NguLucas Koerner, uDisemba 10, 2019
Kusukela Fair.org
Esikhathini sethu esisha sesibindi se impi ehlanganisiwe, imidiya yezinkampani idlala indima yobuciko bokubambana esindayo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwamandla ama imperiya wasentshonalanga. Usuku nosuku, “izindawo ezinokwethenjelwa” zisungulwa ziqhumisa ohulumeni abaqhubeka njalo kanye / noma abalwe nabezombusazwe eGlobal South ngama-salvos angapheli wemibhalo emibi nezinkulumo-mbumbulu ezingekho emthethweni (isib. FAIR.org, 5/23/18, 8/23/18, 4/11/19, 7/25/19).
Umphumela owongekayo wukunikezela noma yimuphi uhulumeni ongahambisani nokuyalelwa yiNtshonalanga, aqinisekise ukuthi kunesivumelwano sokuhlangana, ukubulawa kwezomnotho ngokubulala, izimpi zommeleli kanye nokuhlasela okugcwele. I-coup d'etat yakamuva exhaswe yi-US eBolivia isifundo esifundisayo. Ekuholeleni ekuxoshweni kwamasosha kuka-Evo Morales, abezindaba baseNtshonalanga bebelokhu befaka izimfanelo zomongameli wentando yeningi ngentando yeningi, yize ethole ukhetho kabusha ngomugqa omkhulu (FAIR.org, 11/5/19).
Kepha izitolo ezinkampani bekungezodwa ekuhlaseleni iMorales. Imithombo yezindaba eqhubekayo nenqubekela phambili eGlobal North isiveze uhulumeni waseBolivia osusayo iMovement Towards Socialism (MAS) njengohulumeni oncindezelayo, ongungxowankulu futhi olwa nemvelo-konke lokhu egameni lokugxekwa “kwesokunxele”. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngabe iyini inhloso, umphumela ophelele bekuwukuwenza buthakathaka ukuphikiswa kwe-anemic esekuphele imibuso yaseNtshonalanga ekubhujisweni abakwenzayo phesheya.
Ukulinganisa ngokuzungeza i-coup
Ngemuva kokuvukelwa kombuso ngoNovemba 10, izintatheli ezihlangene zibambe iqhaza ekubambeni ugesi emphakathini, ziveza ukubekeka phansi kwengqondo njenge "inguquko yentando yeningi" (FAIR.org, 11/11/19, 11/15/19).
Nokho, okwamangaza kakhulu yimpendulo yemithombo yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga ethuthukayo, okungenzeka ukuthi umuntu wayelindele ukuyilahla ngokungagodli le-coup futhi afune ukubuyiselwa kuka-Evo Morales ngokushesha.
Inombolo ekhathazayo ayizange.
Ngemuva kwamuva kokuxoshwa kukaMorales, Kubhekelwa kwinkululeko (11/11/19, 11/15/19, 11/16/19) sishicilele imibono yezazi eziningi zaseBolivia kanye nezaseLatin America ezazidlala phansi iqiniso le-coup d'etat futhi zidweba ukufana kwamanga phakathi kukahulumeni waseMorales kanye nelungelo lobuzwe. Ezinye izindatshana ezazithunyelwe ezinsukwini ezedlule zasola uhulumeni ngenkohliso, zithethelela ukuthi lo mbuso uzoza (Kubhekelwa kwinkululeko, 11/8/19, 11/10/19). Ukukhishwa okusekwe eVermont, nge izibopho zomlando kwiNhlangano Engagunyaziwe, inqabile ukushicilela noma imaphi amanye amaphuzu waseBolivia angaphikisi i-coup.
Ezinye izitolo ezithuthukayo zikuchaze kahle ukubhukuqwa kukaMorales njengezinyathelo, kepha zazizwa ziphoqelekile ukuthi zingabaze ukuba semthethweni kwentando yeningi yomholi wendabuko ngenxa ye "nuance."
