lweMpi luhlala kwiqoqo lezinkolelo nezindinganiso ezihlangene eziye zaba khona isikhathi eside kangangokuthi ukuthembeka kwabo nokusetshenziswa kwazo kuthathwa kalula futhi bahamba ikakhulukazi bengavunyelwe nakuba bebonakala bengamanga.^i-note4 Phakathi kwezingane ezivamile ze-War System myths ziyi:

I-War System ibuye ihlanganise ubuchwepheshe nezikhungo. Ihlanganiswe ngokujulile emphakathini futhi izingxenye zayo ezihlukahlukene zondla komunye nomunye ukuze zenzeke kakhulu.

Izimpi zihlelekile kakhulu, ukulungiswa kwamandla okulungiswa okulungiselelwe kusengaphambili yiNhlelo Yezempi egcwele zonke izikhungo zomphakathi. Isibonelo, e-United States (isibonelo esiqinile somhlanganyeli wezempi), akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kukhona izikhungo zokwenza impi njengegatsha eliphakeme likahulumeni lapho inhloko yombuso iphinde ibe umlawuli oyinhloko, inhlangano yezempi ngokwayo (ibutho , i-navy, i-air force, i-guard guard) ne-CIA, i-NSA, i-Homeland Security, i-Collèges ye-War eziningana, kodwa impi nayo yakhiwe emnothweni, yaqhutshelwa ngokweziko ezikoleni nasezinhlanganweni zenkolo, isiko esenziwa emindenini, imicimbi yezemidlalo, eyenziwa emidlalweni namabhayisikobho, futhi ihlolwe yizindaba zabezindaba. Cishe akukho ndawo umuntu afunde ngenye indlela.

Isibonelo esincane esisodwa sensika eyodwa yesigameko sokulwa namasiko siwukuqoqa amasosha. Izizwe zizama ukufaka abantu abasha empini, ziyibiza ngokuthi, "Isevisi." Abaqashi bazama ukukwenza "i-Service" ibonakale ikhangayo, ihlinzeka ngemali kanye nokufundiswa kwemfundo nokuyiveza njengokuthakazelisayo nokuthandana. Akukaze kube khona ukuhlaselwa okukhonjisiwe. Ukuqasha ama-posters akubonisi amasosha agula futhi afile noma amadolobhana abhubhe nabahlali abafile.

E-US, i I-Army Marketing ne-Research Group National Assets igatsha linomkhumbi wamaloli we-trailer anemikhiqizo enhle kakhulu, ekhangayo, ekhangelanayo ekhazimulisa impi futhi ahloswe ukuba athole "kanzima ukungena ezikoleni eziphakeme." Le mikhumbi ihlanganisa "I-Army Adventure Semi" kanye ne "All Army Experience" semi nabanye.^i-note5 Abafundi bangadlala emasimulini futhi balwe izimpi zamathangi noma baqhume ama-apache ahlasela izindiza ze-helicopter futhi banikeze izikhali ze-Army ze-ops yesithombe bese uthola umgodi wokujoyina. Amaloli asemgwaqweni izinsuku ezingu-230 ngonyaka. Isidingo sempi sithathwa kalula futhi umonakalo owonakalayo awubonisiwe.

Isiko samabutho empi sihlasela ngokukhululeka komphakathi. Ngesikhathi sempi, iqiniso liwukuqala kokulimala njengoba uhulumeni axhasa inkululeko futhi avimbela ingxoxo mahhala nokuphikisana. Ngokushesha uhulumeni usebenzise ukubhekwa okukhulu kwezomnotho kwezakhamizi, ukuboshwa ngaphandle kokuvivinywa noma ukuqedwa nokuhlukunyezwa, konke okulungile egameni lezokuphepha kazwelonke.

