Imininingwane ezovezwa emphakathini kuleli sonto iveza izinga izikhali ezisetshenziswe ngayo “ezintweni ezihlosiwe”
Amarekhodi anemininingwane emizuliswano eyi-181,000 yezikhali ze-uranium eseziphelile ezadutshulwa ngo-2003 ngamabutho aseMelika e-Iraq atholwe abacwaningi, abamele imibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu yomphakathi yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali eziyimpikiswano ngesikhathi sokuhlasela okuholwa yi-US.
Ibhalwe nguSamuel Oakford, Izindaba ze-IRIN
Inqolobane, eyakhishwa eNyuvesi yaseGeorge Washington ngo-2013 kodwa kuze kube manje ayikadalulwa, ikhombisa ukuthi iningi lezinhlelo eziyi-1,116 ezenziwa ngabasebenzi bezindiza ze-A-10 ngoMashi no-Ephreli ka-2003 zazihloselwe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “izinhloso ezithambile” njengazo. izimoto namaloli, kanye nezakhiwo kanye nezikhundla zamasosha. Lokhu kuhambisana nama-akhawunti okuthi izikhali zisetshenziswe ezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlosiwe hhayi nje ngokumelene namathangi nezimoto ezihlomile iPentagon egcina izikhali ze-DU ezingene kakhulu ezihloselwe zona.
Izingodo zesiteleka zanikezelwa ekuqaleni ngenxa yesicelo seFreedom of Information Act seNational Security Archive yaseGeorge Washington University, kodwa azizange zihlolwe futhi zihlaziywe ngokuzimela kuze kube manje.
Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, Ingobo yomlando inikeze amarekhodi kubacwaningi be-Dutch NGO PAX, kanye neqembu elimelayo, i-International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons (ICBUW), ababedoba ukuze bathole ulwazi olusha. I-IRIN ithole kokubili idatha nokuhlaziywa okwenziwe yi-PAX kanye ne-ICBUW, equkethwe embikweni ozoshicilelwa kamuva kuleli sonto.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zikhali zasetshenziswa ngokungakhethi kakhulu kunalokho okwavunywa ngaphambilini kungavuselela izingcingo zososayensi ukuthi babheke bajule emiphumeleni yezempilo ye-DU kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo. Izikhali zisolwa - kodwa akukaze kutholakale ubufakazi obuphelele - ukuthi ziyimbangela umdlavuza futhi ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, phakathi kwezinye izindaba.
Kodwa njengomsebenzi wakho kokubili ukungavikeleki okuqhubekayo e-Iraq kanye nokungafuni kukahulumeni wase-US ukwabelana ngedatha nokwenza ucwaningo, kusekhona ukuntuleka kwezifundo ze-epidemiological e-Iraq. Lokhu kudale isikhala lapho izinkolelo-mbono zanda mayelana ne-DU, ezinye ze-conspiratory.
Ulwazi lokuthi i-DU idutshulwe ezweni lonke, kepha ukudideka kokuthi kuphi futhi ngamanani okukhungathekise ama-Iraqis., manje asebephinde babhekana nezwe elikhungethwe yimpi, ukufa, nokufuduka.
Namuhla, lezi zindiza ezifanayo ze-A-10 seziphinde zindiza phezu kwe-Iraq, kanye naseSyria, lapho ziqondise khona amabutho abizwa ngokuthi i-Islamic State. Yize izikhulu zezindaba zamasosha aseMelika zithi i-DU ayikaxoshwa, ayikho imikhawulo yePentagon yokwenza lokho, futhi imininingwane ephikisanayo enikezwe iCongress iphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwayo ngonyaka owedlule.
Inkungu yesayensi
I-uranium ephelile iyona esalayo lapho i-uranium-235 ekhipha imisebe eyingozi kakhulu inothisiwe - ama-isotopes ayo ahlukaniswa ngenqubo esetshenziselwa ukwenza kokubili amabhomu enuzi namandla.
I-DU inemisebe emincane kuneyasekuqaleni, kodwa isathathwa njengekhemikhali enobuthi kanye “nengozi yezempilo ekhipha imisebe lapho ingaphakathi emzimbeni”, ngokusho ku-US Environmental Protection Agency.
Odokotela abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi noma yimiphi imiphumela engemihle yezempilo okungenzeka kakhulu isuka ekuhogeleni izinhlayiya ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwesikhali se-DU, nakuba ukungeniswa nakho kuyinkinga. Yize ucwaningo lwenziwe ezindaweni zaselabhorethri kanye nenani elincane lomakadebona, alukho ucwaningo olunzulu lwezokwelapha olwenziwe kubantu abavamile abachayeke e-DU ezindaweni ezinezingxabano, kubandakanya ne-Iraq.
