Amalungelo Abantu, Izizukulwane Ezizayo kanye Nobugebengu NgeNkathi Yenuzi

Congress, 14 – 17 September 2017, University of Basel

I-Basel Declaration ngamalungelo abantu kanye nobugebengu obudlulele obubangelwa izikhali zenuzi namandla enuzi

Ababambe iqhaza engqungqutheleni yamazwe ngamazwe Amalungelo Abantu, Izizukulwane Ezizayo kanye Nobugebengu NgeNkathi Yenuzi, eyabanjelwa e-Basel kusukela ngo-September 14-17, 2017, iqinisekisa ukuthi ubungozi kanye nomthelela wezikhali zenuzi, izikhali eziphelile ze-uranium namandla enuzi, okuhlangene kanye ne-trans-generational, kuhlanganisa ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukwephulwa kosizo lwamazwe ngamazwe. kanye nomthetho wezemvelo, kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Siyaqiniseka ukuthi izidingo zamandla zawo wonke amazwe zingahlangatshezwana nazo ngamandla aphephile, asimeme, avuselelekayo, kanye nokuthi ukuphepha kwawo wonke amazwe kungahlangatshezwana nawo ngaphandle kokwethembela ezikhalini zenuzi. Iziphetho zethu zisekelwe kulokhu okulandelayo;

Ngezimayini ze-Uranium

· Ukumba nokunothisa kwe-uranium, okuhlinzeka ngophethiloli wamandla enuzi, kukhiphela ama-radionuclide ahlala isikhathi eside futhi anobuthi kakhulu endaweni ebangela umthelela omubi empilweni yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo ezichayeka emisebeni;

· Iketango lamafutha enuzi, ikakhulukazi ukunothisa i-uranium kanye nokucutshungulwa kabusha kwe-plutonium, kunikeza amathuba okuba amazwe analobu buchwepheshe akhiqize izikhali zenuzi, okudala izinsongo ezengeziwe ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.

· Okokugcina, amathemba ezezimali okumbiwa kwe-uranium esikhathini esizayo esimaphakathi nesikhathi eside abonakala engabazekayo, uma kubhekwa ukwehla okukhona kokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi. Ngokulandelayo oHulumeni bangase bakucabangele ngokungathi sína ukumisa ukuhlola i-uranium.

Ngamandla enuzi

· Ngokuhambisana nochungechunge lokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa njalo kanye nokulawulwa kokulahlwa kukaphethiloli wenuzi ukuze kuphehlwe amandla kanye nangemuva kwezingozi zesikhungo samandla enuzi kukhishelwa ama-isotopu anemisebe eningi ku-biosphere. Imiphumela emibi yezempilo njengomdlavuza kanye nezifo ezingezona umdlavuza iye yabonakala emiphakathini edaluliwe. Ikakhulukazi izinguquko zofuzo eziwumphumela zibe nomthelela empilweni yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ucwaningo lwesimanje lomthamo ophansi we-ionizing radiation (LDIR) luqinisekisa umqondo we-Linear No Threshold [LNT]. Ukuqonda okusekelwe kwisayensi kudinga ukwamukelwa kwezilinganiso zengozi ngemithamo ephansi njengo-1 mSv. Izincomo ze-ICRP kufanele zibuyekezwe njengoba seziphelelwe yisikhathi ishumi leminyaka ngemuva kosuku lwazo lokusebenza.

· Izikhungo eziningi zamandla enuzi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, zitholakala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi;

· Noma iyiphi inhlekelele yenuzi inemiphumela yeqa imingcele ethinta inani labantu bamazwe amaningana, futhi kungaba ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe odinga imibuso ukuba iqinisekise ukuthi imisebenzi engaphansi kwamandla abo noma ukulawula ayidali monakalo endaweni yezinye izifundazwe.

