NguNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, November 29, 2019
Njengoba abantu baseMelika behlala phansi esidlweni sakusihlwa se-Thanksgiving, ama-Iraq abekhala Ababhikishi be40 babulewe ngamaphoyisa nangamasosha ngoLwesine eBaghdad, Najaf naseNasiriyah. Cishe ababhikishi base400 babulewe selokhu amakhulu ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abangena ezitaladini ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Amaqembu amalungelo abantu achaze isimo esibucayi e-Iraq "Ukuchitheka kwegazi," UNdunankulu u-Abdul-Mahdi umemezele ukuthi uzokwesula esikhundleni, bese kuthi iSweden ivuleke uphenyo siphikisana noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela wase-Iraq, uNajah Al-Shammari, oyisakhamuzi saseSweden, ngamacala obuntu.
Ngokuvumelana ne Al Jazeera, "Ababhikishi bafuna ukugumbuqelwa kwesigaba sezepolitiki esithathwa njengonakele futhi sisebenzela amanye amazwe ngenkathi iningi labantu base-Iraq libhekene nobumpofu ngaphandle kwemisebenzi, usizo lwezempilo noma imfundo." I-36% kuphela yabantu abadala base-Iraq banemisebenzi, futhi yize umsebenzi womphakathi ongaphansi kwe-US uchithe amandla, izinsalela zawo ezindala zisasebenzisa abantu abaningi ukwedlula ezomkhakha ozimele, okwenze okubi kakhulu ngaphansi kodlame nezinxushunxushu zemfundiso yokushaqeka yaseMelika.
Ukubika kwaseNtshonalanga kubeka kalula i-Iran njengomdlali wangaphandle ovelele e-Iraq namuhla. Kepha ngenkathi i-Iran ithole ithonya elikhulu futhi omunye wemigomo yemibhikisho, iningi labantu elibusa i-Iraq namuhla liseyizithunjwa zangaphambili lokho i-US yandizela nabasebenzi bayo ngo-2003, "beza e-Iraq bephethe amaphakethe angenalutho ukugcwalisa" ngesikhathi umshayeli wetekisi eBaghdad etshela intatheli yaseNtshonalanga ngaleso sikhathi. Izimbangela zangempela zenkinga engapheli yezombusazwe nezomnotho yi-Iraq ukukhaphela izwe labo ababeyizithunjwa, inkohlakalo yabo kanye nendima engekho emthethweni yaseMelika ekubhubhiseni uhulumeni wase-Iraq, beyinikela kubo futhi babagcina bephethe iminyaka engu-16.
Ukukhohlakala kwezikhulu zase-US nezase-Iraq ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwe-US kuhlelwe kahle. Isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN 1483 sisungule isiKhwama Sokuthuthukiswa Kwamabhiliyoni ama- $ 20 se-Iraq sisebenzisa izimpahla ezazibanjwe ngaphambili e-Iraq, imali eyayishiywe ohlelweni lwe-UN 'lokudla kokudla' kanye nezimali ezintsha zika-Iraq. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngabakwaKPMG kanye nomhloli jikelele okhethekile bathola ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yaleyo mali intshontshiwe noma inyanyezelwe yizikhulu zase-US nezase-Iraq.
Izikhulu zenkampani yaseLebanon zathola u- $ 13 wezigidi zemali emabhanoyini kaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi wase-Iraq uFalah Naqib. Umphathi wobugebengu basemsebenzini uPaul Bremer ugcinise isikhwama semali semali engu- $ 600 million ngaphandle kwamaphepha. Inkonzo kahulumeni wase-Iraq nabasebenzi be-602 baqoqa imiholo ye-8,206. Isikhulu seMpi yaseMelika siphindaphinde intengo kwisivumelwano sokwakha kabusha isibhedlela, satshela umphathi wesibhedlela ukuthi imali eyengeziwe "yiphakethe lakhe lokuthatha umhlalaphansi." Usonkontileka wase-US ukhokhise u- $ 60 million kwinkontileka eyizigidi ezingama- $ 20 yokwakha kabusha ifektri usimende, utshele abaphathi base-Iraq ukuthi kufanele babonge nje ukuthi i-US ibasindisile kuSaddam Hussein. Usonkontileka wamapayipi wase-US ukhokhise u- $ 3.4 wezigidi zabasebenzi abangekho futhi “amanye amacala angalungile.” Kwinkontileka ye-198 ebuyekezwe ngumhloli jikelele, yi-44 kuphela ebinemibhalo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwe.
