NguJohn Scales Avery, uDisemba 14, 2018
Uchungechunge lwezingxoxo zabantu abavelele ekunyakeni kokuthula kuye kwahanjiswa yi-intanethi ye-Inthanethi i-Countercurrents. Ngaphandle kokushicilelwa ku-Countercurrents, uchungechunge luzoshicilelwa njengencwadi. Le ngxoxo ye-imeyili noDkt. David Krieger iyingxenye yalolu chungechunge.
UDavid Krieger, Ph.D. ungumsunguli nomongameli weNuclear Age Peace Foundation. Phakathi kokubusa kwakhe okubanzi okuzama ukuzama ukuthuthukisa ukuthula emhlabeni wonke, ungumsunguli futhi ilunga loMkhandlu we-Global Council of Abolition 2000, ikhansela loMkhandlu Wezwe Lomhlaba, futhi uyisihlalo seKomidi eliPhezulu leNethiwekhi Yomhlaba YabaNjiniyela Ososayensi Bomthwalo Wemhlaba Wonke. Unayo i-BA in Psychology futhi iphethe i-MA ne-Ph.D. amadigri eSayensi Yezombangazwe evela eNyuvesi yaseHawaii kanye ne-JD evela e-Santa Barbara College of Law; wakhonza iminyaka engu-20 njengejaji pro tem i-Santa Barbara Municipal ne-Superior Courts. UDkt. Krieger ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningi nezifundo zokuthula eNuclear Age. Ubhale noma uhlele ngaphezulu kwezingu-20 namakhulu ama-athikili futhi ufunde izahluko. Ungumamukeli wemiklomelo eminingi kanye nodumo, kuhlanganise ne-OMNI Centre for Peace, Justice and Ecology Peace Writing Award for Izinkondlo (2010). Uneqoqo elisha lezinkondlo ezinesihloko Vuka. Ukuthola okuningi vakashela i- I-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation iwebhusayithi: www.wagingpeace.org.
UJohn: Kudala ngiwuthanda umsebenzi wakho wokuzinikela nobuqhawe wempilo yakho yonke wokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi. Ungenzele ilungelo elikhulu lokungenza uMeluleki weNuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF). Nina nobabili ningumsunguli noMongameli weNAPF. Ungasitshela okuncane ngomndeni wakho, nangempilo yakho esemncane nangemfundo? Yiziphi izinyathelo eziholele ekutheni ube ngomunye wabameli abaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi?
UDavide: John, usihloniphile ngokuba ngumeluleki weNuclear Age Peace Foundation. Ungomunye wabantu abanolwazi kakhulu engibaziyo ngezingozi zenuzi nobunye ubuchwepheshe ekusaseni lempilo emhlabeni wethu, futhi ubhale ngokukhazimulayo ngalezi zinsongo.
Mayelana nomndeni wami, impilo esemncane nemfundo, ngazalwa eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambi kokuba amadolobha aseHiroshima nawaseNagasaki abhujiswe yizikhali zenuzi. Ubaba wayengudokotela wezingane, futhi umama wayengumama wasendlini kanye nevolontiya lasesibhedlela. Bobabili babethambekele ekuthuleni, futhi bobabili benqaba impi ngokungagodli. Ngingayichaza iminyaka yami yobusha njengengafani kakhulu. Ngafunda e-Occidental College, lapho ngathola khona imfundo enhle yobuciko obukhululekile. Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo ze-Occidental, ngavakashela eJapan, futhi ngavuswa ukubona umonakalo owabangelwa yiHiroshima neNagasaki. Ngabona ukuthi e-US, sikubheka lokhu kuqhuma kwamabhomu okuvela ngenhla kwefu lamakhowe njengezimpumelelo kwezobuchwepheshe, ngenkathi eJapan ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwakubhekwa ngaphansi kwefu lamakhowe njengezehlakalo ezimbi zokubhujiswa kwabantu abaningi ngokungakhethi.
