Phakathi ku isitatimende ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuMbasa wezi-2018, uMshushisi weNkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe (ICC), uFatou Bensouda, uxwayise ngokuthi labo ababhekene nokubulawa kwabantu basePalestine eduze komngcele waseGaza no-Israel bangase bashushiswe yi-ICC. Wathi:
“Kunokukhathazeka okukhulu ukuthi ngibona udlame kanye nesimo esiwohlokayo eGaza Strip mayelana nemibhikisho eminingi yakamuva. Kusukela zingama-30 kuNdasa wezi-2018, okungenani abantu basePalestine abangama-27 kubikwe ukuthi babulewe Umbutho Wezokuvikela wakwa-Israel, kwathi abanye abangaphezu kwenkulungwane balimala, abaningi, ngenxa yokudubula kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu nezinhlamvu zenjoloba. Udlame olubhekiswe kubantu - esimweni esifana nalesi esikhona eGaza - kungaba ubugebengu ngaphansi kweSitatimende saseRoma ... "
Waqhubeka:
“Ngikhumbuza wonke amaqembu ukuthi isimo sasePalestine singaphansi kokuhlolwa kweHhovisi lami [bheka ngezansi]. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kokuqala kungelona uphenyo, noma yibuphi ubugebengu obusha okuthiwa benziwe ngokwesimo sase-Palestine bungase bubhekwe yiHhovisi lami. Lokhu kuthinta izehlakalo zamasonto adlule kanye nanoma yisiphi isigameko esizayo.”
Selokhu uMshushisi ekhipha isexwayiso, inani lokufa nokulimala kwabantu basePalestine linyukile, abangu-60 babulawa mhla ziyi-14 kuNhlaba ngosuku i-US eyadlulisela ngalo inxusa layo lisuka eTel Aviv laliyisa eJerusalema. Ngomhla ziyi-12 kuJulayi, ngokusho kweHhovisi le-UN Lokudidiyelwa Kwezindaba Zobuntu (UN OCHA), Bangu-146 abantu basePalestine asebebulewe kwathi abangu-15,415 balimala kusukela kwaqala imibhikisho ngomhla zingama-30 kuNdasa.. Kwabalimele, abangu-8,246 badinga ukwelashwa esibhedlela. Isosha elilodwa lakwa-Israel libulewe ngesibhamu esiphuma eGaza. Azikho izakhamizi zakwa-Israel ezibulewe ngenxa yale mibhikisho.
Le mibhikisho, efuna kuqedwe ukuvinjwa kuka-Israyeli eGaza kanye nelungelo lokubuyela kwababaleki, yenzeka emasontweni andulela ama-70.th isikhumbuzo seNakba, lapho, lapho umbuso wakwa-Israel waba khona, cishe ama-750,000 amaPalestina axoshwa ezindlini zawo futhi awakaze avunyelwe ukubuya. Babalelwa ku-200,000 balaba babaleki abaphoqeleka ukuba bangene eGaza, lapho abahlala khona kanye nenzalo yabo namuhla futhi bakha cishe amaphesenti angama-70 abantu baseGaza abayizigidi eziyi-1.8, abahlala ezimeni ezidabukisayo ngaphansi kokuvinjwa okunzima komnotho okwabekwa u-Israyeli eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule. Kuyamangaza ukuthi izinkulungwane zabantu basePalestine bezizimisele ukubeka impilo kanye nezitho zabo engozini ukuze babhikishe ngezimo zabo.
I-Palestine inika i-ICC amandla okulawula
Isexwayiso soMshushisi sifanelekile ngokuphelele. I-ICC ingagweba abantu abasolwa ngamacala empi, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini kanye nokubulawa kohlanga uma inikezwa amandla okwenza lokho. Iziphathimandla zasePalestine zanikeza amandla okulawula ngomhla lu-1 kuMasingana wezi-2015 ngokuthumela a isimemezelo ku-ICC ngaphansi kweSigaba 12(3) seSitatimende SaseRoma se-ICC “esimemezela ukuthi uHulumeni Wesifunda SasePalestine ngalokhu uyawahlonipha amandla eNkantolo ngenhloso yokuhlonza, ukushushisa kanye nokwahlulela ababhali kanye nokuhambisana nobugebengu endaweni yomthetho Inkantolo yazibophezela endaweni yasePalestine okuhlanganisa ne-East Jerusalem, kusukela ngoJuni 13, 2014".