Ngenkathi isola lo mbango futhi izichitha ngokufanele izinsolo zenkohliso ezingenasisekelo zokhetho, ibhodi labahleli Umbiko we-NACLA kumaMelika (11/13/19) kepha wenqabile ukuzwakalisa ubumbano neMorales neqembu le-MAS. Esikhundleni salokho, le ncwadi yathuthukisa u-MAS wasebenza “ekugugobeni kancane kwezifiso eziqhubekayo” kanye nokwehluleka kwayo ukuguqula uhlelo lwezinhlangano zezepolitiki oluzimele. I-NACLAUkulahla ukuhlangana kwale nhlangano bekuyisivivinya kakhulu, kucaphuna "iqhaza likaMAS kanye nomlando wokungaziphathi kahle kwezepolitiki," ngaphambi kokuphawula ukuthi "iphethini engenakuqalwa yokuvuselelwa okulungile, iqhaza lamabutho ezolimo kanye nabalingisi bangaphandle, neqhaza lokugcina lokuncintisana elidlalile Amasosha asikisela ukuthi sifakaza impi. ”
Isihloko esalandela esishicilelwe ngu I-NACLA (10/15/19) bakhethe ukudingida ukuthi ngabe ukudingiswa kwamasosha kukaMorales kube yisijeziso yini, ukwehluleka ukuqaphela isimilo sezinsolo zenkohliso ze-OAS futhi sithi "udlame oluhlangene" lubhalwe ngokuthi "ubumbano." Ababhali, uLinda Farthing no-Olivia Arigho-Stiles, empeleni bakhipha isimangalo sokuthi ukubheka ukuthi ngabe ukuxoshwa kukaMorales akulona yini ngentando yeningi “bekuyinkimbinkimbi.”
Okwamanje, a I-Verso Blog inhlolokhono (11/15/19) noForrest Hylton noJeffrey Webber abazange bacele ukuthi kuhlonishwe igunya lentando yeningi likaMorales, esikhundleni salokho benxenxa abashadikazi bamazwe aphesheya ukuthi "bagcizelele ilungelo labaseBolivia abazinikele" ngaphandle kokuthi "bayeke ukugxeka iMorales."
Kude nabadayisi, lezi zikhundla zokuhlela zisemqoka kakhulu ekufundisweni kwezindaba ezithuthukayo zeBolivia ezinyangeni naseminyakeni edlule.
Ukwenziwa kombulali ococidal
Ekuholeni okhethweni luka-Okthoba 20, izitolo eziningi zadonsa noma zaqinisa ukufana kwamanga phakathi kweMorales noMongameli waseBrazil ongakwesokudla uJair Bolsonaro ekuphenduleni imililo yehlathi elishisayo kuzo zombili izizwe.
Ngaphandle kokwenqaba ukufana okunjalo, I-NACLA (8/30/19) kodwa-ke basola imigomo yabo bobabili "bohulumeni bamanye amazwe" ngokuthi “bacekele phansi ukubhujiswa e-Amazon nangale,” ngenkathi benza amazwe aseGlobal North enesibopho sokukhipha “ingcindezi” esebenza kahle esikhundleni sokukhokha isikweletu sabo sezulu esasiqokiwe.
Ezinye zazingasho lutho. Ukubhalela i-UK-based I-Novara Media (8/26/19), UClaire Wordley waqhathanisa ngokusobala nohulumeni waseMorales neBolsonaro eBrazil, ebiza izinqubomgomo ze-MAS ngokuthi "zonke izinto ziyaziqhenya futhi zilimaza njengoba ongxowankulu uMorales bethi uyazonda." Ngokudabukisayo, ukhomba uJhanisse Vaca-Daza, a Ukushintshwa kombuso oxhaswa ngabasentshonalanga kuyasebenza, ukuhlambalaza ukuphathwa kukahulumeni waseMorales ngemililo.