Abasebenza “ngokukhokha” baseMelika abasabalalisa imali yamaphrojekthi ezungeze i-Iraq bafake izigidi zamadola ngokheshi. Umhloli jikelele wahlola kuphela indawo eyodwa, ngaseHillah, kodwa bathola ama- $ 96.6 amadola ayisigidi kuleyo ndawo kuphela. Umenzeli oyedwa waseMelika akakwazanga ukubala ama- $ 25 wezigidi, kanti omunye angabalelwa ku- $ 6.3 wezigidi ngezi- $ 23 million. Abakwa- “Coalition Provisional Authority” basebenzise ama-ejenti afana nalawa kulo lonke elase-Iraq futhi bamane “basula” ama-akhawunti abo lapho sebehamba ezweni. Umenzeli oyedwa owaphonswa inselelo ubuye ngakusasa ephethe imali engu- $ 1.9 million ngemali engekho.
ICongress yase-US yaphinde yabekela u- $ 18.4 billion wokwakha kabusha e-Iraq ngo-2003, kepha ngaphandle kwemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 3.4 yaphambukiselwa “kwezokuphepha,” imali engaphansi kuka- $ 1 billion yayo yakhishwa. Abantu abaningi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi izinkampani zikawoyela zase-US zenze njengabaphangi e-Iraq, kepha lokho akulona iqiniso futhi. Izinhlelo ezaqanjwa izinkampani zikawoyela zaseNtshonalanga nePhini likaMongameli Cheney e 2001 wayenenhloso leyo, kepha umthetho wokuhlinzeka izinkampani zikawoyela zaseNtshonalanga "izivumelwano zokwabelana ngomkhiqizo" (ama-PSAs) ezibiza amashumi ezigidigidi ngonyaka waziveza ukugqekeza nokugebha futhi isiGungu Sikazwelonke se-Iraq senqabile ukukudlula.
Ekugcineni, e-2009, abaholi base-Iraq nabaphathi babo base-US badedela ama-PSAs (okwamanje kwaba nje) futhi bamema izinkampani zikawoyela zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi zenze amabhizinisi “ngezivumelwano zensiza yezobuchwepheshe” (ama-TSA) ibiza u- $ 1 kuya ku- $ 6 umphongolo ngamunye wokukhuphuka kokukhiqizwa okuvela ezindaweni ezinamafutha e-Iraq. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ukukhiqizwa kukhule kuphela ku- 4.6 abayizigidi ezingu imiphongolo ngosuku, zazo 3.8 abayizigidi ezingu zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukusuka ekuthengisweni kwamafutha e-Iraq okwenziwa cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 80 ngonyaka, amafemu angaphandle anama-TSA athola kuphela ama- $ 1.4 billion, kanti izinkontileka ezinkulu kakhulu azibanjwa amafemu aseMelika. I-China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ithola imali ebalelwa ezigidini ezingama-430 ku-2019; I-BP ithola u- $ 235 wezigidi; IPetronas yaseMalawi $ 120 yezigidi; ILukoil yaseRussia $ 105 million; kanye ne-ENI $ 100 yezigidi zase-Italy. Inqwaba yemali etholakala kawoyela e-Iraq isadlulela nakwi-Iraq National Amafutha E-Iraq (i-INOC) kuhulumeni owonakele osekelwa yi-US eBaghdad.
Olunye uhlangothi lomsebenzi owenziwa yiMelika uhlelo lokuvota olwenziwe i-Iraq kanye nokuhweba ngokungekho emthethweni ngentando yeningi kukhethwe igatsha eliphezulu likahulumeni wase-Iraq. The Ukhetho lwe-2018 kwaqhudelwana namaqembu e-143 ahlanganiswa yaba ngamadlelandawonye we-27 noma “uhlu,” kanye namanye amaqembu ama-61. Kuyamangaza ukuthi lokhu kufana nokukhiqizwayo, okuhlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningi uhlelo lwezepolitiki iBrithani idale ukulawula i-Iraq futhi yahlukanisa amaShiites emandleni ngemuva kokuvukela kwe-Iraq kwe-1920.
Namuhla, lolu hlelo olonakele lugcina amandla amakhulu ezandleni zepolitiki yabasizi abakhohlakele abangamaShiite nabamaKurd abachitha iminyaka eminingi ekudingisweni eNtshonalanga, esebenza no-Ahmed Chalabi we-Iraqi National Congress (INC) wase-Iraq, u-Ayad Allawi wase-UK. I-National Accord (INA) namaqembu ahlukahlukene eShiite Islamist Dawa Party. I-Voter Turnout yehlile kusuka ku-70% ku-2005 yaya ku-44.5% ku-2018.