“Kunobufakazi obuncane obunokwethenjelwa obuqondile be-epidemiological” obufakazela ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-DU nemiphumela yezempilo kulezi zilungiselelo, uDavid Brenner, umqondisi we-Columbia University's Center for Radiological Research, uchazele i-IRIN. Ngemuva kokuthola okokuqala ukugula okuzolandelwa - ngokwesibonelo umdlavuza wamaphaphu - uBrenner uthe ucwaningo olunjalo luzodinga "ukukhomba inani labantu abadaluliwe, bese kubalwa ukuthi yikuphi ukuchayeka kumuntu ngamunye". Yilapho idatha yokukhomba iqala ukusebenza khona.
Idatha ingase futhi ibe usizo emizamweni yokuhlanza, uma izoke yenziwe ngezinga elikhulu. Kodwa amalogi endiza angama-783 kuphela kwangu-1,116 aqukethe izindawo ezithile, futhi i-US ayizange ikhiphe idatha enjalo ngeMpi yokuqala yaseGulf, lapho okungaphezu kwalokho. 700,000 imizuliswano yaxoshwa. Izishoshovu ziye kuqoshiwe lokho kungqubuzana “okunobuthi kakhulu” emlandweni.
Ngaphakathi kwe-United States, i-DU ilawulwa ngokuqinile, ngemikhawulo yokuthi kungakanani okungagcinwa ezindaweni zamasosha, futhi izivumelwano zokuhlanza zilandelwa ezindaweni zokudubula. Ngo-1991, lapho kuqubuka umlilo esikhungweni samasosha aseMelika eKuwait kwathi izikhali ze-DU zangcolisa indawo, uhulumeni wase-US wakhokha ukuhlanza futhi wakhipha inhlabathi engama-cubic metres ayi-11,000 yabuyiselwa e-US ukuze igcinwe.
Ngokwesaba ukuthi ukuchitha imizuliswano ye-DU kungase kuhlale kuyingozi iminyaka, ochwepheshe bathi izinyathelo ezinjalo - nezinye ezifanayo ezithathwe eBalkan ngemuva kwezingxabano lapho - kusafanele zenziwe e-Iraq. Kodwa okokuqala, iziphathimandla zizodinga ukwazi ukuthi zibheke kuphi.
"Awukwazi ukusho izinto ezizwakalayo mayelana nengozi ye-DU uma ungenaso isisekelo esizwakalayo sokuthi izikhali zisetshenziswe kuphi nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathiwe," kusho u-Doug Weir, umxhumanisi wamazwe ngamazwe e-ICBUW.
Okuboniswa yidatha - nalokho engakubonisi
Ngokukhishwa kwale datha entsha, abacwaningi baseduze nalesi sisekelo kunangaphambili, nakuba isithombe singakacishe siphelele. Ngaphezu kwe 300,000 Imijikelezo ye-DU kulinganiselwa ukuthi yaxoshwa phakathi nempi yango-2003, ikakhulukazi yi-US.
Ukukhishwa kwe-FOIA, okukhishwe yi-US Central Command (CENTCOM), kwenyusa isibalo sezindawo ezaziwayo ezinokungcoliswa kwe-DU kusukela empini yango-2003 ziye ngaphezu kwe-1,100 - ngokuphindwe kathathu kunama-350 izikhulu zomnyango wezemvelo e-Iraq ezitshele i-PAX ukuthi ziyazi. nokuzama ukuhlanza.
Eminye imizuliswano engu-227,000 yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ingxube yokulwa" - inhlanganisela yezikhali eziningi zezikhali ze-Armour-Piercing Incendiary (API), eziqukethe i-DU, kanye nezikhali ze-High-Explosive Incendiary (HEI) - kubikwe ukuthi zixoshwe kulezi zikhali. Ngokwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-CENTCOM siqu sama-API angu-4 kuzo zonke izikhali ze-HEI, abacwaningi bafike enanini lemizuliswano eyi-181,606 ye-DU esetshenzisiwe.
Nakuba ukukhishwa kwe-FOIA ka-2013 kubanzi, ayikafaki idatha evela emathangeni ase-US, noma ireferensi yokungcola okungenzeka okuvela ezindaweni zokugcina phakathi nempi, nanoma yini emayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-DU ngabalingani base-US. I-UK inikeze ulwazi oluhlobene nokudubula okulinganiselwe kwamathangi aseBrithani ngo-2003 ku-ejensi yezemvelo ye-UN, i-UNEP.