Isiqephu phakathi Ngaphandle (9/26/19) uthathe ukunyundela okuyi-hyperbolic nokuphakama okusha, efanisa iMorales neBolsonaro futhi emangalela umholi waseBolivia "ngokuqothulwa kwabantu." U-Evo Morales udlale isikhathi eside isikhathi eside, kepha uhulumeni wakhe ulikoloni ... njengeBolsonaro eBrazil, "kubhala uManuelela uqhubeka nokubiza “abantu baseBolivia” abangabizwa ngegama abathi umongameli wendabuko “ungumbulali wendalo.” UPicq akazange anikeze sidingida mayelana nokwehluleka kwabasekeli bokuguqula ubudlelwano bepolitiki nabezomnotho kube nomthelela ekuthembekeni okuqhubekayo kwamazwe weGlobal South ezimbonini ezisebenzayo.
Izigxeki ze- "extractivist" zeMorales azizintsha, zibuyela ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni wakhe zokuphikisana nge-2011 zokwakha umgwaqo omkhulu ohamba ngeSiboro Secure Indian nativeitit kanye nePaki Kazwelonke (TIPNIS). Njengoba uFederico Fuentes akhomba ngaphakathi Green Kwesobunxele Isonto (ishicilelwe kabusha ngaphakathi I-NACLA, 5/21/14), uhlaka olukhulu olukhona lwe-extractivism / anti-extractivism lokungqubuzanayo lukhonze ukufihla ubukhulu bezepolitiki kanye nomnotho we-impiriyalizim.
Ngenkathi umgwaqo omkhulu waletha ukuphikiswa okubalulekile kwezendabuko - okwakubhekiswe kakhulu emzileni, kunokuba kwenziwe yiprojekthi ngayinye — inhlangano eyinhloko ngemuva kwemibhikisho, i-Confederación de Pueblos Indígenas de Bolivia, ibiqhubeka ixhaswe yiWashington futhi ixhaswe yi-Santa Cruz oligarchy yephiko elingakwesokudla.
Noma uxhaso lwe-USAID lweConfederación lwaziwa esidlangalaleni, izitolo eziningi ezithuthukayo zithanda ukukukhipha ekubikeni kwazo (I-NACLA, 8/1/13, 8/21/17, 11/20/19; UMGWAQO, 11/3/14, 3/11/14; Kulezi zikhathi, 11/16/12; Umagazini wokubuka, 11/18/19). Lapho kukhulunywa ngokugxambukela kwabangaphandle, kuvame ukwethulwa njengensolo engakhokhelwa evela kuhulumeni waseMorales.
Esimweni esiveza ikakhulukazi, UMGWAQO (11/3/14) okunemininingwane, phakathi kohlu lwayo lokuhlanza “lokugunyazwa” kwe-MAS, “ukuvimbela ukusebenza kwamahhala kwama- NGO amaningi ahlangane nombhikisho we-TIPNIS,” kepha akugweme ukushiwo ngophiko lwangaphandle nolo lwasekhaya kulawo maNGO.
Lokhu kumiswa kwesakhiwo se-impriyalist kanye ne-ejensi ekugcineni kuvumela iMorales ukuba ihlaselwe kabi njenge "ndoda enamandla" ebhekene nobabili "enika abampofu kepha ethatha imvelo" (Kulezi zikhathi, 8/27/15).
Ubumbano lwe-Passive?
Isikhalazo esithi "extractivist" esisakazwa yizitolo eziningi ezinenqubekela phambili sibonisa ihlazo elejwayelekile le-MAS ngokuhluleka ukufeza inkulumo yalo yobusoshiyali.
Ukubhala ku Jacobin (1/12/14; futhi ubone 10/29/15), UJeffrey Webber wasola i-MAS ngokuphatha “izwe elincengelayo,” okusemthethweni kwayo "okuvezwa yiziphathamandla ezingenalutho kugijimisa igazi lokukhishwa." Ngaphansi kwalokhu "kuvukela okwedlulele", "umbuso ophikisana" naye "uyahlangana" futhi kuphoqa… ukuphikiswa… futhi kwakha izinto ezihambisana nayo zokuvikela izilimi eziningi. ”
Ukuphikisana kukaWebber osekuyisikhathi eside ethi ifa likahulumeni wase-Bolivia MASkabusha i-neoliberalism"Iphonswe inselelo ngabagxeki, iphuzu kuya endaweni eguqukayo yamabutho ezigaba ngaphansi kweMorales.
