Akukho lutho olukhazimulayo ngempi noma ekubulaleni. Izindleko zempi zomuntu zifinyelela ngale kwenkundla yempi - inomthelela waphakade kwabaganene, izingane, abafowabo, odadewabo, abazali, ogogo nomkhulu, abazala, omalumekazi nakomalume izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi amasosha amaningi kuwo wonke umlando awazimisele ukubulala abanye abantu futhi ukwenza kanjalo ngokusobala kuphambene nemvelo yawo. Njengelayisense yokusebenzisa udlame ekuxazululeni izingxabano, imiphumela yokubulalana empini mibi kakhulu…futhi umphumela wodlame olugunyazwe umbuso ngokuvamile ulimaza kakhulu labo abazibiza ngabanqobi nabahluliwe. Kuyisimo esinganqobi.
UGeorge Bush wayethe sibhekene nengozi “yesizinda sobubi” okuyiKorea, Iran ne-Iraq. Ukuphatha kuka-Obama, ngeshwa, ngemuva kwalokho senyuse isibalo samazwe okumele aqondiswe kuwo. Nakuba, uMartin Luther King, Jr. uthe ububi obungalungiseki emhlabeni ubumpofu, ukucwasa ngokwebala nezimpi. Ububi obuthathu beNkosi budlalwa nsuku zonke kuzinqubomgomo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe zase-U.S. Mhlawumbe ukube uBush kanye no-Obama bebenentshisekelo ngempela yokuqeda ubuphekula bebezobhekisisa ukuhlaziya kukaKing okujule kakhulu.
Kuwo wonke umlando, izimpikiswano ziye zalandela ngokuthi iyiphi indlela engcono yokuxazulula izingxabano. Izinketho ngokuvamile ziwudlame nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokungabi nodlame. Kubukeka sengathi kukhona nokwehluka okuqinile ezimeni zengqondo phakathi kokuthi “abantu” abathile embusweni baxazulula kanjani izingxabano nokuthi izingxabano phakathi “kwamazwe” zixazululwa kanjani. Kukulezi zingxabano nezinqumo zabo lapho kuhlangana khona ubumpofu, ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga nempi.
Iningi labantu emhlabeni lixazulula izingxabano ngazinye izindlela ezingezona ezinobudlova (isb ingxoxo, izivumelwano zomlomo). UDkt King uthe inhloso yokuguqulwa komphakathi okungenabo ubudlova noma ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ezingenabo ubudlova akukhona ukufuna ukuziphindiselela kodwa ukuguqula inhliziyo yalokhu okuthiwa yisitha. “Asilahli inzondo ngokuhlangabezana nenzondo; siqeda isitha, "esho," ngokuqeda ubutha. Inzondo iyabhubhisa futhi idilize. ”
Amazwe amaningi nawo anemithetho emelene nokusetshenziswa kodlame ngakunye. Emphakathini wase-US, isibonelo, umuntu akufanele abulale omunye umuntu ngamabomu. Uma kunjalo, basengozini yokushushiswa nguhulumeni engahle iholele, ngemuva kokuqulwa kwejaji, kuhulumeni uqobo ubulale umuntu ngokwenza icala elinjalo. Ukujeziswa e-US, noma kunjalo, kuvame ukubekelwa labo abangenazo izinsizakusebenza. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i-United States ukuphela kwezwe lasentshonalanga elisasebenzisa isigwebo sentambo, esinikezwa abantu abampofu ngokweqile futhi ngokungalingani labo abanemibala - abantu abavame ukungabi nayo indlela yokuzivikela. Isigwebo sentambo yisibonelo esijulile sodlame oluvunyelwe umbuso (noma ukwesaba) njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngokwemigomo kaDkt. King, inqubomgomo yasekhaya yaseMelika inobandlululo, empeleni impi elwa nabampofu, futhi ngesigwebo sentambo, ikhombisa abantu abangafuni ukuthethelela.