I-Ayad Allawi ne-INA kwakuyithuluzi le-CIA lingenathemba bungled coupe yempi e-Iraq e1996. Uhulumeni wase-Iraq walandela yonke imininingwane yalesi sakhiwo emsakazweni ovaliwe owanikezwa omunye wababopha uzungu wabopha bonke abaxhasi be-CIA ngaphakathi kwe-Iraq ngaphambi kwempi. Yabulala amabutho amasosha angama-30 futhi yafaka ejele amanye ayikhulu, ishiya i-CIA ingenabo ubuhlakani bomuntu ngaphakathi kwe-Iraq.
U-Ahmed Chalabi kanye ne-INC bagcwalise leso sikhala nge-web yamanga izikhulu zase-US ezifudumele zangena egumbini elingaphansi lemithombo yezindaba e-US ukuzithethelela ngokuhlasela kwe-Iraq. NgoJuni 26th 2002, i-INC yathumela incwadi ekomitini lezimali leSenate ukuthi ifune imali ethe xaxa yase-US. Iveze "Uhlelo Lwamaqoqo Wokuqanjwa Kwayo Lwazi" njengomthombo oyinhloko we Izindaba ze-108 mayelana nokuqagela "Izikhali Zokubhujiswa Kwabantu Abase-Iraq" kanye nezixhumanisi ze-Al-Qaeda kumaphephandaba kanye nabomagazini bakwamanye amazwe.
Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, u-Allawi no-Chalabi baba ngamalungu ahamba phambili eMkhandlwini Wolawulo wase-Iraq e-Iraq. U-Allawi waqokwa njengoNdunankulu kuhulumeni wesikhashana wase-Iraq ngo-2004, kwathi uChalabi waqokwa njengePhini likaNdunankulu kanye noNgqongqoshe wamafutha kuhulumeni wezinguquko ngo-2005. UChalabi wehluleka ukuthola isihlalo okhethweni lwePhalamende Likazwelonke ngo-2005, kodwa wabuye wakhethwa emhlanganweni futhi Uqhubeke waba ngumuntu onamandla waze washona ngo-2015. U-Allawi kanye ne-INA basabambe iqhaza ekuthengiseni amahhashi ezikhundleni eziphezulu njalo ngemuva kokhetho, yize bengakaze bathole amavoti angaphezu kuka-8% - kanti bangu-6% kuphela ngo-2018.
Lezi zingqongqoshe abakhulu bakahulumeni omusha wase-Iraq abasungulwa ngemuva kokhetho lwe-2018, ngemininingwane ethile yezizinda zabo zaseNtshonalanga:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi - UNdunankulu (France). Uzalelwe eBaghdad e1942. Ubaba wayengungqongqoshe kahulumeni ngaphansi kobukhosi obusekelwa abaseBrithani. Uhlale eFrance esuka e1969-2003, ethola i-Ph.D kwezepolitiki ePoitiers. EFrance, waba ngumlandeli ka-Ayatollah Khomeini futhi waba yilungu lomsunguli woMkhandlu Ophakeme osekelwe e-Iran for the Islamic Revolution e-Iraq (SCIRI) e-1982. Wayengummeleli weSCIRI e-Iraqi Kurdistan isikhathi esithile kuma-1990s. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, waba nguNgqongqoshe Wezezimali kuhulumeni ka-Allawi e-2004; Iphini Likamongameli kusuka 2005-11; UNgqongqoshe Wezamafutha kusuka ku-2014-16.
UBarham Salih - UMongameli (UK & US). Wazalelwa eSulaymaniyah ngo-1960. Ph.D. kwezobunjiniyela (iLiverpool - 1987). Wajoyina i-Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) ngo-1976. Wakhishwa ejele amasonto ayisithupha ngo-6 futhi washiya i-Iraq wayomela i-UK PUK eLondon kusukela ngo-1979-1979; inhloko yehhovisi lePUK eWashington kusuka ngo-91-1991. UMongameli we-Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) kusuka ngo-2001-2001; IPhini likaNdunankulu kuhulumeni wesikhashana wase-Iraq ngo-4; UNgqongqoshe Wezokuhlela kuhulumeni wesikhashana ngo-2004; IPhini likaNdunankulu kusukela ngo-2005-2006; UNdunankulu we-KRG kusuka ngo-9-2009.
