NguKristin Christman
Uma ukhetha indlela yokubhekana nodlame olumaphakathi neMpumalanga, esikhundleni sokufanekisa ukunqunywa kwamakhanda, kuyasiza ukuthwebula isithombe seqhwa. Izidlamlilo ezinolaka ezifisa ngobugovu ingcebo, amandla, kanye negazi zingase zibonakale zinkulu emicabangweni yaseMelika, kodwa ziyisihloko nje sentaba yeqhwa. Laba ngabantu abajatshuliswa ukuchithwa kwegazi, abathanda ukwenza abanye baqhaqhazele begqoke amabhuzu abo, noma abakholelwa ukuthi unya lungaba ubuhle.
Phansi kwaleli qhwa, sithola amasosha avikela impilo, ikhaya, amandla, inkululeko, izindinganiso, kanye nobunikazi ngokumelene namashiqela amaphakathi neMpumalanga, inqubomgomo yase-US, kanye nenzondo yehlelo. Ubudlova babo bungase bungabi obuvumelekile, kodwa izizathu zabo ziyaqondakala.
Futhi lapho, ngaphansi kwamanzi olwandle, ngaphansi kwamanzi olwandle isizinda esikhulukazi se-iceberg: abantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi abanokuthula abagxeka udlame lwamaphekula nobudlova kodwa ababelana ngezikhalazo eziningi, okuhlanganisa nokunengeka ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US.
Sibona ithiphu le-iceberg: ukukhandwa ngamatshe, ukunqunywa amakhanda, ukuguqulwa ngempoqo. Kodwa ingabe sifunda ukuthi amanye amasosha acindezelekile ngenxa yokuntula umusa kwabampofu? Ngokungabi nalutho okungokomoya kwentuthuko yezinto ezibonakalayo? Ngonya lukahulumeni?
Cabanga ngezimpi zakwamanye amazwe ezilinganiselwa ku-15,000 ezivela ezizweni ezingaphezu kuka-80 eziye zaya eSyria ukuyolwa ne-ISIS, i-al-Nusra, nezinye. Siholelwa ekukholelweni ukuthi ukungqubuzana kumayelana namaSulumane angamaqaba anquma amakhanda futhi ahlabe. Kepha lokho kumane kuyisihloko seqhwa, ngoba la maSulumane kungenzeka amele uxhaxha olukhulu lwezisusa ezinolaka nezivikelayo ezinganakwanga ngokuphelele ngemuva komhla ka-9/11, zabhebhethekiswa ukuhlasela kwe-US, futhi ahlala enganakiwe.
Ngakho-ke uhulumeni wase-US usondela kanjani kule ntaba yeqhwa? Njengamanje, ngokushwiba imbazo kuwo. Kodwa kunezinkinga ezinkulu ngale ndlela.
Ukugebenga eqhweni akwenzi lutho ukubhekana nezizathu ezinolaka nezivikelayo ezidala udlame lwaseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Imizimba yezempi ingase ife, kodwa izindawo ezingabonakali ezizigcwalisayo emphakathini zizothathelwa indawo abashokobezi abasha uma izimo ezimbi ezizibumbile zisekhona.
Amabhomu nokuthunyelwa kwezikhali kukulungisa kanjani ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuhlukaniswa, ubandlululo, nokungathembani? Izigidi ezichithwa ezikhalini zibuqeda kanjani ubumpofu? Izikhali zilungisa kanjani izinkinga zokunisela ngenkasa futhi zenze isivumelwano esanelisayo mayelana nogesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kanye namalungelo amanzi phakathi kweSyria, Iraq, neTurkey?
Amabhomu amanje ase-US ayichitha kanjani intukuthelo phezu kwamabhomu ase-US edlule kanye nokuhlala kwe-US e-Iraq? Ingabe amabhomu angayidambisa intukuthelo phezu kwe-athomu yakwa-Israyeli kanye nosizi lwasePalestine? Amabhomu ase-US angaba kanjani namandla okunciphisa ukwesaba kwabashisekeli beMpi Yenkolo YaseNtshonalanga-Ziyoni ngokumelene neMid-East?
Ngokuhlasela intaba yeqhwa, ngokunyusa izinsongo zokuphila, abathandekayo, inkululeko, ikhaya, nendlela yokuphila, i-US empeleni ibhebhethekisa izinkinga eziholela odlameni olukhuthazwa ukuzivikela. Futhi, ngenkathi ukuhlasela intaba yeqhwa kungase kusize ukulawula noma ukucekela phansi ezinye izimo zengqondo ezinolaka, kuwo wonke umqondo wolaka obhujiswayo, kudaleka okuningi okwengeziwe.