Eminyakeni edlule ngangifuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngempi futhi ngaphenya ngabangane bami kababa ababekade belwa eJalimane ngesikhathi seWWII. Babengeke bakhulume nami. Babengeke babelane ngalutho. Kuthathe isikhashana ukuqonda okushiwo ukwenqatshwa kwabo. Impi, engiyifundile, ifana nodlame olunjalo, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka okungamangalisi ukuthi ukuhlanganyela lezo zimo kuyinto abantu abaningi abazimisele ukuyenza. Encwadini yakhe Lokho Wonke Umuntu Okufanele Akwazi NgeMpi, umbhali uChris Hedges uyabhala, “Sakha impi. Siyiphendula ibe ngukuzijabulisa. Futhi kukho konke lokhu siyakhohlwa ukuthi impi imayelana nani, ukuthi yenzani kubantu abahlushwa yiyo. Sicela labo abasemasosheni nemindeni yabo ukuthi benze imihlatshelo ebeka imibala ezimpilweni zabo zonke. Labo abayizonda kakhulu impi, sengithole ukuthi, bangomakadebona abayaziyo. ”
Ekuxazululeni izingxabano "phakathi kwamazwe", phakathi kwabantu abanengqondo okungenani, impi ihlale ibhekwa njengesixazululo sokugcina nganoma yiziphi izizathu, hhayi okungenani ukuthi amandla ayo amakhulu okubhubhisa. Umqondo “wempi nje” usekelwe kuleso simo - ukuthi konke okunye kuzanywe ukuxazulula udweshu ngaphambi kwempi. Noma kunjalo, ukucaphuna uDkt. King futhi, wabuza ngokuhlakanipha ukuthi kungani “ukubulala isakhamuzi esizweni sakho kuyicala, kodwa ukubulawa kwezakhamizi zesinye isizwe empini kuyisenzo sobuqhawe?” Amanani ahlanekezelwe ukuze aqiniseke.
I-United States inomlando obabazayo wokusebenzisa ubudlova obudlulayo emzamweni wokuxazulula izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuvamile okufisa ukulawula nokukwazi ukuthola imithombo yemvelo, njengamafutha. Ngokuvamile yi-US ecacile mayelana nezizathu zayo zangempela zempi. Ubuzenzisi buyaqhubeka ngesikhathi esifanayo intsha yethu ifundiswa ukubulala.
Ngokungafani kwezinto ezintathu ezimbi zokucwasa ubuhlanga, ububha kanye nempi, izinhloso zezimpi zase-US zinokufaniswa okuphawulekayo nakulabo abajeziswa esiteshini sethu sekhaya. Lokhu kuhlale kubampofu kanye nabantu abanemibala kunabaningi abanobuncwane nabamhlophe abonakele, abaholi bezinkampani kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, njll. Ukuphendula ebulungiseni base-US nasezinkantolo zekhotho kuntuleka kakhulu futhi ukukhishwa kweklasi nokungalingani kubaluleke kakhulu jikelele ukungalingani kube kubi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, isigameko seFerguson kanye nabanye abaningana kulo lonke elase-US okwenza kube nokulahlekelwa okubuhlungu kwezimpilo ezimnyama, yiqiniso, njengezibonelo ezijwayelekile zokuziphatha okujwayelekile eMelika. Njengasendlini yethu yasekhaya, izimbangi zase-US ziye zahlukunyezwa kakhulu, zihlomele futhi zihlala nabantu abanemibala, lapho i-US ingaqinisekiswa, okungenani, ngokunqoba kwesikhashana.
Udlame lunomthelela “wokuhlukumeza” kithina njengomphakathi. Akusilungele neze noma kunjalo uma ukubheka. Eminyakeni ethile edlule isazi semvelo saseBrithani uColin Turnbull wafunda ngomthelela wesigwebo sentambo e-United States. Uxoxisane nonogada abasocongweni lokufa, abantu abadonse inkinobho yokubanjwa ugesi, iziboshwa ezisentanjeni yokufa kanye namalungu omndeni wabo bonke laba bantu. Umthelela ongemuhle wezengqondo nezinkinga zezempilo ezazikhona kubo bonke labo ababandakanyeka ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ekubulaweni kombuso kwakukukhulu. Akekho noyedwa owaphunyuka ezenzakalweni ezimbi.
Izazi zezenhlalo nazo seziqale ukubheka umthelela "wempi" emphakathini. Futhi kunomthelela "wokuhlukumeza" kithi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okubumba kakhulu ukusebenza kwethu komuntu ngamunye ngumndeni nontanga abasizungezile. Kepha lokho ososayensi bezenhlalo abangazange bakubheke umthelela wezinqubomgomo zombuso ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye. Abanye ososayensi bezenhlalakahle bathole ukuthi ngemuva kwempi kukhona ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kodlame ngamanye emazweni kokubili kwabahluliwe nabaphumelele empini. Izazi zezenhlalo zibheke imodeli yomakadebona enodlame, kanye nemodeli yokuphazamiseka komnotho kanye nabanye ukuze bachaze lesi simo. Okuwukuphela kwencazelo ebonakala iphoqa kakhulu ukwamukela kombuso ukusetshenziswa kodlame ukuxazulula izingxabano. Lapho wonke amagatsha kahulumeni kusuka kubaphathi, kuya kusishayamthetho, kuya ezinkantolo amukela udlame njengendlela yokuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye, kubukeka sengathi kwehlela phansi abantu - empeleni kuyisibani esiluhlaza ukusebenzisa noma ukubheka udlame njengenkambo eyamukelekayo impilo yansuku zonke.