Ngokubuyisela emuva ukwamukelwa kwegunya le-ICC kuze kube yilolu suku, iziphathimandla zasePalestine zithemba ukuthi kuzokwenzeka ukuthi i-ICC ibeke amasosha ase-Israel amacala ngezenzo noma ngemva kwalolo suku, okuhlanganisa phakathi ne-Operation Protective Edge, ukuhlasela kwamasosha akwa-Israyeli eGaza ngoJulayi/ Agasti 2014, lapho kwabulawa abantu basePalestine abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili.
Akukhona okokuqala ukuthi iziphathimandla zasePalestine zizame ukunikeza amandla e-ICC ngesimemezelo salolu hlobo. Ngomhla zingama-21 kuMasingana wezi-2009, ngemva nje kwe-Operation Cast Lead, ukuhlasela kokuqala kwezempi kuka-Israyeli eGaza, benza okufanayo. isimemezelo. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kwamukelwe uMshushisi we-ICC, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi iPalestine yayingakaqashelwa yi-UN njengombuso.
Yamukelwa yi-UN ngoNovemba 2012 lapho i-UN General Assembly idlula isixazululo 67/19 (ngamavoti ayi-138 kwayi-9) enikeza amalungelo okubuka iPalestine ku-UN “njengezwe elingelona ilungu” futhi icacisa indawo yayo ukuthi “indawo yasePalestine ethathwe kusukela ngo-1967”, okungukuthi, iWest Bank (kuhlanganise ne-East Jerusalem) kanye neGaza. . Ngenxa yalokhu, uMshushisi wakwazi ukwamukela isicelo sePalestine sokuphatha ngomhla lu-1 kuMasingana wezi-2015 kanye nokuvula ukuhlolwa kokuqala “ngesimo sase-Palestine” ngomhla ziyi-16 kuMasingana wezi-2015 (bona Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba kwe-ICC, 16 January 2015).
Ngokusho the Ihhovisi lomshushisi le-ICC, umgomo walolo hlolo lokuqala “uwukuqoqa lonke ulwazi olubalulekile oludingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe esinqumweni esinolwazi ngokugcwele sokuthi sikhona yini isisekelo esizwakalayo sokuqhubeka nophenyo”. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva lokhu kuhlolwa kokuqala kusaqhubeka. Ngamanye amazwi uMshushisi akakasithathi isinqumo sokuthi aqhubeke nophenyo olugcwele yini, okungagcina kuholele ekutheni kushushiswe abantu. Umshushisi umbiko wonyaka wezi-2017 eyashicilelwa ngoDisemba 2017 ayizange inikeze inkomba yokuthi lesi sinqumo sizothathwa nini.
(Umbuso uvamise ukunika i-ICC amandla okuphatha ngokuba yingxenye yombuso we-Rome Statute. Ngomhla zi-2 kuMasingana wezi-2015, iziphathimandla zase-Palestine zafaka imibhalo efanele yaleyo njongo kuNobhala Jikelele we-UN, u-Ban Ki-moon, owathi kumemezela mhla ziyisi-6 kuMasingana wezi-2015 ukuthi iSitatimende SaseRome “sizoqala ukusebenza kuHulumeni wasePalestine ngo-Ephreli 1, 2015”. Ngakho-ke, uma iziphathimandla zasePalestine zikhethe lo mzila wokunikeza amandla e-ICC, iNkantolo yayingeke ikwazi ukushushisa amacala enziwe ngaphambi kuka-1 Ephreli 2015. Yingakho iziphathimandla zasePalestine zakhetha umzila "wokumemezela", okusho ukuthi ubugebengu obenziwe. ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNhlangulana 2014 noma ngemva kwalokho, okuhlanganisa phakathi Nohlelo Lokusebenza Lokuvikela, angashushiswa.)