Ukubuyekezwa kwe-US Air Force yango-1975 yancoma ukuthi izikhali ze-DU zithuliswe kuphela “ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokumelene namathangi, abathwali bezikhali noma ezinye izinhloso ezinzima”. Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-DU ngokumelene nabasebenzi kungavunyelwa ngaphandle uma zingekho ezinye izikhali ezifanele ezitholakalayo. Amarekhodi amasha okudubula, abhale i-PAX kanye ne-ICBUW ekuhlaziyeni kwawo, "akhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi imikhawulo ehlongozwayo ekubuyekezweni ayinakwanga kakhulu". Ngempela, amaphesenti angama-33.2 kuphela ezinhloso eziyi-1,116 ezisohlwini okwakungamathangi noma izimoto zezikhali.
"Kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi naphezu kwazo zonke izimpikiswano ezinikezwe yi-US, ukuthi ama-A-10 ayadingeka ukuze kunqotshwe izikhali, iningi lalokho okushayiwe bekungahlosiwe, futhi inani elikhulu lalezo zinhloso beziseduze nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi," uWim Zwijnenburg, Umcwaningi omkhulu e-PAX, utshele i-IRIN.
Inkungu esemthethweni
Ngokungafani nezimayini nezikhali zamaqoqo, kanye nezikhali zebhayoloji noma zamakhemikhali - ngisho namalaser aphuphuthekisayo - asikho isivumelwano esinikezelwe ukulawula ukukhiqizwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ze-DU.
"Umthetho wokusebenzisa i-DU ezimeni zokungqubuzana akunqunywa," kusho uBeth Van Schaack, uprofesa wamalungelo abantu eStanford University, kanye nalowo owayeyisikhulu soMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika, etshela i-IRIN.
Umthetho wesintu wamazwe ngamazwe wokungqubuzana kwezikhali kuhlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezingase zilindeleke ukuthi zibangele ukulimala kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuvinjelwa ezindleleni zempi ezibangela ukulimala ngokweqile nokuhlupheka okungadingekile. "Ayikho idatha engcono mayelana nemiphumela esheshayo neyesikhathi eside ye-DU empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo yemvelo, nokho, kunzima ukusebenzisa lezi zinkambiso nganoma yisiphi isikhathi," kusho uVan Schaack.
Ku-2014 Umbiko we-UN, uhulumeni wase-Iraq uzwakalise “ukukhathazeka kwakhe okujulile ngemiphumela elimazayo” ye-uranium ephelile esetshenziswe ezingxabanweni futhi wacela isivumelwano esivimbela ukusetshenziswa nokudluliswa kwayo. Icele amazwe asebenzise izikhali ezinjalo ngokungqubuzana ukuba anikeze iziphathimandla zendawo “ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nendawo yezindawo ezisetshenziswayo namanani asetshenziswayo,” ukuze kuhlolwe futhi okungenzeka kube nokungcola.
Kuthuleke nokudideka
U-Pekka Haavisto, owayengusihlalo we-UNEP ngemuva kwezingxabano e-Iraq ngo-2003, utshele i-IRIN ukuthi kwakwaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi izikhali ze-DU zishaya izakhiwo kanye nezinye izinhloso ezingahlosiwe njalo.
Yize ithimba lakhe e-Iraq belingazange linikezwe umsebenzi osemthethweni wokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-DU, izimpawu zakhona zazikhona yonke indawo, uthe. E-Baghdad, izakhiwo zenkonzo zazimakwe ngomonakalo ovela ezikhalini ze-DU, ochwepheshe be-UN abangawucacisa ngokucacile. Ngesikhathi uHaavisto nozakwabo besuka e-Iraq kulandela ukuqhuma kwebhomu ngo-2003 okwakubhekiswe ehhotela laseBaghdad elisebenza njengekomkhulu le-UN, uthe zazimbalwa izimpawu zokuthi amabutho aholwa yiMelika azizwe ephoqelekile ukuthi ahlanze i-DU noma azise ama-Iraqi lapho edutshulwe khona. .
"Ngesikhathi sidingida udaba lwe-DU, sabona ukuthi amasosha ayeyisebenzisa anezinyathelo eziqinile zokuvikela abasebenzi bawo," kusho uHaavisto, okwamanje oyilungu lePhalamende eFinland.