Ngemva kokubuya eJapane, ngaya esikoleni esiphothula iziqu e-University of Hawaii ngathola iziqu ze-Ph.D. kwisayensi yezepolitiki. Ngabuye ngabuthelwa ebusosheni, kodwa ngakwazi ukujoyina izinqolobane njengenye indlela yokufeza isibopho sami sempi. Ngeshwa, kamuva ngabizelwa emsebenzini osebenzayo. Kwezempi, ngenqaba ukuthunyelwa eVietnam futhi ngafaka isicelo sokwenqaba ngenxa kanembeza. Ngangikholelwa ukuthi impi yaseVietnam iyimpi engekho emthethweni futhi eyayinokuziphatha okubi, futhi ngangingazimisele ukukhonza lapho njengendaba. Ngayisa udaba lwami enkantolo yenhlangano futhi ekugcineni ngadedelwa embusweni. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami eJapan nakwezempi yase-US kwasiza ekulolongeni imibono yami ngokuthula nangezikhali zenuzi. Ngakholelwa ukuthi ukuthula kwakuyimfuneko yeNkathi yeNyukliya nokuthi izikhali zenuzi kumele ziqedwe.
Ubuntu kanye ne-biosphere basongelwa ingozi yombango we-thermonuclear. Kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukwehluleka kwezobuchwepheshe noma kwezenzo zabantu, noma ngokukhuphuka okungalawuleki kwempi elwa nezikhali ezivamile. Ungasho okuthile ngalengozi enkulu?
Kunezindlela eziningi lapho impi yenuzi ingaqala khona. Ngithanda ukukhuluma ngama- “M” amahlanu. Lokhu yikho: ubudlova, ubuhlanya, iphutha, ukubala ngendlela engeyiyo nokukhohlisa. Kulawa mahlanu, ububi kuphela obuncike ekuvinjelweni ukuvimbela amandla enuzi futhi lokhu akunasiqiniseko. Kepha ukuvimbela inuzi (usongo lokuphindisela kwenuzi) ngeke kusebenze ngokuphelele ekuhlanyeni, iphutha, ukungaziphathi kahle noma ukukhohlisa (ukugenca). Njengoba usikisela, noma iyiphi impi enkathini yenuzi ingakhuphuka ibe impi yenuzi. Ngikholwa ukuthi impi yenuzi, noma ingaqala kanjani, ibeka ingozi enkulu ebhekene nesintu, futhi ingavinjelwa kuphela ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi, okutholwe ngezingxoxo ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba, eziqinisekisekayo, ezingenakuguqulwa nezisobala.
UJohn: Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza imiphumela yempi yenuzi onqenqemeni lwe-ozone, emazingeni okushisa omhlaba wonke, nakwezolimo? Ingabe impi yenuzi ingabangela indlala enkulu?
UDavide: Ukuqonda kwami ukuthi impi yenuzi izobhubhisa kakhulu ungqimba lwe-ozone luvumele amazinga aphezulu emisebe ye-ultraviolet ukuthi afinyelele ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngokwengeziwe, impi yenuzi yehlisa amazinga okushisa ngendlela emangalisayo, mhlawumbe iphonse iplanethi ku-Ice Age entsha. Imiphumela yempi yenuzi kwezolimo izomakwa kakhulu. Ososayensi basemkhathini basitshela ukuthi ngisho nempi “encane” yenuzi phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lwalusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi ezingama-50 emadolobheni akolunye uhlangothi lwaluzobeka umcibisholo owanele e-stratosphere ukuvimba ukushisa kwelanga, kunciphise izinkathi ezikhulayo, futhi kubangele indlala enkulu ukufa kwabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Impi enkulu yenuzi izokhipha imiphumela emibi kakhulu, ifaka phakathi nethuba lokubhubhisa impilo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emhlabeni.