· Isimemezelo se-Sendai United Nations sika-2015 saqaphela ukuthi ukuziphendulela ekudaleni izinhlekelele kuyadingeka kuwo wonke amazinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amalungelo abantu adinga ukugqugquzelwa futhi avikelwe kunoma yisiphi isimo senhlekelele, okuhlanganisa izingozi ezenziwe abantu kanye nobungozi bezobuchwepheshe;

· Izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zokukhiqizwa nokuphathwa kwamandla enuzi (okuhlanganisa nokugcinwa kukadoti) zikwenza kube ukutshalwa kwezimali okungafanele uma kuqhathaniswa namandla avuselelekayo;

Izinhlekelele zenuzi njengalezo zaseMayak, eThree Mile Island, eSellafield, eChernobyl naseFukushima, zidedela inqwaba yama-radionuclide endaweni enomthelela empilweni yesizukulwane samanje nesizayo;

· Izikhungo ezikhiqiza amandla enuzi, lapho zisebenza nangemuva kokuhlakazwa kwazo, zikhiqiza imfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe eyingozi, eyingozi izinkulungwane zeminyaka, isikhathi eside kunanoma iyiphi impucuko eyaziwayo. Umbuzo wokugcinwa okuphephile kwesikhathi eside kwemfucuza ekhipha imisebe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka awukaphendulwa kuze kube manje.

Ezikhalini zenuzi

· Ukusetshenziswa nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi kudale umonakalo omkhulu, odlulele kwesinye isikhathi empilweni nasemvelweni walabo abaseduze nalapho kuqhunyiswa khona iziqhumane kanye nasesintwini sisonke;

· Ucwaningo lwakamuva, oluqokonyiswe uchungechunge lwezingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe ngomthelela wobuntu wezikhali zenuzi, lubonisa ukuthi noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi endaweni enabantu abaningi kungadala imiphumela eyinhlekelele kubuntu nemvelo, futhi noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kaningi kwezikhali zenuzi kungadala inhlekelele futhi engenakuhlehliswa. ukulimala kwesimo sezulu ngaphezu kwemithelela yemisebe kanye nokuqhuma;

Siyaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi akunasimilo, akukho emthethweni futhi kunenani elingabazekayo lokuphepha. Ubungozi obukhulu bezikhali zenuzi ezisetshenziswa ezingxabanweni zamanje njengaseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kwezinye izikhathi zokushuba, futhi kuze kube yilapho izikhali zenuzi seziqediwe kunikeza isidingo sokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi.

· Ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwabantu emjahweni wezikhali zenuzi kuchezuka izinsiza ezidingekayo ezidingweni zabantu, zezenhlalo nezemvelo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukugqugquzela imfundo, ukuhlinzeka ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuyisisekelo, ukuvikela isimo sezulu kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinhloso zentuthuko esimeme.

Ezikhalini eziphelile ze-uranium (DU).

· Imibiko ye-Epidemiological ibonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-uranium ephelile kuba nomthelela wezempilo kulabo abadaluliwe kanye nenzalo yabo;

· Ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium ukuze kuhlanganiswe izikhali nokubhoboza i-uranium kukhulula i-uranium ephelile endaweni ezungezile, lapho izogcinwa khona izinkulungwane zeminyaka, okubangela ubungozi kubalwi kanye nabangewona amasotsha.

Emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe osebenza kuzikhali zenuzi namandla

Ngaphezu komthetho jikelele wamazwe ngamazwe, amagatsha alandelayo, Inter alia, ziyasebenza kuzikhali zenuzi namandla enuzi:

·       Umthetho wamaLungelo omhlaba wonke ivikela, ikakhulukazi, ilungelo lokuphila, ilungelo lokungaphathwa ngendlela engenabuntu noma eyehlisa isithunzi, ilungelo lezinga eliphezulu lezempilo kanye nendawo enempilo, ilungelo lezinga lokuphila elanele, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuthola ukudla. kanye namanzi, kanye nenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nelungelo lokufuna nokwamukela ulwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi akhethekile amaqembu asengozini, njengabesifazane, izingane, abantu bomdabu noma abantu abakhubazekile, asemukelwe futhi aphethwa.

·       Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wosizo lwabantu: Le nhlangano yomthetho iyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali noma izindlela zempi ezingaba nomthelela ngokungakhethi kubantu abavamile, kubangele ukuhlupheka okungadingekile kumasosha, kwephule izindawo ezingathathi hlangothi, kungalinganisi nokucasukayo noma kubangele umonakalo omkhulu, wesikhathi eside noma ongenakulungiseka endaweni ezungezile. .

·       Umthetho wokuthula nokuvikeleka: Le nhlangano yomthetho, evezwe ngokuyinhloko nge-UN Charter, iyakwenqabela ukusongela noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphandle kokuzivikela okusemthethweni.