"Ukudluliselwa" yiPalestine njengenhlangano yezwe
Ngokuqondakalayo, abaholi basePalestine bakhungathekile ukuthi sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu ingekho inqubekelaphambili esobala ekhona ekugwebeni u-Israyeli ngamacala enziwa ezindaweni zasePalestine eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Lawa macala aqhubekile ngokunganqamuki kusukela ngoJanuwari 2015 lapho uMshushisi eqala ukuhlolwa kwakhe kokuqala, ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwekhulu ngamasosha akwa-Israel emngceleni weGaza kusukela zingama-30 kuNdasa okugqama kakhulu.
Abaholi basePalestine bebelokhu benikeza uMshushisi imibiko yanyanga zonke echaza ngalokho abathi kungamacala aqhubekayo e-Israel. Futhi, emzamweni wokusheshisa izindaba, ngomhla ziyi-15 kuNhlaba wezi-2018 iPalestine yenza isimemezelo esisemthethweni “ukudluliselwa"njengenhlangano yombuso mayelana "nesimo sase-Palestine" ku-ICC ngaphansi kwe-Articles 13(a) kanye ne-14 yeSitatimende SaseRoma: "Isifunda SasePalestine, ngokuhambisana ne-Articles 13(a) kanye ne-14 yeSitatimende SaseRoma Samazwe Ngamazwe. INkantolo Yamacala Obugebengu, idlulisela isimo sasePalestine ukuze siphenywe yiHhovisi Lomshushisi futhi icela ngokukhethekile uMshushisi ukuthi aphenye, ngokuhambisana namandla esikhashana eNkantolo, amacala adlule, aqhubekayo kanye nazayo esikhathini esizayo ngaphakathi kwendawo yenkantolo, enziwe kuzo zonke izingxenye zeNkantolo. indawo yeSifundazwe sasePalestine.”
Akukacaci ukuthi kungani lokhu kungenziwanga uma iPalestine isiyingxenye yombuso ngo-April 2015. Akukacaci noma “ukudluliselwa” manje kuzosheshisa inqubekelaphambili ophenyweni - kuyena. impendulo “ekudlulisweni”, uMshushisi uveze ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqala kuzoqhubeka njengakuqala.
Yiziphi izenzo ezakha ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini/nobugebengu bempi?
Uma uMshushisi eqhubeka nokuvula uphenyo mayelana "nesimo sase-Palestine", khona-ke amacala angase abekwe kubantu ngabanye ngokwenza ubugebengu bempi kanye/noma ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Laba bantu kungenzeka ukuthi bebesebenzela umbuso wakwa-Israel ngesikhathi benza icala, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi amalungu e-Hamas namanye amaqembu amasosha asePalestine nawo abekwe amacala.
Isigaba sesi-7 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-Rome sibala izenzo ezakha ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Isici esibalulekile sobugebengu obunjalo ukuthi isenzo "esenziwe njengengxenye yokuhlasela okusabalele noma okuhleliwe okuqondiswe kunoma yimuphi umphakathi". Izenzo ezinjalo zihlanganisa:
- ukubulala
- ukuqothula
- ukudingiswa noma ukudluliswa kwabantu ngendluzula
- sokuhlushwa
- ubugebengu bobandlululo
I-athikili yesi-8 yeSitatimende saseRoma ibala izenzo ezakha “ubugebengu bempi”. Zihlanganisa:
- ukubulala ngamabomu
- ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuphathwa ngonya
- ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kanye nokwabiwa kwempahla, okungathethelelwa isidingo sezempi
- ukudingiswa noma ukudluliselwa noma ukuvalelwa esitokisini okungekho emthethweni
- ukuthatha abathumbi
- ukuqondisa ngamabomu ukuhlaselwa kwezakhamuzi kanjalo noma ngokumelene nezakhamuzi ezingahlanganyeli ngokuqondile ebutheni
- ukuqondisa ngamabomu ukuhlaselwa kwezinto ezingezona ezezempi
futhi abaningi abengeziwe.