UJohn: Kuthiwani ngemiphumela ye-radiation kusuka ekuwaweni? Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza imiphumela yezivivinyo ze-Bikini kubantu baseMarshall Islands nezinye iziqhingi eziseduze?
UDavide: Ukuwa kwemisebe kungenye yezingozi eziyingqayizivele zezikhali zenuzi. Phakathi kuka-1946 no-1958, i-US yenze izivivinyo zayo zenuzi ezingama-67 eMarshall Islands, ngamandla alinganayo okuqhumisa amabhomu we-1.6 Hiroshima nsuku zonke isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyishumi nambili. Kulezi zivivinyo, ezingama-23 zenziwa eBikini Atoll eMarshall Islands. Ezinye zalezi zivivinyo ezingcoliswe yiziqhingi nemikhumbi yokudoba kude namakhulu amakhilomitha kude nezindawo zokuhlola. Ezinye iziqhingi zisangcoliswe kakhulu ukuthi izakhamuzi zingabuyela kuzo. I-US iphathe kabi abantu baseMarshall Islands abahlushwa imiphumela yokuwa kwemisebe njengezingulube zeginea, bebafundela ukufunda kabanzi ngemiphumela yemisebe empilweni yabantu.
UJohn: INuclear Age Peace Foundation ibambisene neMarshall Islands ekumangaleleni zonke izizwe ezisayine isivumelwano seNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty futhi esinezikhali zenuzi zokwephula i-Article VI ye-NPT. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza okwenzekile? Ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle waseMarshall Islands, uTony deBrum, uthole iRight Livelihood Award ngeqhaza lakhe ecaleni. Ungasitshela okuthile ngalokhu?
UDavide: INuclear Age Peace Foundation ibonisane neMarshall Islands ngamacala abo obuqhawe abhekene namazwe ayisishiyagalolunye ahlomile (i-US, iRussia, i-UK, iFrance, iChina, i-Israyeli, i-India, iPakistan neNyakatho Korea). Amacala eNkantolo Yezobulungiswa Yomhlaba Wonke (i-ICJ) e-The Hague ayephikisana namazwe amahlanu okuqala kulawa ngokwehluleka kwawo ukufeza izibopho zawo zokuphucwa izikhali ngaphansi kwe-Article VI yeSivumelwano Sokuvikela Ukwahlukana (NPT) sezingxoxo zokuqeda umjaho wezikhali zenuzi. nokufeza ukuphucwa izikhali zenuzi. Amanye amazwe amane ahlome ngezikhali zenuzi, lawo angewona amaqembu e-NPT, afakwa enkantolo ngokuhluleka okufanayo ukuxoxisana, kepha ngaphansi komthetho wesiko wamazwe omhlaba. Izwe laseMelika lamangalelwa ngokwengeziwe enkantolo yenhlangano yaseMelika.
Kumazwe ayisishiyagalolunye, yi-UK, India kanye nePakistan kuphela abamukele amandla okuphoqeleka e-ICJ. Kulamacala amathathu iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi kwakungekho mpikiswano eyanele phakathi kwamaqembu futhi yawachitha amacala ngaphandle kokuthola ingqikithi yamacala. Amavoti amajaji ayi-16 e-ICJ ayesondelene kakhulu; ecaleni lase-UK amajaji ahlukanise u-8 kuya ku-8 kwathi icala lanqunywa ngevoti lokuphonsa likamongameli weNkantolo, owayengumFulentshi. Icala lasenkantolo yombuso waseMelika nalo lachithwa ngaphambi kokufika ezingeni elifanele lecala. IMarshall Islands kwaba ukuphela kwezwe emhlabeni elizimisele ukuphonsela inselelo izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlome ngenuzi kula macala, futhi zakwenza lokho ngaphansi kobuholi obunesibindi bukaTony de Brum, owathola imiklomelo eminingi ngobuholi bakhe kulolu daba. Kwakuyilungelo kithi ukusebenza naye kulezi zinsolo. Ngokudabukisayo, uTony wadlula emhlabeni ngo-2017.