Izimpi ziholela engxenyeni ethile ethile, elula engqondweni. Ohulumeni baye baphumelela ekuzikholiseni ngokwabo kanye nezixuku zabantu ukuthi kunezimpendulo ezimbili kuphela zokuhlukumezeka: ukuhambisa noma ukulwa, ukulawulwa "lezo zindlovu" noma ukuzibhoboza eMgodini Wematshe. Bavame ukucaphuna "i-Munich Analogy," - ngesikhathi i-1938 yaseBrithani iwubuwula ivumela uHitler futhi, ekugcineni, izwe ladingeka lilwe namaNazi noma kunjalo. Okushiwo yilokho ababengabaseBrithani "basukuma" kuHitler wayeyobe esekela phansi futhi bekungeke kube khona iMpi Yezwe II. Ku-1939 Hitler wahlaselwa ePoland naseBrithani bakhetha ukulwa. Kwafa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu.^i-note6 "Impi Yomshoshaphansi" eshisayo kakhulu eqhutshwa umjaho wezikhali zenuzi. Ngeshwa, ekhulwini le-21st, seliye lacaca ngokucacile ukuthi ukwenza impi akusebenzi ukwenza ukuthula, njengoba kwenzeka amaGulf Wars amabili, iMpi yase-Afghan kanye nempi yaseSiriya / ISIS ibonisa ngokucacile. Sifake isimo se-permawar. Kristin Christman, ku- I-Paradigm Yokuthula, kuphakamisa indlela yokufanisa enye indlela, indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ekuphikisweni kwezwe:

Singagcina impi kuphela uma sishintsha ingqondo, cela imibuzo efanele ukuze uthole izimbangela zokuziphatha komhlukumezi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukubona ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kungomunye wabo. Njengomuthi, ukwelapha kuphela izimpawu zesifo ngeke uphulukise. Ngamanye amazwi, kumele sicabange ngaphambi kokukhipha isibhamu. Le nqubo yokuthula yilelo.

Uhlelo lweMpi alusebenzi. Akuletha ukuthula, noma ukuphepha okuncane. Okukhiqiza ukungavikeleki kokubili. Kodwa siyaqhubeka.

Izimpi zikhona; ohlelweni lweMpi wonke umuntu kufanele aqaphele wonke umuntu. Izwe liyindawo eyingozi ngoba i-War System yenza kube njalo. Ikona Hobbes"impi yabo bonke ngokumelene nabo bonke." Izizwe zikholelwa ukuthi ziyizihlukumezi zeziqhinga nezinsongo zabanye amazwe, ziqiniseke ukuthi amandla abanye empi ahlose ukubhujiswa kwabo ngenkathi ehluleka ukubona ukuhluleka kwabo, ukuthi izenzo zabo zidala kakhulu ukuziphatha abakwesabayo kanye nokuzivikela ngokumelene nezitha njengezibuko zomunye nomunye. Izibonelo zivame: impikiswano ye-Arab-Israel, impikiswano yaseNdiya-Pakistan, impi yaseMelika ngokuthuthumela okwenza amaphekula amaningi. Ohlangothini ngalunye luqondisa umgomo ophezulu. Ohlangothini ngalunye ludonsa omunye ngenkathi lishaya indima eyakhe eyingqayizivele kwimpucuko. Ukwengezwa kulokhu kungabi khona umncintiswano wamaminerali, ikakhulukazi amafutha, njengoba izizwe ziphishekela imodeli yezomnotho yokukhula okungapheli nokulutha umuthi wamafutha.^i-note8 Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simo sokunganaki okuphakade sinikeza abantu abathanda ukuzethemba futhi abaholi ithuba lokubambelela emandleni wezepolitiki ngokushukumisa ukwesaba okudumile, futhi inikeza ithuba elikhulu kakhulu lokuzuzisa abenzi bezingalo abesekela abasezombusazwe abavutha amalangabi.^i-note9