Ukudluliswa kwezakhamuzi endaweni ehlala abantu
Okunye kwakamuva, ku-Athikili 8.2(b)(viii), “ukudluliselwa, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, Ngamandla Okuhlala izingxenye zezakhamuzi zawo endaweni endaweni ehlala kuyo”.
Ngokusobala, lobu bugebengu bempi bubaluleke kakhulu ngoba i-Israel idlulisele izakhamizi zayo ezingaba ngu-600,000 eWest Bank, okuhlanganisa ne-East Jerusalem, indawo ebiyithathe kusukela ngo-1967. I-Rome Statute, izibophezele - futhi izoqhubeka nokuzibophezela esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuthi noma yimuphi uhulumeni wesikhathi esizayo wakwa-Israel uzomisa le phrojekthi yamakholoni ngokuzithandela noma ukuthi kuzosetshenziswa ingcindezi eyanele yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze iphele.
Ekukhanyeni kwalokhu, kunecala lokuqala lokuthi abantu bakwa-Israel ababhekele le phrojekthi yokuqoqwa kwamakholoni, kubandakanya noNdunankulu wamanje, banecala lobugebengu bempi. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baseMelika kanye nabanye abahlinzeka ngemali yephrojekthi bangashushiswa ngokusiza nokunciphisa amacala abo empi. Bobabili iNxusa laseMelika kwa-Israel, uDavid Friedman, kanye nomkhwenyana kamongameli waseMelika, uJared Kushner, banikeze imali yokwakha zokuhlala.
The UMavi Marmara ukudluliselwa
I-Israel isivele yaxoxisana ne-ICC ngenkathi ngoMeyi 2013 i-Union of the Comoros, neyingxenye yombuso we-Rome Statute, idlulisela ukuhlasela kwamasosha akwa-Israeli. UMavi Marmara thumela ngomhla zingama-31 kuNhlaba wezi-2010 kuMshushisi. Lokhu kuhlasela kwenzeke emanzini aphesheya, lapho bekuyingxenye yethimba losizo oluya eGaza, futhi kwaholela ekufeni kwabagibeli abayi-9. I UMavi Marmara yabhaliswa eziQhingini zase-Comoros futhi ngaphansi kwe-Article 12.2(a) ye-Rome Statute, i-ICC inegunya maqondana nobugebengu obenziwe, hhayi endaweni yenhlangano yesifunda kuphela, kodwa nasemikhunjini noma ezindizeni ezibhaliswe eqenjini lombuso.
Nokho, ngoNovemba 2014, uMshushisi, uFatou Bensouda, wenqaba ukuvula uphenyo, kuphetha ukuthi “kunesisekelo esizwakalayo sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu bezempi ngaphansi kweNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Obugebengu … enziwa komunye wemikhumbi, i UMavi Marmara, ngenkathi Amasosha Ezokuvikela akwa-Israel ebamba i-'Gaza Freedom Flotilla' ngomhla zingama-31 kuNhlaba wezi-2010”.
Noma kunjalo, unqume ukuthi "icala okungenzeka livele ophenyweni lwalesi sigameko angeke libe 'elinamandla adonsela phansi anele' ukuze kugunyazwe esinye isinyathelo se-ICC". Kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-Article 17.1(d) ye-Rome Statute idinga ukuthi icala libe “elinamandla okwanele ukuze kugunyazwe esinye isinyathelo seNkantolo”.