“Kodwa-ke umqondo ofanayo awusebenzi uma ukhuluma ngabantu abahlala ezindaweni lapho bekuhloswe khona - lokho bekungiphazamisa kancane. Uma ucabanga ukuthi kungabeka amasosha akho engozini, vele kunezingozi ezifanayo kubantu okuthi ngemva kwempi baphile ezimeni ezifanayo.”
Amadolobhana namadolobha amaningana e-Iraq, okuhlanganisa ne-Fallujah, abike izinkinga zokuzalwa zokuzalwa abantu bendawo abasola ukuthi zingaxhunyaniswa ne-DU noma ezinye izinto zempi. Ngisho noma zingahlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-DU - Fallujah, ngokwesibonelo, azikho izici ekukhululweni kwe-FOIA - abacwaningi bathi ukudalulwa okugcwele kwendawo okuhloswe kuyo i-DU kubaluleke kakhulu ekuyinqumeni njengembangela.
"Akuyona nje imininingwane [emisha] ephathelene, kodwa nezikhala ezikuyo nazo," kusho uJeena Shah, uprofesa wezomthetho e-Rutgers University osize abameli ukuthi bazame ukuphenya izingodo kuhulumeni wase-US. Bobabili omakadebona baseMelika kanye nama-Iraqis, uthe, badinga yonke imininingwane ngezikhali ezinobuthi, ukuze iziphathimandla "zikwazi ukulungisa iziza ezinobuthi ukuvikela izizukulwane ezizayo zama-Iraqis, futhi zinikeze usizo lwezokwelapha oludingekayo kulabo abalinyazwe ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto".
Ingabe i-DU Ibuyile?
Kuleli sonto, umkhulumeli wePentagon uqinisekise kwa-IRIN ukuthi akukho "umkhawulo wenqubomgomo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-DU emisebenzini ye-Counter-ISIL" e-Iraq noma eSiriya.
Futhi ngenkathi i-US Air Force ikuphika kaningi ukuthi izikhali ze-DU zisetshenziswe ama-A-10s phakathi naleyo misebenzi, izikhulu ze-Air Force zinikeze uhlobo oluhlukile lwemicimbi okungenani ilungu elilodwa leCongress. NgoMeyi, ngesicelo sothile, ihhovisi likaMartha McSally omele i-Arizona - owayengumshayeli wendiza i-A-10 enama-A-10 azinze esifundeni sakhe - labuza ukuthi ngabe izikhali ze-DU zike zasetshenziswa yini eSyria noma e-Iraq. Isikhulu esixhumanisa i-Air Force congressional saphendula nge-imeyili ukuthi amasosha aseMelika empeleni adubule imizuliswano eyi-6,479 ye-"Combat Mix" eSyria ezinsukwini ezimbili - "i-18th futhi 23rd kaNov 2015”. Isikhulu sichaze ingxube "inesilinganiso esingu-5 kuya ku-1 se-API (DU) kuya ku-HEI".
“Ngakho-ke njengoba sekushiwo, sisebenzise imizuliswano engu-5,100 ye-API,” ebhala, ebhekise emizuliswaneni ye-DU.
buyekeza: Ngomhla zingama-20 kuMfumfu, i-CENTCOM yaqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni kwa-IRIN ukuthi umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US udubule izikhali ze-uranium (DU) eseziphelile ezihlosweni eSyria ngomhlaka-18 no-23 Novemba 2015. Ithe lezi zikhali zakhethwa ngenxa yohlobo lwezikhali okwakuhloswe ngazo ngalezo zinsuku. Umkhulumeli we-CENTCOM uthe ukuphika phambilini kungenxa "yephutha ekubikeni okuphansi."
Lezo zinsuku zawela phakathi nesikhathi esishubile seziteleka eziholwa yi-US ngokumelene nengqalasizinda kawoyela ye-IS nezimoto zokuthutha, ezibizwa nge-“Tidal Wave II”. Ngokwezitatimende zabezindaba zomfelandawonye, amakhulu amaloli kawoyela acekelwa phansi engxenyeni yesibili kaNovemba eSyria, kuhlanganisa I-283 kuphela ngo-22 Novemba.
Okuqukethwe kwama-imeyili kanye nempendulo ye-Air Force ekuqaleni kwathunyelwa kusishoshovu sendawo esimelene nenuzi u-Jack Cohen-Joppa, owabelane ngakho ne-IRIN. Ihhovisi likaMcSally kamuva laqinisekisa okuqukethwe kwakho kokubili. Kufinyelelwe kuleli sonto, izikhulu eziningi zaseMelika azikwazanga ukuchaza umehluko.