Ohulumeni namaphekula babelana ngebhokisi lamathuluzi akhathazayo lamasu angalungile abawasebenzisa ezitheni: izinsongo, amabhomu, ukuhlasela, ukuthumba, ukuhlukaniswa, ukuvalelwa, ukwesatshiswa, ubuhlungu, ukubulala. Kodwa, njengoba izazi ze-neurobiologists ziqaphela ngokugcwele, ukubangela ukwesaba noma ubuhlungu ngokuphindaphindiwe ezintweni eziphilayo kuthungela ulaka, futhi ngayinye yalezi zindlela ezimbi ibangela imiphumela eqeda amandla ku-neurobiology eqeda amandla okuba onengqondo, okunakekela, nokuthula.
Eqinisweni, lelo bhokisi lamathuluzi eligqwalile lingashintsha izisulu zalo zibe abahlaseli. Kwenzekani ngaphakathi ebuchosheni? Amazinga e-serotonin adala ukuthula aye ehla, amazinga e-noradrenaline abangela i-alamu ayakhuphuka, futhi i-hippocampus iyaguguleka, okuholela embonweni oyihaba wosongo, ukusabela okweqile okuyihaba, kanye nokuncipha kwamandla okusungula izimpendulo ezakhayo, ezingenalo ubudlova ezinsongweni. Akumangazi ukuthi isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zobuchopho eziyingqayizivele yezisulu zodlame ifana kakhulu nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zobuchopho babahlaseli abanobudlova.
Izimo zengqondo ezinolaka zibangelwa impi, ziyachuma empini, futhi zifihlwe ngokuphelele kuyo. Pho kungani uhlomisa uhlangothi olulodwa kolunye futhi uvuse ukungqubuzana, kungani umane uhlasele intaba yeqhwa, kunokuba usize ukuxazulula izinkinga?
Okokugcina, ukulwa ne-iceberg kumosha ikhono lobuhle. Lapho kufundwa ukuthi kungani amaSulumane ehambe kule minyaka engamashumi amane edlule ukuyolwa e-Afghanistan, Lebanon, Bosnia naseSyria, umuntu uthola inqwaba yezisusa ezihlanganisa ukufana nalezo ezikhuthaza abantu baseMelika ukuthi bajoyine amasosha. Ingabe izisusa ezinhle - ukwesaba ukuhlupheka nokungabi nabulungisa, izifiso zenjongo enhle, uhambo oluthile, ubungane, noma inkokhelo - zithethelela ukubulala? Vele akunjalo. Kodwa izisusa ezinhle kanye nezidingo eziqondakalayo kufanele zinakekelwe futhi ziqondiswe kabusha.
Labo abanobudlova bavame ukuba nezikhalazo ezizwakalayo nezisusa ezinhle ezihlanganyelwa abantu abaningi abanokuthula. Uma singasebenza ngokuqhubekayo namaqembu angenalo udlame ukuze silungise izikhalo ezisemthethweni, umoya ungasuswa kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi ubudlova kuphela obungafeza ubulungiswa. Uma ubuphekula obumelene ne-US, ngokwesibonelo, bungasingathwa ngaphakathi kohlaka olukhudlwana lwe-anti-Americanism, imizwa eyabiwa abantu abaningi abanengqondo, abanokuthula, singalungisa amaphutha futhi sinciphise ubuphekula kule nqubo.
Uma sigxila ngokukhethekile kokubi kakhulu esitheni, ephuzwini le-iceberg, sizosabela ngamandla amakhulu futhi sandise izimpande zodlame. Kodwa uma sibhekana nobudlova ngaphakathi kwesithombe esibanzi se-iceberg yonke, uma silalela imibono yamalungu alo anobudlova nokuthula kanye nokugqugquzela kwabo okuhle nokubi, impendulo yethu izophumelela kakhulu futhi ibe nobuntu.
UKristin Y. Christman ungumlobi we I-Taxonomy Yokuthula: Ukuhlukaniswa Okuphelele Kwemiphakathi Neziqhumane Zezobudlova kanye ne-650 Solutions for Peace, iphrojekthi eyenziwe ngokuzimela yaqala ngoSepthemba ka-9/11 futhi itholakala online. Ungumama ofunda emakhaya oneziqu ezivela eDartmouth College, eBrown University, naseYunivesithi e-Albany kwezokuphatha iRussia kanye nezomphakathi. http://sites.google.com/site/paradigmforpeace