Ngalezi zindlela uhlelo lwe-War luzibheka, luziqinisa ngokwakho futhi luziqhubekele phambili. Ekholelwa ukuthi izwe liyindawo eyingozi, izizwe zizibamba futhi zenze ngokubambisana empini, ngaleyo ndlela zifakaze kwezinye izizwe ukuthi izwe liyindawo eyingozi ngakho-ke kufanele zihlomile futhi zenze ngendlela efanayo. Umgomo wukusongela udlame oluhlomile esimweni sokuxabana ngethemba lokuthi "luzovimba" ngakolunye uhlangothi, kodwa lokhu kuhluleka njalo, bese umgomo ungawugwema ukungqubuzana, kodwa ukuwunqoba. Ezinye izindlela eziphathelene nezimpi ezithile cishe azifunwa ngokujulile futhi umqondo wokuthi kungase kube khona okunye ukulwa neMpi ngokwazo, cishe akenzeki kubantu. Omunye akayitholi lokho umuntu angafuni.

Akusekho okwanele ukuqeda impi ethile noma uhlelo oluthile lwezikhali uma sifuna ukuthula. Yonke inkimbinkimbi yamasiko ye-War System kumele ishintshwe ngesistimu ehlukile yokulawula ukungqubuzana. Ngenhlanhla, njengoba sizobona, uhlelo olunjalo seluvele seluthuthuka ezweni langempela.

I-War System iyinhlangano yokukhetha. Isango lendawo yensimbi yensimbi, eqinisweni, livulekile futhi singakwazi ukuphuma lapho sikhetha.

(Qhubeka kuya esandulele | okulandelayo ingxenye.)

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Bona ithebula eligcwele lokuqukethwe I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War

amanothi:
I-1. Impi yinkinga yethu ephuthumayo kakhulu. Ake sixazulule. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-2. Funda kabanzi ku: Hoffman, FG (2007). Ukungqubuzana phakathi nekhulu le-21: ukuphakama kwezimpi ze-hybrid. Arlington, Virginia: I-Potomac Institute for Studies Policy. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-3. Impi ye-asymmetric iqhutshwa phakathi kwamaqembu ephikisana lapho amandla amancane empi, amasu noma amaqhinga ahlukene kakhulu. I-Iraq, iSiriya, i-Afghanistan yizibonelo eziyaziwa kakhulu zalesi simo. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
4. Izimpi zaseMelika. I-illusions and Realities (2008) nguPaul Buchheit ususa imicabango engekho ye-19 mayelana nezimpi zase-US kanye nesimiso sezempi sase-US. Impi kaDavid Swanson i-Lie (2010) iphikisana nezingxabano ze-14 ezisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa izimpi. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-5. I-Mobile Exhibit Inkampani inikeza "imidwebo eminingi yemiboniso efana ne-Multiple Exhibit Vehicles, i-Interactive Semis, i-Adventure Semis, ne-Adventure Trailers eyenziwa abaqashi bezempi ukuze baxhumane nabantu baseMelika nge-American Army futhi baqinise ukuqwashisa kwezempi esikoleni esiphakeme nasekolishi abafundi kanye nezikhungo zabo zethonya. Bheka iwebhusayithi ku: http://www.usarec.army.mil/msbn/Pages/MEC.htm (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-6. Izinombolo zihluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi zivelaphi. Ilinganisela ububanzi kusukela ku-50 million kuya ku-100 wezigidi zabantu. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-7. I-Paradigm ye-website ye-Peace (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-8. Ucwaningo lubuthole ukuthi ohulumeni bangaphandle bangama-100 amathuba okungenelela ezimpini zombango lapho izwe lilwa nempi enkulu yamafutha. Ukutadisha okuphelele "Amafutha angaphezu kwamanzi" angatholakala lapha. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-9. Ubufakazi obujulile bezenhlalakahle kanye ne-anthropological bungatholakala kulezi zincwadi: Pilisuk, Marc, noJennifer Achord Rountree. I-2008. Ubani Abazuzisa Ukuhlukumezeka Namazwe Omhlaba: Ukuthola Uhlelo Lokubhubhisa. Nordstrom, uCarolyn. I-2004. Izithunzi zeMpi: Ubudlova, Amandla, kanye Nezizwe Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ekhulwini Lamashumi amabili Nanye. (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)