NguPat Elder, Izibopho Zempi, Ngo-September 13, i-2026
Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okuzimele okuzungeze izindawo zempi zase-US e-Okinawa kuye kwadalula isignesha ethile yamakhemikhali—umunwe we-3M—osusa isivikelo sePentagon sokuphikwa okunokwenzeka. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ibutho lase-United States kanye nohulumeni ophakathi waseJapan benqaba izicelo ezivela eSifundazweni sase-Okinawa zokuhlolwa kwemvelo okusekelwe ezisekelweni, becaphuna ukuntuleka kobufakazi obubangela ukuxhumanisa izisekelo nokungcola kwe-PFAS kwendawo. Kodwa-ke, imibiko evuthayo evela ku- Asahi Shimbun yaseTokyo Muva nje kwembulwe ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zazivumile ngasese eTokyo ngo-2023 ukuthi igwebu elenza ifilimu ngamanzi (i-AFFF) elisetshenziswa eKadena Air Base kanye naseMarine Corps Air Station Futenma laliwumthombo ongase ube khona wokungcola.
Nakuba ohulumeni bekufihla lokhu emphakathini, ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okuqondile okuvela ngaphandle kothango oluyisisekelo kuye kwavula icala kabanzi, kwalandela ukungcola ngqo emuva kumakhemikhali e-electrochemical-fluorination e-3M endala.
Ubuthi Bezempi Amasampula ka-2023 bathole ama-compound e-PFAS angu-28 kumasampula emvelo ase-Okinawa, hhayi i-PFOS ne-PFOA kuphela. Iphrofayili ifaka phakathi i-PFOS, i-PFHxS, i-PFDS, i-PFOSA, i-FOSAA, i-N-EtFOSAA, kanye ne-N-MeFOSAA—ama-compound kanye nezinto ezihlobene nezandulela ezihlobene nekhemistri endala ye-PFOS eyenziwe yi-electrochemical fluorination. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, i-3M yayingumkhiqizi ovelele womhlaba wonke wekhemistri yangaphambi kwe-PFOS esetshenziswe kulolu hlobo lwe-AFFF oludala.
Le phrofayili yenza incazelo yase-US yomthombo ongacacisiwe wokungcola kwe-PFAS ingakholeki. Ngokuhambisana nokuvuma okubikiwe kukahulumeni wase-US ukuthi igwebu eKadena naseFutenma cishe yilona elibangela ukungcola kwe-PFAS endaweni yase-Okinawa, kusungula icala eliphoqelelayo ngalokho i-Okinawa ekucelile iminyaka eminingi: ukufinyelela okuzimele, ukusampula okugcwele, kanye nokubalwa komphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-PFAS, ukukhishwa, kanye nokuhlanza ngaphakathi kwezisekelo.
Ubufakazi obengeziwe – Isiteshi Sezindiza SaseMarine Corps Futenma
Amathani ayi-142 egwebu elenza ifilimu elimanzi elivela eMarine Corps Air Station Futenma wangcwatshwa endaweni yokulahla imfucuza yezimboni iKurashiki ngo-2014-2015. Ngo-2023 Ubuthi Bezempi Buhlolwe amanzi ephuma endaweni futhi athola amazinga aphezulu e-PFAS anesitembu esihlukile se-3M.
Isiginesha esicacile se-3M/POSF electrochemical-fluorination (ECF) esidala kulesi sampula yiqembu engilimake:
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I-FOSAA — 1.2 ppt
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I-N-EtFOSAA — 23.5 ppt
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I-N-MeFOSAA — 23.1 ppt
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I-PFOSA — 5.3 ppt
Qaphela: I-POSF isifinyezo se-perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride: C₈F₁₇SO₂F.
Lezi yizinhlanganisela/izibikezelo ze-sulfonamide ezihlobene ne-PFOS ezixhunywe kumakhemikhali amadala e-POSF ayebuswa yi-3M ngokomlando. Ukuba khona kwazo ndawonye kunencazelo enkulu kune-PFOS ngokwayo.
Ziyasekela, kodwa azihlukile zodwa: i-PFOS (236.5), i-PFHxS (102.3), i-PFDS (9), i-PFBS (81.3), futhi mhlawumbe i-PFHxSA (9.7). Zihambisana nephrofayili endala ehlobene ne-ECF/PFOS.
I-POSF yayiyisihluthulelo esiyinhloko sokwakha amakhemikhali kumakhemikhali amadala e-PFOS e-3M. I-3M yasebenzisa i-fluorination ye-electrochemical ukwenza i-POSF, yabe isiyisebenzisa ukukhiqiza i-PFOS kanye namakhemikhali ahlobene nemikhiqizo efaka phakathi i-AFFF endala esekelwe ku-PFOS, ukwelashwa kohlobo lwe-Scotchgard, izembozo zephepha, kanye nama-surfactants ezimboni.
Emasampeleni emvelo, ama-compounds afana ne-PFOSA, i-FOSAA, i-N-EtFOSAA, kanye ne-N-MeFOSAA abhekisela emuva kulowo mndeni omkhulu wamakhemikhali atholakala ku-POSF. Avame ukuguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abe yi-PFOS.
Ngakho-ke “isiginesha se-POSF/ECF” sisho iphethini ehambisana nomndeni wamakhemikhali we-PFOS wesitayela se-3M—hhayi i-PFOS yodwa kuphela. I-AFFF evela eFutenma yavela ku-3M. I-Navy/Marine Corps yathenga futhi yasebenzisa inani elikhulu le-AFFF kusuka ku-3M.
Ubufakazi Obengeziwe - Isikhungo Somoya saseKadena
NgoMeyi ka-2024 mina noRachel Clark saphinde sajoyina izishoshovu zase-Okinawa ukuhlola amanzi ageleza evela ezisekelweni zempi zase-US e-Okinawa. Salandela umfudlana i-Ubu eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kwaze kwaba yilapho uphuma khona eKadena Air Base.
Okuqashelwe kakhulu kusampula yeKadena ukuhlangana kwe-PFOS + PFHxS: ndawonye ziyi-785.5 ppt, cishe u-60% wazo zonke i-PFAS ezitholakele kulesi sampula. I-AFFF eyenziwe nge-electrochemical-fluorination (ECF) endala ye-3M yaziwa kakhulu Ukubusa kwe-PFOS kulandelwe yi-PFHxS ngokugxila okuncane kwe-PFHpS kanye ne-PFBS.
Idatha yesayensi eqoqwe kusukela emfuleni i-Ubu kanye nendawo yokulahla imfucuza i-Kurashiki isebenza njengerekhodi lobuchwepheshe elingenakuguqulwa. Ngenxa yokuthi imininingwane yezempi kahulumeni ivimbele ngokuqinile amabutho ahlomile ase-US ekuthengeni ama-foam okucisha umlilo enziwe kwamanye amazwe, ukuba khona okukhulu kwezindlela ezihlukile ze-POSF ezenziwe nge-3M akushiyi ndawo yemibono ehlukile. I-Tokyo ne-Washington azisakwazi ukufihla le nkinga yemvelo ngemuva kwamaqhinga okuvimba abaholi futhi azizange zivunyelwe. Ubufakazi bamakhemikhali bufuna lokho imiphakathi yase-Okinawa ebikufuna ngokufanele iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi: ukufinyelela okusheshayo, okuzimele kwesisekelo, ukusampula komphakathi okuphelele, kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlanza ovulekile nonomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela impilo yomphakathi.