UJohn: NgoJulayi 7, i-2017, iSivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izikhali ZaseNuclear (TPNW) sidluliselwa ngobuningi kakhulu yi-United Nations General Assembly. Lokhu kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu emzabalazweni wokuqeda umhlaba ingozi yokubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ungasitshela okuthile ngesimo samanje seSivumelwano?
UDavide: Lesi Sivumelwano sisezinhlelweni zokuthola amasiginesha nokuqinisekiswa kwawo. Izosebenza ezinsukwini ezingama-90 ngemuva kwama-50th izwe lifaka ukuqinisekiswa kwalo noma ukungena kwalo kulo. Njengamanje, amazwe angama-69 asayinile kanti ayi-19 asigunyazile noma asamukela isivumelwano, kepha lezi zinombolo zishintsha njalo. I-ICAN nezinhlangano ezisebenzisana nayo ziyaqhubeka nokunxenxa amazwe ukuthi ajoyine lesi sivumelwano.
UJohn: U-ICAN wathola uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel ngemizamo yawo eholela ekusungulweni kwe-TPNW. I-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ingenye yezinhlangano ze-468 ezakha i-ICAN, ngakho-ke, ngandlela-thile, usuvele uthole i-Nobel Peace Prize. Nginezikhathi eziningana ngikhethe wena, uqobo, kanye ne-NAPF njengenhlangano yeNobel Peace Prize. Ungakwazi yini ukusibuyekeza imisebenzi engase ikufanelekele ukuthola umklomelo?
UDavide: John, ungiqoke ngomusa kanye ne-NAPF amahlandla amaningi ukuthola iNobel Peace Prize, engikubonga kakhulu ngayo. Ngingasho ukuthi engikufezile kakhulu ekutholeni nasekuholeni i-Nuclear Age Peace Foundation nokuthi ngisebenze ngokuqinile nangokungabazeki ukuthula nokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi. Angazi noma lokhu kungangifanelekela yini ukuthola uNobel Peace Prize, kepha kube ngumsebenzi omuhle futhi ohloniphekile engiziqhenyayo ngawo. Nginomuzwa wokuthi umsebenzi wethu eSisekelo, yize ungowamazwe omhlaba, ugxile kakhulu e-United States, futhi lelo kuyizwe elinzima kakhulu ukwenza inqubekela phambili.
Kepha ngingakusho lokhu. Kube yinto ethokozisayo ukusebenzela lezi zinhloso ezizuzisayo kuso sonke isintu futhi, ekwenzeni lo msebenzi, ngihlangane nabantu abaningi abazinikele abafanele ukuthola uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel, okubandakanya nawe. Baningi abantu abanethalente futhi abazibophezele emnyangweni wokuthula nowokuqedwa kwenuzi, futhi ngibakhothamela bonke. Kungumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, hhayi imiklomelo, ngisho neNobel, yize ukuqashelwa okuza neNobel kungasiza ekwenzeni inqubekela phambili eyengeziwe. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu bekulokhu kunjalo nge-ICAN, esiyijoyine ekuqaleni futhi sisebenze eduze kule minyaka edlule. Ngakho-ke, siyajabula ukuhlanganyela kulo mklomelo.
UJohn: Izakhiwo zezempi-zezimboni emhlabeni wonke zidinga ukubhekana nezinhlekelele eziyingozi ukuze zilungise izimali zabo ezinkulu. Ungasho yini okuthile mayelana nezingozi zokuqhuma kwesibhamu?
UDavide: Yebo, izakhiwo zezempi nezimboni emhlabeni wonke ziyingozi enkulu. Akuyona inkinga yabo kuphela eyinkinga, kepha imali enkulu abayitholayo esusa ezinhlelweni zenhlalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezemfundo, ezezindlu. nokuvikela imvelo. Inani lezimali eziya enkampanini yezempi nezimboni emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi e-US, liyichilo.