·       Umthetho ovikela imvelo nezizukulwane ezizayo: Le nhlangano yomthetho, evezwe ezivumelwaneni eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe, ihlinzeka ngesibopho sokuqinisekisa indawo eqhubekayo yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, nokuvimbela imisebenzi eyaziwa ngokusongela kakhulu lokhu. Kuphinde kube nesibopho esingokomthetho sokuvimbela nokuvikela umphakathi ekuchayekeni ekulimaleni, lapho uphenyo lwesayensi seluthole ingozi ebambekayo.

Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla enuzi kwephula umthetho wamalungelo abantu kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ovikela imvelo nezizukulwane ezizayo ngenxa yemithelela yamandla enuzi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo njengoba kuvezwe ngenhla.

Ukukhiqizwa, ukusongela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi kwephula yonke imikhakha yomthetho eshiwo ngenhla. Ngakho-ke, siyavumelana nesiphetho seNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe ukuthi 'umthelela obhubhisayo wezikhali zenuzi awukwazi ukuquleka ngesikhathi noma emkhathini' kanye nokuqinisekisa kweSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi ukuthi 'noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi kuzophambana nemithetho yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba esebenza ezingxabanweni, futhi ikakhulukazi imigomo nemithetho yomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe..' Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzokwakha i-ecocide.

Ngamalungelo nezibopho ngaphansi komthetho

· Sicela ukulungiswa okuphelele kwabo bonke abantu impilo yabo, inhlalakahle noma izimpilo zabo ezithikamezeke kabi ngenxa yezimayini ze-uranium, amandla enuzi kanye nezikhali zenuzi;

· Siyakwamukela ukuhlinzekwa kwe ISivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izikhali Zase-Nuclear ngosizo lwabahlukumezekile kanye nokulungiswa kwemvelo kanye nokucela ukuqaliswa kwayo ngokugcwele;

• Sicela bonke labo abasezimbonini zezikhali zenuzi kanye namandla kanye neminyango kahulumeni elawulayo ukuthi babone ukungabikho emthethweni kokukhiqizwa kwezikhali zenuzi namandla, futhi bayeke imisebenzi enjalo;

· Siyazamukela iziphetho I-International Peoples' Tribunal on Nuclear Weapons kanye Nokubhujiswa Kwempucuko Yabantu. owabanjwa ngoJulayi 7-9, 2016, owalahla (engekho) abaholi bamazwe ahlomile ngezikhali zenuzi (kanye nenye yezizwe ezihlangene njengecala lokuhlola) ngamacala empi, ubugebengu obubhekiswe kubantu, ubugebengu obuphikisana nokuthula, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esikhathini esizayo. izizukulwane kanye nobugebengu bokusongela, ukuhlela kanye nokulungisa izenzo ezingahlanganisa i-ecocide, eqondwa njengokubangela umonakalo omkhulu, noma ukucekelwa phansi, kwe-ecosystem noma i-ecosystem, noma ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu, wesikhathi eside noma ongenakulungiseka ku-commons yomhlaba wonke.

Siyakwamukela ukuthi iningi lamazwe awakhiqizi amandla enuzi futhi awanazo izikhali zenuzi, futhi sicela wonke amanye amazwe ukuthi ahlanganyele nawo.

·       Siyakwamukela ukusungulwa kwe-International Renewable Energy Agency, ehlinzeka ngosizo emazweni ukuthuthukisa amandla avuselelekayo, futhi sigqamisa uMbiko wayo wezi-2016. Amandla Okucabanga Kabusha: Amandla Avuselelekayo kanye Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu okubonisa amathuba okushintsha ngokuphelele izibaso ezimbiwa phansi ngamandla aphephile avuselelekayo, ngaphandle kokuthembela emandleni enuzi, ngo-2030..

Sincoma amazwe ayi-184 ajoyine i- Isivumelwano Sokungabhebhetheki njengamaZwe angewona awenuzi kanye namazwe ayi-122 avotele ukuvumelana ne- ISivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izikhali Zase-Nuclear futhi evimbela ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Sicela wonke amazwe avume ukuvinjelwa kanye nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi amukele, eNgqungqutheleni Yezi-2018 Yezinga Eliphakeme Le-UN Yokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali, uhlaka lokuqalisa lokhu.