Kodwa, ngenkathi iNyunyana YaseComoros ifaka isicelo ku-ICC ukuze kubuyekezwe isinqumo soMshushisi, i-ICC Pre-Trial Chamber. kuphakanyiswe isicelo futhi wacela uMshushisi ukuthi abuyekeze isinqumo sakhe sokungaluqali uphenyo. Ekuphetheni kwabo, amajaji kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uMshushisi wenza uchungechunge lwamaphutha ekuhloleni ubunzima bamacala angase abe khona uma kwenziwa uphenyo futhi wamnxusa ukuba abuyekeze isinqumo sakhe sokungaqalisi uphenyo ngokushesha. Ngaphandle kwalawa mazwi abucayi avela kumajaji, uMshushisi wafaka isicelo sokuphikisa lesi sicelo sokuthi “sicubungulwe kabusha”, kodwa isicelo sakhe wenqatshelwe yi-ICC Appeals Chamber ngoNovemba 2015. Ngakho-ke waphoqeleka ukuthi "acubungule kabusha" isinqumo sakhe sikaNovemba 2014 sokungaqhubi uphenyo. NgoNovemba 2017, yena kumemezela ukuthi, ngemva “kokucatshangelwa kabusha” okufanele, wayebambelele esinqumweni sakhe sasekuqaleni ngoNovemba 2014.
Isiphetho
Ingabe uphenyo lokuqala loMshushisi “ngesimo sasePalestine” luyoba nesiphetho esifanayo? Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Ngokwayo, ukusetshenziswa komlilo obukhoma okwenziwa amasosha akwa-Israel ngokumelene nezakhamizi eduze nomngcele waseGaza kwakubi kakhulu kunokuhlasela kwamasosha akwa-Israyeli endaweni. UMavi Marmara. Futhi kunezinye izenzakalo eziningi ezifanele lapho ngokungangabazeki ubugebengu bempi enziwe abantu bakwa-Israel, isibonelo, ngokuhlela ukudluliselwa kwezakhamizi zakwa-Israel ezindaweni ezithathiwe. Ngakho-ke, amathuba okuba uMshushisi ekugcineni athole ukuthi amacala empi enziwe, kodwa kuyisinyathelo esikhulu kulokho ukuhlonza abantu abathintekayo futhi bakhe amacala ukuze babekwe amacala kanye nezigunyazo ezikhishwe yi-ICC ukuze bagweme amacala abo. ukuboshwa.
Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe abantu babekwe amacala, mancane amathuba okuthi bayoke babhekane necala e-The Hague, njengoba i-ICC ingeke ikwazi ukuqulisa amacala abantu abangekho - futhi, njengoba u-Israel engeyona ingxenye ye-ICC, ayinaso isibopho sokunikeza abantu ezandleni zabo. i-ICC ukuze kuqulwe icala. Kodwa-ke, njengoMengameli waseSudan u-Omar Hassan al-Bashir, i-ICC eyambeka icala lokuqothula uhlanga ngo-2008, abantu abathweswe icala kuzofanele bagweme ukuya ezifundazweni eziyingxenye ye-ICC funa baboshwe bese benikelwa.
Inothi lokugcina
Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNtulikazi, i-Pre-Trial Chamber ye-ICC yakhipha “Isinqumo Ngolwazi Nokufinyelela Kwabahlukumezekile Besimo E-Palestine”. Kuyo, iChamber yayala abaphathi be-ICC "ukuba basungule, ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, uhlelo lolwazi lomphakathi kanye nemisebenzi yokufinyelela ukuze kuzuze izisulu kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile esimweni sasePalestine" kanye "nokudala ikhasi elinolwazi Isizindalwazi senkantolo, ikakhulukazi izisulu zesimo sasePalestine".
Ekukhipheni umyalelo, uMkhandlu wakhumbula indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa izisulu ekuqulweni kwecala, futhi wadlulisela esibophweni seNkantolo sokuvumela imibono kanye nokukhathazeka kwabahlukunyeziwe ukuba kwethulwe ngokufanelekile, okuhlanganisa phakathi nesigaba samanje sokuhlolwa kokuqala. Umyalelo uthembise ukuthi “nini futhi uma uMshushisi ethatha isinqumo sokuvula uphenyo, uMkhandlu, esinyathelweni sesibili, uzonikeza eminye imiyalelo”.
Lesi sinyathelo esingajwayelekile se-Pre-Trial Chamber, esisho ukuthi izisulu zamacala empi akhona e-Palestine, sithathwe ngaphandle koMshushisi we-ICC. Ingabe lokhu kungaba ukuncenga kwakhe okumnene ukuze aqale uphenyo olusemthethweni?