Ngisanda kufunda incwadi enhle, ebizwa ngokuthi Amandla ngokuthula, ebhalwe nguJudith Eve Lipton noDavid P. Barash. Yincwadi ekhuluma ngeCosta Rica, izwe elanikela ngamasosha alo ngo-1948 futhi elihlale ikakhulukazi ngokuthula endaweni eyingozi emhlabeni kusukela lapho. Isihlokwana sencwadi sithi “How Demilitarisization led to Peace and Happiness in Costa Rica, & What the All the World Can Learn from a Tiny Tropical Nation.” Yincwadi enhle ekhombisa ukuthi kunezindlela ezingcono zokuphishekela ukuthula kunamandla ezempi. Iguqula i-dictum yakudala yamaRoma ekhanda. AmaRoma athi, "Uma ufuna ukuthula, lungiselela impi." Isibonelo seCosta Rican sithi, "Uma ufuna ukuthula, lungiselela ukuthula." Kuyindlela enengqondo futhi ehlonipheke kakhulu eya ekuthuleni.
UJohn: Ngabe ukuphathwa kukaDonald Trump kube nomthelela engozini yempi yenuzi?
UDavide: Ngicabanga ukuthi uDonald Trump uqobo ufake isandla engcupheni yempi yenuzi. Ungumuntu othanda izinto zobudlabha, onenkani, futhi ngokuvamile akahlehli, okuyinhlanganisela esabekayo yezimpawu zomuntu ophethe isikhali senuzi esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Uzungezwe amadoda angama-Yes, okujwayele ukubonakala emtshela lokho afuna ukukuzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uTrump ukhiphe i-US esivumelwaneni ne-Iran, futhi umemezele inhloso yakhe yokuhoxa ku-Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty neRussia. Ukulawulwa kukaTrump kwezikhali zenuzi zase-US kungaba yingozi enkulu kakhulu yempi yenuzi selokhu kwaqala i-Nuclear Age.
UJohn: Ungabe usho okuthize mayelana nokushisa okwamanje eCalifornia? Ingabe isimo sezulu esiyingozi siyashintsha ingozi efana nengozi yengozi yenuzi?
UDavide: Imililo yequbula eCalifornia ibisabeka, isibi kakhulu emlandweni waseCalifornia. Le mililo esabekayo ingenye futhi indlela yokubonisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njengoba kunjalo nangokuqina kweziphepho, izivunguvungu nezinye izehlakalo ezihlobene nesimo sezulu. Ngikholwa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele kuyingozi uma kuqhathaniswa nobungozi benhlekelele yenuzi. Inhlekelele yenuzi ingenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngokuguquka kwesimo sezulu sisondela endaweni lapho kungasayikubuyela esimweni esejwayelekile futhi nomhlaba wethu ongcwele uzoba ngabantu abangenakuhlala kuwo.
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UJohn Scales Avery, Ph.D., owayeyingxenye yeqembu elabelana nge-1995 I-Nobel Peace Prize emsebenzini wabo ekuhleleni izinkomfa ze-Pugwash kwiSayensi neNdaba zezwe, ilungu le TRANSCEND Inethiwekhi kanye noProfesa u-Emeritus e-HC Ørsted Institute, eNyuvesi yaseCopenhagen, eDenmark. UnguSihlalo weqembu leDanish National Pugwash kanye neDanmark Peace Academy kanye wathola ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwi-physics yezemvelo kanye nemithi yamakhemikhali e-MIT, i-University of Chicago kanye neYunivesithi yaseLondon. Ungumbhali wezincwadi nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi kokubili ngezihloko zesayense nasemibuthanweni yomphakathi ebanzi. Izincwadi zakhe zakamuva i-Information Theory kanye ne-Evolution kanye Inkinga Yentuthuko Emnyakeni We-21st