· Sicela wonke amazwe asebenzisa amandla enuzi ukuthi amemezele uhlelo lokuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwamandla enuzi futhi esikhundleni sawo kufakwe imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

· Okokugcina, njengodokotela, abameli, ososayensi nochwepheshe benuzi abavela emazweni angama-27 sikubheka njengomsebenzi wethu wokuziphatha ukugqamisa amaqiniso aphathelene namandla enuzi nezikhali, futhi sikhuthaze ikusasa eliphephile, elisimeme nelinokuthula lesintu kanye neplanethi yethu ehambisana namalungelo abantu. kanye namalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ngakho senza iziphakamiso ezilandelayo:

1. Wonke amazwe kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene azothuthukisa amalungelo abantu, amalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo, kanye nezidingo zomthetho zokuqeda amandla enuzi nezikhali zenuzi. Siyazisekela izinhlelo ezithathwe yi-Switzerland zokuqeda amandla enuzi kuleli kanye nokuvimbela izikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke, futhi sikhuthaza iSwitzerland ukuthi ithathe eminye imizamo eNhlanganweni Yezizwe Ezihlangene ukuvimbela zonke izici zezimboni zamandla enuzi nezikhali.

2. Umqondo we-Linear No Threshold [LNT] nokubalwa komthamo okuhlangene kuvumela ukwengezwa kwezingozi zezempilo kubantu abaningi abachayeke kumithamo ephansi yemisebe ye-ionizing. Ukuqonda kwamanje okusekelwe ngokwesayensi kudinga ukwamukelwa kwezilinganiso zengozi ngemithamo ephansi njengo-1 mSv futhi ngenxa yalokho kucela ukubuyekezwa kwezincomo ze-ICRP, eziphelelwe yisikhathi ishumi leminyaka ngemuva kosuku lwazo lokusebenza.

3. Ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokufaka imithombo yemisebe nge-ionizing kumele kubhalwe phansi nge-epidemiologically. Maqondana nalokhu izindinganiso zezokwelapha zokunxeshezelwa kwabahlukunyeziwe kufanele zisungulwe. Izinkampani/abantu abatholakala bephula amalungelo abasebenzi abathintekayo kumele bathweswe icala yizinkantolo zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokufuna nokwamukela ulwazi. Izisulu kumele zinxeshezelwe.

4. Ukuqashwa kwezikhali zenuzi, kanye nokulimala okungakhethi kwezempilo kanye nemvelo okubangelwa eminye imisebenzi yenuzi, kufanele kufakwe njengecala elibhekiswe esintwini ngaphansi kweSitatimende SaseRome seNkantolo Yamacala Obugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe. Sicela futhi ukuthi kuchitshiyelwe isiVumelwano saseRoma ukuze kufakwe ubugebengu be-ecocide.

5. Intsha kanye nabafundi badinga ukwaziswa ngobudlelwano phakathi « Amandla enuzi / izikhali zenuzi - Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu - Amalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo. Amalungelo abo abantu asengozini ngakho-ke badinga ukusebenza futhi bakhuthazwe ukuze kuhlonishwe izimfuno zabo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Amakhono omthetho kanye nezokwelapha akhuthazwa ukuthi acabangele ukufundisa ngamalungelo abantu ezifundweni zawo ezihambisanayo, ngokuvamile kodwa nangomongo oshiwo 'we-Nuclear fuel chain', futhi lokhu futhi ngenxa yamalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo.

6. Isivumelwano samhla zingama-28 kuNhlaba 1959 phakathi kwenhlangano yezempilo emhlabeni wonke kanye ne-IAEA, esiholela ekungqubuzaneni kwezithakazelo futhi sikhawulela ulwazi lwamahhala ngemiphumela yezempilo yokusetshenziswa komphakathi wenuzi, kufanele siqedwe.

7. Ababambiqhaza boSimpoziyam 'Amalungelo Abantu, Izizukulwane Ezizayo kanye Nobugebengu eNkathini Yenuzi' bakulungele ukwabelana ngalezi zimfuno futhi bazidlulisele kubenzi bezinqumo kwamanye amazwe.

Oxhumana nabo:
Iwebhusayithi yenkomfa: www.events-swiss-ippnw.org
I-Association of Swiss Lawyers for Nuclear Disarmament: https://safna.org
Ihhovisi le-Basel Peace: www.baselpeaceoffice.org
Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Somthetho Wokuqhathanisa Wezemvelo: www.cidce.org
PSR/IPPNW Schweiz: www.ippnw.ch
Inethiwekhi ye-Uranium: www.uranium-network.org