Mohamed Ali Alhakim - UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle (UK & US). Uzalelwe eNajaf e1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. ku-Telecom Engineering (Southern California), USolwazi eNortheastern University eBoston 1995-2003. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, waba yiPhini LikaNobhala-Jikelele Nabahleli Bokuhlela eMkhandlwini Ophethe we-Iraq; UNgqongqoshe Wezokuxhumana kuhulumeni wesikhashana e2004; Umqondisi Wezokuhlela eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle, kanye noMeluleki Wezomnotho kwiVP Abdul-Mahdi wase2005-10; kanye neNxusa le-UN elivela ku-2010-18.
UFuad Hussein - UNgqongqoshe Wezezimali nePhini LikaNdunankulu (eNetherlands naseFrance). Wazalelwa eKhanaqin (idolobha eliningi lamaKurd esifundazweni saseDiyala) ngo-1946. Wajoyina iKurdish Student Union neKurdish Democratic Party (KDP) njengomfundi eBaghdad. Wahlala eNetherlands kusukela ngo-1975-87; i-Ph.D engaphelele Kwezobudlelwano Namazwe Ngamazwe; ngishade nowesifazane ongumKristu ongumDashi. Iphini lenhloko eliqokiwe le-Kurdish Institute eParis ngo-1987. Ukuhambela izingqungquthela zezombusazwe zokudingiswa e-Iraq eBeirut (1991), eNew York (1999) naseLondon (2002). Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, waba ngumeluleki eMnyangweni Wezemfundo kusuka ngo-2003-5; kanye noMphathi Wezabasebenzi kuMasoud Barzani, uMongameli we-KRG, kusuka ngo-2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban - Ungqongqoshe We-oyela nePhini likaNdunankulu (UK). Wazalelwa eKarbala ngo-1945. UB.Sc. (UCL) & M.Sc. ePetroleum Engineering (Imperial College, eLondon). Ujoyine iBasra Petroleum Co ngo-1973. UMqondisi-Jikelele Wezobunjiniyela bese kuba uHlelo eMnyangweni Wezokwakha wase-Iraq kusuka ngo-1989-92. Uboshwe izinyanga ezintathu wehliswa esikhundleni ngonyaka we-3, kepha akazange ashiye i-Iraq, waphinde waqokwa waba nguMqondisi-Jikelele Wezokuhlela ngo-1992. Ngemuva kokuhlasela, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba yi-CEO ye-Oil Ministry; UNgqongqoshe ka-Oyili kuhulumeni wesikhashana ngo-2001; wakhethwa ePhalamende Likazwelonke ngo-2004 futhi wasebenza ekomidini labesilisa abathathu elabhala wehlulekile umthetho kawoyela; Ikomidi Labeluleki KaNdunankulu elalihola isikhundla kwa-2006-16.
UMajor General (Retd) Najah Al-Shammari - UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela (Sweden). Uzalelwe eBaghdad e1967. Ukuphela kweSunni Arab phakathi kwezikhonzi eziphezulu. Isikhulu sezempi kusukela ku-1987. Uke waseSweden futhi kungenzeka wake waba yilungu le-Allawi's INA ngaphambi kwe-2003. Isikhulu esiphezulu emabandleni akhethekile ase-Iraq asekelwa e-Iraq, e-INC, INA naseKurdish Peshmerga wase2003-7. Iphini lomphathi we "counterterrorism" limpi i-2007-9. Ukuhlala futhi eSweden 2009-15. Isakhamuzi saseSweden kusukela ku-2015. Kubikwa ukuthi ngaphansi kophenyo ngezinzuzo zokukhwabanisa eSweden, futhi manje amacala okulwa nobuntu ekubulaweni kwababhikishi abangaphezu kwe-300 ngo-Okthoba-Novemba 2019.
E-2003, i-US kanye nababambisene nayo badalulaza udlame olungachazeki, oluhlelekile kubantu base-Iraq. Ochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi balinganisela ukuthi iminyaka emithathu yokuqala yempi nokuhlaselwa ngamasosha anonya kubiza malini I-650,000 Iraq iphila. Kepha i-US yaphumelela ukufaka uhulumeni wezimbungulu wabezepolitiki baseShiite nabaseKurdish basezindaweni eziqinile zaseGreen Zone eBaghdad, ngokulawula imali etholwa yi-Iraq. Njengoba sikwazi ukubona, ongqongqoshe abaningi kuhulumeni wesikhashana oqokwe yi-US e-2004 basabusa namanje e-Iraq.