Ukuphawula ubuqiniso obumangazayo bezimangalo zikaWebber, kuyamangaza ukuthi awanikezi isikhala sokuthola iqhaza elibuswa yiziNdlovukazi zaseNtshonalanga ekwenzeni imodeli yaseBolivia engaphandle futhi inciphise amathuba okudlula kwayo.
Esikhundleni salokho, ukugxila kuhlala kusikhungo se-MAS okuthiwa sobuhlakani "egameni likapitali," futhi sikuthola njalo ekuphazamisekeni kokuphikisana nabasekeli baseNtshonalanga, okungaveli njengokuhlukahluka okuzimele ekuchazeleni ukwehluleka kwezinguquko kwe-Global South.
Umphumela wezepolitiki wokuhlaziywa okunjalo okunecala elilodwa ukulinganisa kahle i-"neoliberal" MAS kanye nabaphikisi bayo abanamaphiko angakwesokudla, ngoba, njengoba iWebber ikubeka, "UMorales ube ngumlindi wobusuku obungcono ophatha impahla yangasese kanye nezindaba zezezimali kunelungelo bengingathemba. ”
Imigqa enjalo ingamangaza abafundi bamanje Jacobin, ephikisane nolaka nokuqhekeka (isb. 11/14/19, 11/18/19, 12/3/19), isihluku sobuhlukumezi bakhe bujikijele emoyeni noma yimuphi umbono wokulingana kwesobunxele / kwesokudla. Kepha manje, umonakalo usuvele wenziwe.
Ukubalwa kwe-anti-imperiyaist
Kuyo yonke inkulumo yamanje ye ukuqala kabusha kwesokunxele eGlobal North, kuyindida ukuthi ukunyakaza kwama-impiriyalic kunamandla manje kunalokho abekade ekulweni kweMpi yase-Iraq 15 eminyakeni edlule.
Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukungabikhona kokuphikisana okudumile kokungenelela kombuso waseNtshonalanga, kusuka eLibya naseSyria kuye eHaiti naseHonduras, kuvule indlela yokuhlangana eBolivia kanye nokuhlasela okuqhubekayo ngokumelene neVenezuela.
Kuyinto engenakuphikwa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwezindaba zaseNtshonalanga ezithuthukisa uhulumeni wase Morales kanye nabalingani abangakwesobunxele esifundeni akuzange kusize ukulungisa lesi sisekelo sobumbano. Lesi simo sokuhlela siyakhathaza ikakhulukazi, sinikezwe amandla okumelwa kwamazwe omhlaba iMorales ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi Ukukhululwa kwePalestine.
Akukho kulokhu ukuthi kususwe ukuphikisa ukugxekwa kweMorales ne-MAS. Ngempela, ngokwesimo sezindawo ezinjengeBolivia neVenezuela, umsebenzi wezindaba ezinamaphiko wasobunxele ukukhiqiza ukuhlaziya okubucayi, kwezingqinamba zesifundazwe kanye nokunyakaza okudumile okulwa nokulwa nama-impriyalitha kokuqukethwe nangefomu. Okusho ukuthi, ukuphikisana okugudluzela kwinqubo yezepolitiki (isib. Impikiswano ye-TIPNIS) kufanele kufakwe kuqondiswe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yombuso wohlelo lobungxowankulu lomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitolo eziseNyakatho ezithuthukayo-noma ngabe zingakanani ubumbano bazo lombuso nenqubo yezepolitiki-kumele zifake isikhundla esicacile sokuhlela esivikela ohulumeni be-Global South ngokumelene nokungenelela kwaseNtshonalanga.
Izikhundla eziqinile ezithathwe UJeremy Corbyn futhi UBernie Sanders Ukumelana nokuqhoqhobala eBolivia kuwuphawu olunethemba lokuthi kuzombusazwe. Umsebenzi wezindaba ezithuthukayo ukukhiqiza ubuntatheli obuhlukile ngempela obunikezelwe ukumelana nobukhosi ngempumelelo.