Mhlawumbe enye yezimpikiswano eziphoqelela kakhulu ngokumelene nokuthumela abesifazane bethu abesilisa nabesilisa empini ukuthi iningi lethu alifuni ukubulala nhlobo. Ngaphandle kokufundiswa ukuthi izimpi zingakhazimula kanjani, iningi lethu alihambisani nesicelo sokubulala. Encwadini yakhe ekhangayo Ekubulaweni: Izindleko Zengqondo Zokufunda Ukubulala Empi naseNhlanganweni (1995), isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uLt Colonel Dave Grossman unikeza isahluko sonke ku- "Abangacimi Umlilo Kuwo Wonke Umlando." Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando, kunoma iyiphi impi, kuphela u-15% kuya ku-20% wamasosha azimisele ukubulala. Leli phesenti eliphansi lisemhlabeni wonke futhi lisebenza emasosheni avela kuwo wonke amazwe kuwo wonke umlando orekhodiwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngisho nokuqhela kude nesitha akukhuthazi ukubulala. UGrossman unikeza okuthakazelisayo okutholakele ukuthi “Noma ngabe kunale nzuzo, kuphela iphesenti elilodwa labashayeli bezindiza bezempi baseMelika ababenama-1% abo bonke abashayeli bezindiza bezitha abadutshulwe ngesikhathi seWWII; iningi alidubulanga muntu noma lazama. ”
I-US ngokusobala ayizange ilazise leli phesenti eliphansi lababulali, ngakho-ke yaqala ukushintsha indlela eliqeqesha ngayo ezempi. AbaseMelika baqala ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela "yesimo sokusebenza" se-IP Pavlov ne-BF Skinner ekuqeqesheni kwabo, okwenze amasosha ethu aba buthaka ngokwenza impinda. Omunye wasolwandle wangitshela ukuthi ekuqeqeshweni okuyisisekelo awugcini nje “ngokuzijwayeza” ukubulala ungaphezi kodwa kudingeka ukuthi usho igama elithi “bulala” uphendula cishe yonke imiyalo. "Ngokuyinhloko isosha selizilolongele le nqubo izikhathi eziningi," kusho uGrossman, "ukuthi uma ebulala empini uyakwazi, ezingeni elilodwa, ukuziphika ukuthi empeleni ubulala omunye umuntu." Ngempi yaseKorea ama-55% amasosha ase-US akwazi ukubulala futhi ngeVietnam ama-95% amangazayo akwazi ukwenza kanjalo. UGrossman uphinde wathi iVietnam manje yaziwa njengempi yokuqala yokwenziwa kwemithi lapho amasosha ase-US ondla amasosha ethu inani elikhulu lemithi ukudambisa izinzwa zawo ngenkathi enza ubudlova futhi kungenzeka ukuthi enza okufanayo nase-Iraq.
Ekhuluma nombuzo wamaphesenti aphansi ababulali empini, uGrossman uthi “Njengoba ngihlolisise lo mbuzo futhi ngacwaninga inqubo yokubulala empini ngokombono wesazi-mlando, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo nesosha, ngaqala ukubona ukuthi kwakukhona isici esisodwa esikhulu esilahlekile ekuqondeni okuvamile kokubulala empini, into ephendula lo mbuzo nokuningi. Leyo nto elahlekile iqiniso elilula nelikhombisayo lokuthi kukhona ngaphakathi kwamadoda amaningi ukumelana okukhulu nokubulala abanye abantu. Ukumelana kunamandla kangangokuba, ezimweni eziningi, amasosha asempini azofa engakakunqobi. ”
Iqiniso lokuthi asifuni ukubulala liyisiqinisekiso sokubonga kwesintu sethu. Ngabe sifuna ngempela ukuguqula ngokuziphatha izinsizwa nezintombi zethu zibe ngababulali abanekhono? Ngabe sifuna ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kwentsha yethu ngale ndlela? Ngabe ngempela sifuna intsha yethu ihlukunyezwe ebuntwini bayo nakwabanye? Akusona yini isikhathi sokuthi sibhekane nobubi bangempela emhlabeni, i-axis yangempela yobubi ubuhlanga, ubumpofu nempi nakho konke lokho okuhambisana nomhobholo wokulawulwa kwezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba kusilimaza sonke? Ngabe sifuna amadola ethu entela asetshenziselwe ukubulala abampofu bomhlaba, ukubhubhisa amazwe abo futhi asenze sibe nobudlova ngokwengeziwe kule nqubo? Impela singenza kangcono kunalokhu!
UHeather Grey ukhiqiza "Ukuthula Nje" ku-WRFG-Atlanta 89.3 FM ehlanganisa izindaba zasendaweni, zesifunda, zikazwelonke nezamazwe omhlaba. Ngo-1985-86 waqondisa uhlelo olungenalo udlame eMartin Luther King, Jr. Centre for Non-Violent Social Change e-Atlanta. Uhlala e-Atlanta futhi uyatholakala njepeacewrfg@aol.com.