Amabutho ase-US abhebhezela udlame olwaluqhubeka njalo ngokulwa nama-Iraq ayenqaba nokuhlaselwa nokuhlaselwa ngamasosha ezweni lakhe. E-2004, i-US yaqala ukuqeqesha amabutho amakhulu we I-Iraq ama-commandos wamaphoyisa zoMnyango Wezangaphakathi, nezikhungo zekhululwayo zabuye zaqashwa kumasosha we-SCIRI kaBadr Brigade njengoba ukufa kwamaqembu eBaghdad ngo-Ephreli 2005. Lokhu Ukubusa kwesabiso okusekelwa e-US sehla ehlobo le-2006, nezidumbu zabantu abaningi njengoba izisulu ze-1,800 zaziletha kuBaghdad morgue njalo ngenyanga. Iqembu lamalungelo abantu lase-Iraq lahlolwa Imizimba ye-3,498 yezisulu zokubulawa okufingqiwe futhi ekhombe i-92% yazo njengabantu ababoshwe amabutho oMnyango Wezangaphakathi.
I-US Defense Intelligence Agency ilandelwa "Ukuhlaselwa okwenziwa izitha" kuwo wonke lo msebenzi futhi bathola ukuthi ngaphezu kwama-90% ayephikisana nezimpi zaseMelika nezamazwe ahlangene, hhayi ukuhlaselwa "ngokwamahlelo" kubantu. Kepha izikhulu zase-US zisebenzise ukulandisa "ngodlame lwamahlelo" ukusola umsebenzi wezinsizwa eziqeqeshwe yi-US Ministry of Interior on the masiteite asezimele amaShiite njengo Muqtada al-Sadr's Amabutho kaMahdi.
Uhulumeni u-Iraqis ubhikisha ngokumelene nanamuhla usaholwa yisigelekeqe esifanayo sabadingiswa base-Iraq abadingiswa e-Iraq abasusa ikhasi lamanga ukuze balawule ukuhlasela kwezwe labo e2003, bese becasha ngemuva kwezindonga zeGreen Zone ngenkathi i-US amabutho kanye namaqembu wokufa ihlatshwe abantu babo ukwenza izwe "liphephe" kuhulumeni wabo owonakele.
Muva nje baphinde basebenza njengabalingisi njengeMelika amabhomu, amakhredethi futhi izikhali zempi zanciphisa iningi leMosul, idolobha lesibili lase-Iraq, ukuba libe yimfucumfucu, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili yokuhlala, inkohlakalo nokucindezela okunonya waxosha abantu bayo ezingalweni zoMbuso WamaSulumane. Imibiko yezobunhloli bamaKurd iveze ukuthi okungaphezulu kwalokho Izakhamizi ze-40,000 babulawa ekubhujisweni kweMosul okuholwa yiMelika. Ngokwesisekelo sokulwa ne-Islamic State, i-US iphinde yamisa indawo enkulu yamasosha amasosha angaphezu kwe-5,000 US e-Al-Asad airbase esifundazweni i-Anbar.
Izindleko zokwakha kabusha iMosul, iFallujah namanye amadolobha namadolobhana zilinganiselwa ku- $ 88 billion. Kepha ngaphandle kwe- $ 80 billion ngonyaka okuthengiswa ngayo emazweni angaphandle kanye nesabelomali sikahulumeni esingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-100 billion, uhulumeni wase-Iraq akazange abeke mali nakancane ukuze akhe kabusha. Amazwe aphesheya, acebile kakhulu ama-Arabhu, afunge i-30 yezigidigidi zamarandi, kufaka phakathi nje ama- $ 3 billion asuka e-US, kodwa kuncane kakhulu kwalokho okuye kwanikezwa, noma okungenzeka kube khona.
Umlando we-Iraq kusukela i-2003 ube yinhlekelele engapheli kubantu bayo. Abaningi balesi sizukulwane esisha se-Iraqis abakhulele phakathi kwamanxiwa nezinxushunxushu umsebenzi wase-US oshiye lapho bekholelwa ukuthi abanalutho lokulahlekelwa ngaphandle kwegazi labo kanye nempilo yabo, njengoba benjalo thatha imigwaqo ukubuyisa isithunzi sabo, ikusasa labo kanye nobukhosi bezwe labo.
Izandla ezigcwele igazi lezikhulu zase-US kanye nezimbongi zabo zase-Iraq kulo lonke lolu sizi kufanele zibe yisixwayiso esibuhlungu kubantu baseMelika ngemiphumela eyinhlekelele yomgomo wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle osuselwa ekujezisweni, ekuhlanganeni, ekusongelweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamasosha ukuzama ukuphoqelela intando yabaholi base-US abadukisayo kubantu emhlabeni wonke.
UNicolas JSDavies ngumlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela KweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq. Ungintatheli ezimele futhi umcwaningi we-CODEPINK.
